DOCSLIB.ORG

Mottershead THESIS Vol 1 2005

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mottershead THESIS Vol 1 2005 THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF MARCUS AGRIPPA IN THE WEST Geoffