9781107031401 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03140-1 - Columbarium Tombs and Collective Identity in Augustan Rome Dorian Borbonus Index More information

INDEX

Note : Page numbers in bold refer to discussion in Appendix A.

acroterion, 77 aristocracy adoption, 118 , 255 agency, 32–3 aedicula , 85 , 88 , 91 , 99–102 , 114 , 150 , 168–71 , funerary monument, 232 , 254 180 , 182 , 186 , 188 , 192 , 194 , 196 , 198–9 , gens Abuccia , 184 215 , 224–5 , 237 , 239–41 , 256 gens Arruntia , 36 , 188 of Aponii, 91 gens Atia , 171 freestanding, 88 , 93 , 95 , 97 , 113 , 182 , 188 , gens Caecilia , 180 196 , 199 , 201 , 240–1 , 248 gens Carvilia , 177 of Numicii, 203 gens Pompeia , 171 of Pedia Montana, 80 , 84–5 gens Statilia , 30 , 36 , 95 , 97 , 195–6 , 228 , 236 aedifi cium , 183 gens Stertinia , 70–1 , 88 , 198 , 237 Aelius Eutychus, Publius, 239 gens Volusia , 181 , 255 Aelius Zeno, Publius, 253 household, 1 , 11 , 19 , 29–31 , 36 , 55 , 121–3 , Aemilius Chrestus, Marcus, 183 127 , 137 , 139–40 , 142 , 145 , 152 , 158 , 195 , Aeteius Eutychus, Quintus, 241 216 , 227 , 249 Ager Vaticanus, 219 , 235 name, 121 , 227 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 251 , 256 patronage, 9–10 , 30 , 33 , 138–40 , 143 , 145 , Alexandria, 56–9 , 61 , 146 , 159 , 224 , 244 , 251–3 , 255 150 , 233 perspective, 30 , 118 , 159 amphora, 53 , 176 , 196 , 207 self-representation, 7 , 136 , 159 , 220 , 231 , ancestral wax mask, 219 , 222 251–2 , 254 andron , 58 , 234 social conditions, 220 , 222 , 246 Annius Pollio, Gaius, 255 social values, 2 , 6–8 , 118 , 136 , 238 Annius Vinicianus, Lucius, 255 Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, Antistius Vetus, Gaius, 229 Lucius, 255 Antium, 224 Arruntius Dionysius, Lucius, 247 Antoninus Pius (emperor), 181 Arruntius, Lucius, 188 , 244 , 255 Aphia, 243 Asinius Atratinus, Marcus, 181 Apollonius, 241 associations. See collegia Aponius Nicia, Lucius and Aponia Chia, 80 , astragal, 77 84 , 88 , 91–2 , 103 , 170 Athens, 236 Appius Iunius, Gaius, 255 Attica, 246 apse, 49 , 77 , 84 , 175 , 182 , 188 , 241 Aufi dius Cerdo, Marcus, 250 Aqua Claudia, 186 Aufi dius Felix, Marcus, 250 Aquileia, 151 , 250 , 256 Augustales, 144 , 152 , 254 Ara Pacis, 63 , 239 Augustus, 1 , 137–8 , 186 , 191 , 221, 251–2 architrave, 85 , 186 , 240 building program, 9 , 39 , 221 arcosolium, 20 , 145 , 150–1 , 154 , 160 , 215 , epigraphic culture, 107 , 109 , 134 , 242–3 255 , 257 legislation, 137–8 , 251 Arcus Caelimontani, 186 Mausoleum of, 3 , 62–3 , 219 , 221 , 233 , 235 , 239 Arellius Orentes, Lucius, 248 neighborhoods, 137 , 140 , 221 , 252 , 254

285

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03140-1 - Columbarium Tombs and Collective Identity in Augustan Rome Dorian Borbonus Index More information

286 INDEX

Augustus (cont.) Carroll, Maureen, 109 pater patriae , 139 Carthago Nova, 244 popular response, 10 , 232 Carystus, 70–1 , 237 reign, 2 , 6 , 9 , 141 , 156 , 238 Casino del Bel Respiro, 203 , 205 relationship with aristocracy, 220 , 255 Cassius Dio Cocceianus, Lucius, 251 , 255 tribunician power, 252 Castiglioni, Giannino, 53 urban planning, 49 catacomb(s), 4 , 8 , 16 , 33 , 135 , 152–6 , 176–7 , Aulus Gellius, 254 221 , 228 , 257 Aurelia Epigone, 128 , 249 of Calepodio, 257 Aurelius Fulvus, Titus, 181 of Callistus, 257 Aurelius Victor, Sextus, 255 construction technique, 152 , 156 , 257 Autoparco Vaticano, 100 , 231 , 237 , origins, 257 240 , 242 Cattedius Probus, Publius, 238 awning, 239 Cei, Ugo, 53 Celadus, 230 Baetica, 224 , 256 Cestius, Gaius, 3 , 219 Baldini, Gianfrancesco, 61 childbirth, 129 balneum, 223 Chrestus, 111 , 243 barrel vault, 46 , 77 , 170 , 174–5 , 177–8 , 186–8 , Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 223, 248 , 255 190–2 , 194 , 197 , 201 , 203 , 205–6 , 231 cippus, 112 , 201 , 203 , 205 , 226 Bartoli, Pietro Santi, 25 , 27 , 203 cista mistica , 182 bench, 184 citizenship, 121 , 138 bereavement, 6 , 12 , 14 , 72 , 116 , 141 Latin, 11 , 120 , 137–8 , 222 , 247 , 251 Bianchini, Francesco, 25 , 27 , 30–1 , 33 Roman, 8 , 11 , 137 birthday, 13 , 54 , 223 Claudia Phiale, 238 Bodel, John, 33 Claudia Poemne, 186 Boschung, Dietrich, 103 Claudius (emperor), 145 , 186 , 230 , brick stamp, 176 , 196 , 230 255 , 257 Brigantina, 208 reign, 98 , 146 , 148 , 175–6 , 238 , 241 Brizio, Edoardo, 30–1 , 93 Claudius Actius, Tiberius, 250 Buonocore, Marco, 97 , 180 , 210 Claudius Aperos, Tiberius, 169 burial custom, 19 , 37 , 61–2 , 65 , 151 , 224 , Claudius Vitalis, Tiberius, 186 226 , 235 clientela , 138 , 159 cremation, 20 , 30–1 , 58 , 61–2 , 64 , 67 , 105 , Clodii, Marcii and Annii, tomb of, 235 114 , 135 , 142 , 146–7 , 151–2 , 220 , 227 , 235 , Clodius Persicus, Lucius, 247 242 , 255 , 257 Clodius Polytimus, Lucius, 180 , 247 inhumation, 19–20 , 30 , 37 , 56 , 58, 62 , 103 , cluster index, 121–2 , 128 105 , 145–6 , 151–2 , 178 , 182 , 190 , 194 , 215 , cocciopesto , 198 , 208 220 , 234–5 , 257 Codini, Pietro, 167–8 coementerium, 154 , 258 Caecilia Metella, tomb of, 7 , 40 , 239 cognomen , 70 , 110 , 120 , 144 , 160 , 209 , 215–17 , Caesarea Mauretania, 146 , 151 221 , 246 , 254 Caesennius Rufus, Lucius, 253 collegia , 6 , 12–14 , 126 , 128 , 195 , 199–200 , 215 , Caligula (emperor), 175 , 186 , 234 233 , 244 , 248 , 250 Calpurnii, 203 administration, 61 , 68–9 , 71 , 88 , 131–2 , 136 , Calvisius Sabinus, Gaius, 167 141 , 199 , 201 , 223 , 236 , 250 , 253–4 Campana, Giovanni Pietro, 28–32 , 39 , 42 , 77 , burial activity, 15 , 140 , 142 , 222 , 227–8 , 250 , 79 , 169 , 181 253 , 257–8 Campania, 150 convivial meetings, 13 , 223 Canina, Luigi, 28 domestic association, 30 , 71 , 97 , 122–3 , 145 capital, 80 , 171 , 187 fi nances, 140 , 157 Cardium Edule , 89 function, 13 , 222 , 253 Carmona, 146 , 256 honoratus , 131–2

INDEX 287

immunis , 87 , 131–2 , 250 podium, 22 , 77 , 93–4 , 169 , 187–8 , 191 , membership, 16 , 141 197–9 , 201 , 208 , 232 , 237 , 241 , 256 patronage, 228 , 251–3 reuse, 68 , 105 in port cities, 152 stair, 42 , 46 , 53 , 72 , 77 , 80 , 88 , 93 , 167 , as social institutions, 68 , 137 , 139 , 158–9 , 169–70 , 173 , 175 , 178 , 180 , 186–7 , 190–2 , 250 , 253–4 196–9 , 201 , 203 , 205 , 208 , 231 , 242 typology, 140 , 253 total population, 5 collegia funeraticia , 31 , 130 , 227 , 253 typology, 4 , 18 , 163 collegium underground position, 8 , 20 , 48 , Aesculapii et Hygiae, 223 , 253 62 , 98 , 142 castrense, 130 , 250 window, 20 , 22 , 46 , 94 , 174 , 178 , 182 , 186–7 , commorientes, 130 , 250 191 , 194 , 205 , 231 of Cornelii, 252 columbarium. See also columbaria cultores Dianae et Antinoi , 13 , 223 , 235 , 253 of the Abuccii, 28 , 184 , 226 , 236–7 in domu Sergiae Paullinae, 247 “anonymous” columbarium, 19 , 25 , 101 , familia Silvani, 223 122 , 124 , 191 , 210 , 213–14 of German bodyguards, 65 of the Architect. See columbarium, of ivory and citruswood dealers, 253 Ghezzi no. 4 magnum trib(unorum) Divae of the Arruntii, 19 , 25 , 27 , 36 , 112 , 122 , Augustae, 130 , 250 124–5 , 128 , 187 , 210 , 212 , 214 , 219 of Phalangarii , 226 Bartoli no. 27, 25 , 191 , 201 societas cantorum Graecorum , 61 of the Caecilii, 19 , 25 , 178 , 225 , 230 symphoniacorum , 130 , 250 “of the Carvilii,” 122 , 124 , 176 , 177, 210 , of tent makers, 87 , 167 212 , 214 columbaria. See also columbarium Colombario Maggiore , 19 , 25 , 36 , 44 , 73 , 95 , aboveground columbaria, 16 , 20 , 37 , 122 , 124 , 128 , 173 , 203 , 210 , 213–14 , 225 , 98–105 , 142–6 , 151 , 155 , 158 , 160 , 216 , 225 , 231–2 , 237 239 , 242 Ghezzi no. 4, 19 , 173 , 225 capacity, 5 , 14 , 18–20 , 22 , 30–3 , 53 , 57 , 64 , Ghezzi no. 5, 171 , 225 , 242 70 , 93 , 99 , 102 , 108 , 142–3 , 145 , 151–2 , of the Iunii Silani, 122 , 124 , 127–8 , 176, 177 , 154–6 , 220 , 225 , 242 210 , 212 , 214 , 255 chronology, 34–8 , 55–6 , 61 , 75–7 , 83 , 88–9 , liberti of Augustus, 225 , 227 92 , 97 , 99 , 102–4 , 120 , 142 , 158 , 230 , 238 , “of Livia,” 19 , 22 , 25 , 27–8 , 33 , 36 , 46 , 49 , 95 , 241 , 248 101 , 122 , 124 , 128 , 130–2 , 171 , 174 , 210 , construction technique, 34 , 56 , 225 , 212 , 214 , 223–6 , 230 , 237 , 241–2 , 255 229 Monument C, 19 , 25 , 43 , 46 , 52 , 63 , 101 , decoration, 22–4 , 225 , 228–9 122 , 124 , 128 , 190 , 210 , 213–14 , 237 defi nition, 18–20 , 224–6 monument discovered in 1848, 122 , 124 , earliest scholarship, 24–31 183 , 210 , 213–14 extension, 68 , 93–8 , 196 Monument L, 19 , 25 , 43, 46 , 95 , 101 , 189 , exterior appearance, 48 225 , 228 , 230–1 , 236 , 242 gallery, 72 , 168 , 170 , 191 , 237 Monument X, 19 , 25 , 43 , 46 , 93 , 113 , 122 , historical context, 6 , 9 , 136 , 158 124–5 , 128 , 192 , 195–6 , 210 , 212 , 214 , 219 , historical interpretation, 4–5 , 29–30 , 224–5 , 227 , 229–31 , 236 , 238 , 240 , 242 , 32 , 228 244 , 246 , 248 inscriptions, 8 , 10 , 16 , 20 , 35 , 37 , 62–3 , 67 , of the Pompei, 22 , 24–5 , 170 70 , 72 , 75 , 77 , 80 , 84 , 89 , 94 , 97 , 100 , “of Pomponius Hylas,” 19 , 25 , 29 , 36 , 39 , 42 , 141–2 , 154 , 160 , 181 , 187 , 191–2 , 194 , 88 , 93 , 95 , 101 , 122 , 124 , 128 , 181 , 210 , 212 , 199 , 201 , 206–7 , 209 , 216–17 , 220 , 226–7 , 214 , 224–5 , 230 , 242 237–8 , 241 San Sebastiano 5, 36 , 95 , 99 , 176, 177 , lack of directional focus, 51–3 230 , 241–2 monument studies, 4 San Sebastiano 9, 99 outside of Rome, 146–52 San Sebastiano 10, 99

288 INDEX

columbarium (cont.) cryptoporticus , 22 , 85 , 194 , 196 , 225 of Scribonius Menophilus, 4 , 25 , 36 , 95 , 115 , cursus honorum , 132 , 141 , 152 , 254 205 , 207 , 225 , 229–30 , 237 , 245 cyma reversa, 86 of the Sempronii, 225 near the Sepulcrum Scipionum, 19–20 , 22 , decuriones , order of, 144 , 257 25 , 42 , 49 , 95 , 108 , 165 , 232 , 237 demotic, 119 , 246 of the Statilii, 19 , 25 , 30 , 36 , 43 , 63 , 93 , 95 , Dionysodoros of Alexandria, 58 98 , 103 , 109 , 112 , 122 , 124–5 , 127–8 , dipinto, 178 , 205 , 215 , 244 130–1 , 181 , 194 , 210 , 212 , 214 , 225 , 230–1 , diverticolo , 177 , 198–200 , 203 238 , 241 , 250–1 , 253 , 255 divorce, 11 , 118 , 248 of the Stertinii, 19 , 25 , 70–1 , 95 , 198 dog, 242 of the 36 associates, 35 , 68 , 182 Doric order, 227 of Tiberius Claudius Vitalis, 19 , 25 , 36 , 95 , dovecotes, 18 , 56 , 233 100 , 184 , 230 Via Casilina C, 25 , 95 , 198 Via Casilina D, 25 , 95 , 199, 200 earrings, 191 Egypt, 3 , 57 , 89 , 176 , 186 , 233 Via Casilina E, 25 , 95 , 199, 200 enclosure tomb, 61 , 221 , 232 , 235 , 240 Via Nomentana, 102 , 201 , 224 enslavement, 118 , 121 Via Olevano Romano, 25 , 196 , epigraphic habit, 63 , 107–9 , 221 , 242–3 242 Erasinus, 238 Via Portuensis, 25 , 95 , 207 Esquiline, 27 , 30–1 , 35 , 43 , 46 , 52 , 93 , 101 , 109 , Via Principe Eugenio, 19 , 25 , 36 , 95 , 187 , 187–91 , 194–5 , 198–200 , 225 , 227 , 237–8 , 253 230 , 242 Etruscan columbaria, 56 , 233 Vigna Codini 1, 19 , 25 , 29 , 36 , 41 , 72 , 75 , euergetism, 139 , 228 , 252–4 77 , 83–4 , 88 , 95 , 103 , 122 , 124 , 127–8 , 169 , eulogy, 219 210 , 212 , 214 , 224–5 , 230–2 , 237–8 , 244 Eurysaces, tomb of, 40 Vigna Codini 2, 19 , 25 , 36 , 41 , 84 , 95 , 122 , 124 , 128 , 130–1 , 168 , 210 , 212 , 214 , 220 , 223 , 228–30 , 232 , 236 , 241 , 246 , 250 Fabius Felix, Marcus, 183 Vigna Codini 3, 19 , 25 , 36 , 41 , 73 , 85 , 88 , familia Caesaris , 6 , 10–11 , 80 , 88 , 121–2 , 136–7 , 93 , 122 , 124 , 127–8 , 133 , 141 , 167 , 210 , 167 , 171 , 175 , 178 , 182 , 186–7 , 203 , 215 , 212 , 214 , 216 , 225 , 230 , 237–9 , 221–2 , 228–30 , 238–9 , 247 241 , 248 fascia, 85 , 186 of the Volusii, 25 , 28 , 97–8 , 122 , 124–5 , Faustina the Elder, 238 128 , 130–1 , 179, 180 , 210 , 212 , 214 , 230 , Feraudi-Grué nais, Francisca, 163 251 , 255 fi liation, 120 , 216–17 , 247 commemorative object, 85 , 215 fi refi ghters, 130 , 137 , 250 communal bathing, 223 Flavian dynasty, reign, 37 , 89 , 103 , 150 , 196 , communal dining, 58 , 139 , 223 , 252 230 , 238–9 , 254, 257 Concordia, temple of, 49 foreigners, 6 , 12 , 16 , 58–9 , 66 , 139 , 142 , 144 , consensus ritual, 220 , 254 146 , 151–2 , 158–60 , 222 , 234 , 253 , 256–8 Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek, forum Iulium, 232 225 Forum Novum, 245 Corinth, 146 , 256 freeborn. See ingenui cornice, 186 freedmen. See liberti Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum , 18 , 28 , 72 , 107 , frieze, 7 , 22 , 80 , 151 , 170 , 176 , 186 , 189–90 , 117 –1 9 , 217 205–6 , 225 , 228 Cosa, 151 funerary altar, 16 , 35 , 37 , 80 , 84–5 , 95 , 97–8 , Cosconius Commodianus, Gaius, 102–4 , 117 , 143 , 158 , 169 , 176 , 181 , 196 , 175 215 , 221 , 226 , 229–30 , 238 , 241–2 , 244 , Cotta, 245 248–9 , 254 cremation. See burial custom funerary culture, 3 , 5 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 24 , 33 , 38 , 62 , cross vault, 180 , 186 , 188 64 , 84 , 98 , 158–9 , 216

INDEX 289

development, 5 , 16 , 84 , 102 , 104 , 126 , 134 , caryatid, 22 , 171 143–5 , 159–61 , 220 Cerberus, 182 social status and, 2 , 7–9 , 14 , 136 Chiron, 182 funeraticium, 223 chiton, 171 dextrarum iunctio , 80 Gaius (jurist), 251 dolphin, 168 Galvao-Sobrinho, Carlos, 33 , 37 duck, 168 garden, 63 , 95 , 97 , 157 , 235 , 240 , 253 eagle, 77 Gatti, Giuseppe, 68 , 183 Eros, 203 geison, 79 fl ower, 186 Genoa, Tempio Crematorio , 227 foundation of Rome, 190 , 206 , 225 gens. See aristocracy fruit, 167 , 178 , 203 gentilicium. See nomen garden, 203 German bodyguards, 65 , 236 garland, 238 Germanicus Caesar, 167 , 181 gladiator, 186 Ghezzi, Pier Leone, 27 , 46 , 95 , 174 , 188 grape, 89 glass urn, 186 griffi n, 89 , 182 , 187 , 239 goblet, 176 Hades, 239 Gori, Antonio Francisco, 27 , 30–1 , 33 Hercules, 203 graffi to, 208 , 216 , 237 , 243–4 herm, 22 , 167 Granius Nestor, Quintus, 182 kithara , 89 Greece landscape, 24 , 206 burial custom, 235 laurel, 77 , 80 culture, 39 , 61 , 114 , 235 leaf and dart motif, 80 , 86 epigraphy, 119 , 244 , 248 lion, 168 names, 144 , 160 , 221 , 246 , 254 Maenad, 182 tomb, 53 , 63 Medusa, 203 Greppi, Giovanni, 53 musical instruments, 169 group portraiture, 7 , 10 , 104 , 221 , 249 , 254 Ocnus, 182 Orpheus, 182 Hadrian (emperor), reign, 98 , 223 , 230 , plum line, 174 239 , 244 ribbon, 77 hairstyle, 84 , 238 rose, 77 , 169 , 186 Hopkins, Keith, 32–3 rosette, 77 , 89 , 208 Horatius Flaccus, Quintus, 227 ruler, 174 Horologium Augusti, 62 scroll, 80 , 203 humiliores , 219 stylus, 174 Huttunen, Pertti, 119 , 211 tendril, 77 , 89 , 168–9 , 178 , 203 hypogeum toga, 80 , 174 , 203 area of Lucina, 257 tree, 167 of the Aurelii, 257 triangle, 174 tripod, 182 , 187 tunica, 199 Ia, 243 Victoria, 176 Ianuaria , 208 wreath, 77 iconography writing tablet, 174 acanthus leaf, 80 , 89 illiteracy, 112 , 116 , 243 Achilles, 182 immigrants. See foreigners Apollo, 89 incerti , 216 , 246–7 Bacchanal, 182 infant mortality, 129 , 249 basket, 203 ingenui , 61 , 70–1 , 80 , 118–22 , 126 , 137 , 217 , 222 , bird, 77 , 168 , 177–8 , 180 237–8 , 254 bucrania, 238 legal status, 212 , 221 , 238, 247 candelabra, 171

290 INDEX

inheritance, 138 , 245 Latin, 27 , 215 , 225 , 247 inhumation. See burial custom citizenship. See citizenship inscriptions inscription, 63–5 , 256 age, 111 , 117 , 129 , 209 , 249 name, 144 , 160 , 254 and identity, 109–12 laudationes , 10 , 221–2 , 258 commemorator, 80 , 110 , 115 , 123 , 125–6 , Lefkadia, tomb of Lyson and Kallikles, 59 , 128 , 209 , 242 , 245 , 247 , 249 61 , 234 demographic realities, 116–17 , 126 , 129 , 133 , legal status, 117 , 121 , 126 , 139–41 , 158 , 209 , 209 , 221 , 245 242 , 247 , 249 epigraphic culture, 107 , 109 , 111 , 251 change, 110–11 , 144 , 243 , 247 epithet, 106 , 116–17 , 123–6 , 128 , 209 , 212 , distribution, 80 , 211–12 , 246–7 248–9 , 254 diversity, 3 , 11 , 246 formulaic language, 64–5 , 106 , 109 , impermanence, 11 116 , 157 omission, 120 , 133–4 , 216 , 237 , honoree, 104 , 111 , 115–16 , 118 , 125 , 209 , 216 , 241 , 246–7 242 , 249 scholarly focus on, 104 , 142 , 160 , 254 legal status, 118–23 , 221 , 237 seating order, 252 names, 106–7 , 111 , 118–23 , 127 , 133 , 212 status indication, 110–11 , 116 , 118–19 , profession, 106 , 117 , 126–8 , 214 , 227 , 142 , 247 243–4 , 250 legislation. See Augustus of senators, 130 , 144 , 220 lex Iulia , 250 social relationship, 106, 117–18 , 123–6 , libations, 14 , 53 , 55 , 114 , 182 , 217 , 133–4 , 144 , 209 , 212–13 , 238 , 240 , 223 , 233 242 , 248–9 liberti, 121–2 , 137 , 215 , 222 , 224 , 247 titulature, 117 , 133 burial, 1 , 16 , 19 , 28 , 33 , 51 , 62 , 97 , 122 , 222 , titulus inscription, 45 , 63 , 97 , 99–100 , 108 , 232 , 255 111–12 , 186 , 188 , 218 , 239 , 241 , descendants, 11 , 144 , 158 244 , 256–7 diversity, 222 typology, 112–16 , 209 epigraphic evidence, 35 , 61 , 71 , 80 , 118 , Isola Sacra, 102 , 242 , 245 137 , 167 , 169 , 175–7 , 184 , 191 , 195–6 , 239 , Iulius Aperos, Tiberius, 169 241 , 244 Iulius Chrysantus, Gaius, 91–2 , 104 , 133 , 137 , “freedman order,” 144 , 254 216 , 239 laudationes , 258 Iunia Melania, 197 legal status, 110 , 119 , 121 , 160 , 211–12 , Iunius Silanus Torquatus, Decimus, 255 216–17 , 221 , 238 ius monumenti , 113 , 218 , 239 , 241 , 244 names, 256 Iuvenalis, Decimus Iunius, 9 , 138 , 252 in port cities, 146 , 152 , 257 portrait, 220 , 249 Juba II, 146 , 255 profession, 126 Julio-Claudian dynasty, reign, 65 , 145 , 167 , 175 , social identity, 11–12 , 15 , 34 , 104 , 222 , 180 , 196 , 220 , 229 , 255 249 , 258 Julius Frontinus, Sextus, 250–1 social position, 6 , 12, 14 , 16 , 137–9 , 141 , 159–60 , 222 , 251 , 254 , 257–8 Kenchreai, 146 , 151 , 256 social stigma, 11 , 138 , 141 , 158–9 , 222 , Kleiner, Diana, 104 246 , 258 koinon , 58 , 233–4 , 251 successful freedmen, 144 of Sabaziastai, 234 Licinius Alexa, Lucius, 236 listello , 166 , 171 , 176 , 180 , 182 Laelius Balbus, Decimus, 229 Livius Astio, Marcus, 175 lamp, 14 , 35 , 55 , 176 , 187–8 , 194 , 196 , 199 , Livius, Titus, 252 , 254 215–16 , 233 loculus closer, 53 , 97 , 113–15 , 117 , 194 , Lanciani, Rodolfo, 93 , 95 , 196 216 , 244 Lanuvium, 223 , 250 , 253 Lucceia Irena, 238

INDEX 291

Luna quarries, 186 size, 5 , 49 , 53 , 56 , 70 , 76 , 83 , 85 , 88 , 93 , lunette, 176 , 180 102–3 , 146 , 151 , 166 , 174 , 191 , 198 , 233 uniformity, 8 , 19 , 24 , 53 , 55 , 63–4 , 67–8 , 75 , manumission, 11 , 35 , 110–11 , 118 , 121 , 128 , 84 , 93 , 100 , 104 , 108 , 112 , 133 , 147 137–8 , 144 , 175 , 222 , 229 , 243 , 252 urn, 19–20 , 75 , 79 , 146 , 224 , 237 marble cinerary urn, 16 , 35 , 37 , 67 , 75 , 77 , 79 , visibility, 8 , 20 , 53 , 68 , 72–3 , 85 , 88 , 84–6 , 94 , 97 , 102–4 , 117 , 143 , 146 , 158 , 142 , 237 168–70 , 177 , 181–2 , 186–7 , 201 , 215 , 229– nomen , 110 , 120–3 , 133 , 184 , 212 , 216–17 , 234 , 30 , 238 , 240 , 242 , 244 , 247 , 249 , 254–5 237 , 241 , 244 , 255 of Pedia Montana, 80 nonelite Marcellina, 253 agency, 32–3 , 136 , 253 marriage, 35 , 71 , 95 , 118 , 138 , 248 burial, 1 , 3–4 , 7–8 , 16 , 60, 155 , 254–5 Martialis, Marcus Valerius, 222 , 252 social identity, 12 , 118 , 120 , 142 , 159 Mauretania, 255 social position, 10–12 , 33 , 125 , 136 , 139 , 141 , Maxentius, circus of, 152 144 , 159 , 222–3 mensola , 55 , 86 , 206 , 216 sources, 4 , 118 Meta Romuli, 219 term, 217 , 219 metic, 236 Norfolk, Roman burial site, 227 migration, 11 , 144 , 146 , 234 nymphaeum, 88 , 239 Milan, cremation society, 227 modern cemeteries opus lateritium , 151 , 257 crematoria, 30 opus mixtum , 53 , 191 , 208 , 257 fascist, 53 opus reticulatum , 151 , 167 , 169–70 , 173 , 175 , of immigrants, 12 , 236 186–7 , 192 , 194 , 196–9 , 201 , 205–6 , 228 , Italy, 8 , 232 232 , 255 , 257 Jewish, 14 , 142 , 159 , 223 , 246 , 254 opus testaceum , 165 , 170 , 178 , 182 , 186 , 196 , 257 nineteenth century, 30 os exceptum , 61 , 235 overcrowding, 227 os resectum . See os exceptum of veterans, 53–4 Ostia, 224 , 257 molding, 20 , 77 , 85–6 , 171 , 176 , 186 , 218 , burial, 61 , 232 , 240 241 , 244 columbaria, 1 , 18 , 143 , 147–51 Mommsen, Theodor, 95 , 130 Piazzale delle Corporazioni, 115 , 245 Monte Grappa, Sacrario militare di, 54 , 232 social conditions, 32 , 151 , 256–7 Morris, Ian, 32 , 62 Otho, Marcus Salvius, 178 , 241 mortality rate, 5 , 220 mosaic, 36 , 88–9 , 91 , 115 , 168 , 175–6 , 182 , 186 , Palatine, 233 196 , 206–7 , 220 , 229 , 239 , 245 palmette, 77 Musicus, 123 , 126–7 , 137 , 248–9 Panciera, Silvio, 186 Pani, Giovanni, 114–15 nail, 113 , 191 , 205 parentalia , 55 , 233 Nero (emperor), 95 , 181 , 186 , 255 Patlacius Maximus, Numerius, 113 , 192 , 194 reign, 175–6 , 223 , 238 patresfamilias , 136 , 145 , 255 Nerva (emperor), 181 Pausanias, 232 Niceros, 167 pediment, 77 , 79–80 , 88 , 114 , 169 , 171 , 180 , niche 182 , 188 , 194 , 203 , 215–16 allocation, 68–9 , 71 , 75 , 108 , 122 , 183 , 236 pepperino, 178 closer, 94 , 97 peribolos, 58 , 234 modifi cation, 37 , 67–8 , 75 , 98 , 102 , 104–5 , Petronia Iusta, 138 , 222 , 252 115 , 143 , 166 , 168 , 170 , 190 , 238 Petronius Arbiter, Gaius, 40 , 62 , 84 , 235 rectangular, 56 , 59 , 70 , 85–6 , 168 , 173, Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, 27 , 112 , 191–2 182 , 205 Pirro Ligorio, 24 , 171 row, 1 , 19 , 22 , 53 , 72 , 88 , 99 plaster, 85 , 88 , 167 sale, 36 , 69 , 75 , 99 , 237 Plutarch, 230

292 INDEX

podium cover, 53 , 94 , 97 , 113–14 , 117 , 217 , Augustan transformation, 3 , 6 , 9–10 , 15 , 55 , 241 , 244 65 , 109 , 143 , 159 , 221 , 228 , 233 , 243 polyandria , 53 , 63 , 232 burial, 32 , 146 , 152 , 158 , 227 , 233 Pompeia Ammia, 123 , 126–7 , 129 , 137 , collegia , 15 , 130 , 140 , 254 141 , 248 demography, 5 , 32 , 154 , 234 , 249 Pompeii, 232 , 235 , 239–40 epigraphy, 64 , 104 , 107 , 114 , 118 , 124 , 128 , Pompeius Bithynicus, Quintus, 35 224 , 243–6 , 248 Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus, 256 funerary monuments, 3 , 49 , 61 , 63 , 99 , 102 , Pomponia Vitalis, 88–9 , 92 , 104 , 239–40 116 , 145 , 219 , 235 , 240 Pomponius Hylas, Gnaeus, 88–9 , 182 , 239–40 grave goods, 55 population growth, 29 , 31–2 , 154–5 , 228 model character, 146–7 , 151 , 256–7 port cities, 146, 152 , 157 periphery, 9 , 20 , 32 , 40–1 , 80 , 143 , 152 , Porta Capena, 165 , 167–70 , 175 , 181–2 , 184 , 235 163 , 231 Porta Maggiore, 93 , 198–200 social conditions, 38 , 65 , 119–20 , 140 , 143–4 , Porta S. Sebastiano, 171 149 , 152 , 219 , 222 , 242 , 252 , 257 porticus, 49 , 184 , 232 urban planning, 221 Porticus Liviae , 49 urban population, 4–6 , 9–12 , 15 , 29 , 39 , Porticus Octaviae , 232 118–19 , 138–41 , 155 , 159–60 , 220–1 , 247 , pozzo , 173 , 199 252 , 258 praenomen , 110 , 120 , 216–17 , 234 , 241 , 244 rose, 55 , 233 profession, 3 , 71 , 110–11 , 116 , 126 , 132 , 141 , 209 , 222 Salvia Attica, 238 architect, 174 , 225 Salvius Euhodus, Marcus, 241 specialization, 127 Salvius Melipthongus, Gaius, 238 steward, 109–11 San Cesareo, funerary monument of, 61 , 65 propriet à Emiliani, 198–200 San Sebastiano, 99 , 230 , 237 , 257 prosopography, 230 , 256 sarcophagus, 35 , 37 , 40 , 103 , 105 , 145 , 173 , 176 , pseudo-fi liation, 216–17 , 247 182 , 187 , 196–7 , 201 , 208 , 215 , 226 , 230 , Purcell, Nicholas, 32–3 242 , 257 puteal, 199 Scipios, Tomb of, 22 , 40–1 , 49 , 232 , 235 Puteoli, 151 , 256 Scribonius Menophilus, Gaius, 137 columbaria, 1 Sepolcreto Ostiense, 100 , 119 , 230–1 , 240 social conditions, 32 , 151 Seppia Fortunata, 237 pyramid, 3 , 219 , 233 sepulcrales , 217 , 246–7 servi, 71 , 121 , 137 , 215 , 218 , 222 , 224 , 234 Quinctii, tomb of, 235 burial, 1 , 13 , 19 , 28 , 33 , 110 , 122 , 158 epigraphic evidence, 35 , 71 , 118 , 137 , 195–6 , Reate, 223 241 , 243 republican period, 35 , 93 , 229 legal status, 119–21 , 211 , 221 , 235 , 238 , 247 burial, 31 profession, 126–7 , 237 , 258 collegia , 9 , 139 , 221 social identity, 33 , 243 , 249 , 258 cultural values, 2 , 62–3 , 65 , 116 , 118 , 120 , social position, 6 , 11 , 16 , 132 , 137–8 , 144 133 , 144 , 156 Severus, 247 epigraphy, 63–4 , 107–8 , 111–12 , 114 , 116 , Sinn, Frederike, 103 120 , 123 , 234 , 244 , 247 slave. See servi funerary culture, 3 , 7–8 , 10 , 15 , 39–41 , 49 , social mobility, 138 , 141 , 159 55 , 60 , 63 , 65 , 221 , 229 , 231 , 242 , 254 social poverty, 124 , 126 , 154 , 248 rhetorical training, 144 social relationship Rhodes, 59 , 146 , 233–4 , 246 , 251 , 254 brother, 109–11 , 223 , 238 , 243 romanitas , 39 , 136 , 221 children, 11–12 , 80 , 125 , 129 , 222 , 247 , 249 Rome daughter, 238 archaeology, 15 , 30 father, 123 , 169 , 238

INDEX 293

fellow freedman, 125 Taylor, Lily Ross, 120 fellow slave, 247 temenos , 217 grandmother, 123 tent, 239 husband, 7 , 80 , 234 , 240 , 248 tenuiores , 219 mother, 11 , 80 , 111 , 123 , 129 , 238 , 243 Termessos, 254 mother-in-law, 123 Tiber, 62 , 226 parent, 125 , 128 , 144 , 222–3 Tiberius (emperor), 105 , 169 , 181 , 200 , patron, 121 , 125 , 137 , 140 , 215 , 238 230 , 255 sibling, 125 reign, 36–7 , 103 , 167 , 175 , 181 , 200 , 238–9 sister, 80 , 238 Tibur, 244 son, 71 , 88 , 169 , 234 , 238–9, 241 titulus . See inscriptions spouse, 80 , 125 , 238 Titus, arch of, 114 wife, 70–1 , 80 , 88 , 123 , 138 , 195 , 237–9 , 243 Trajan (emperor), reign, 175 , 230 Societ à fondiaria italiana , 93 , 189–90 , 192 , 194 travertine, 46 , 86 , 186–7 , 191 , 196 , 199 , 208 solarium, 14 , 148 , 178 tria nomina , 110–11 , 118 , 120–1 , 123 , 212 , 216 , sors , 68 , 183 243 , 247 Sovana, Etruscan cemetery of, 233 triclinium, 14 , 147–8 , 223 , 250 , 259 St. Peter, 102 , 242 , 245 , 255 Trimalchio Maecenatianus, Gaius Pompeius, Mausoleum Phi, 145 , 255 40 , 84 , 238 Statilia Fausta, 243 triumphal procession, 114 Statilia Messalina, 95 , 97 Trophimus, 87 , 239 Statilius Auctus, Titus, 109–11, 116–17 , 123 , tufa, 20 , 152 , 178 , 208 126 , 137 , 243 Tuscan order, 171 , 188 Statilius Epicrates, Titus, 243 Statilius Mena, Titus, 110 under-slave, 111 , 123 , 125–7 , 200 , 218 , Statilius Taurus, Titus, 95 , 145 , 195 , 251 , 243 , 248–9 253 , 255 unguentaria, 170 , 176 , 186 , 188 , 196 statuette, 186 , 196 , 203 ustrinum , 62 , 130 , 148 , 167 , 175 , 250 status inconsistency, 6 , 11–12 , 16 , 139 , 222 stele, 65 , 95 , 97 , 112 , 181 , 196 , 199 , 232 , 236 , Valeria Futiana, 238 241 , 244 Valeria Prima, 240 Stertinia Diogenis, 237 Valerius Creticus, Publius, 170 Stertinius Rufus, Lucius, 71–2 , 75 , 88 , 137 , Valerius Futianus, Marcus, 238 237 , 239 Valerius Herma, Gaius, 255 Strabo, 251 Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Marcus, 181 street of tombs (Gr ä berstra ße ), 7 , 40 , 48 , 64 , Varro, Marcus Terentius, 40–1 , 48 , 56 , 224 , 233 221 , 231 Velestino, Daniela, 188 stucco decoration, 22 , 79 , 85 , 99 , 150 , 169 , 171 , Vespasian (emperor), 99 , 178 , 230 176 , 178 , 182 , 188 , 194 , 206 , 225 , 237 , 256 reign, 256 stylus , 186 , 244 Via Appia, 17 , 25 , 27–8 , 40–1 , 44 , 46 , 49 , 97 , Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius, 137 99 , 152 , 165 , 167–71 , 173–80 , 183 , 225 , 231 , Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 252 , 256 235 , 245 , 255 , 257 Sulpicius Platorinus, tomb of Gaius, 62 , 235 Via Aurelia, 25 , 43 , 201–3 , 205 , 231 Sutri, 151 , 257 Via Caelimontana, 7 , 62 , 64 , 184 , 186 , 220 , 231 , 235 , 254 tabella. See tabula inscription Via Casilina, 95 , 198–200 table, 184 Via Cassia, 151 tabula ansata , 53 , 108 , 166 , 170–1 , 178 , 180 , 194 , Via Flaminia, 62 217 , 237 , 244–5 Via G. Belluzzo, 207 tabula inscription, 171 , 217 , 236 , 241 Via Labicana, 43–4 , 187–92 , 194–5 , 198–200 , Tacitus, Cornelius, 62 , 139–40 , 235 , 252 231 , 237 Taurus Statilius Corvinus, 145 Via Latina, 17 , 28 , 42 , 181–2 , 184 , 231

294 INDEX

Via Nomentana, 19 , 201 , 231 Vigna Garzia Muggiani, 171 , 173 Via Ostiensis, 229 , 231 Vigna Randanini, 176–7 Via Portuensis, 207–8 , 231 , 235 , 242 Vigna Sassi, 165 Via Praenestina, 187 , 196 Vigna Terilli, 184 Via Salaria, 229 , 233–4 Villa Corsini, 25 , 201 Via Statilia, 7 Villa dei Gordiani, 196 Vibius Celer, Gaius, 245 Villa Doria Pamphili, 4 , 43 , 203 , 205 vicarius . See under-slave Villa Wolkonsky, 184 Vicolo dei Carbonari, 198 Volusius Saturninus, Lucius, 241 , 255 vicomagistri , 137 Volusius Saturninus, Quintus, 241 Vigna Ammendola, 178 , 180 voting tribe, 120 , 252 Vigna Aquari, 183 Vigna Benci, 174 Walker, George Alfred, 30 Vigna Codini, 167–70 , 181 Woolf, Greg, 63 Vigna Cremaschi, 182 wreath, 58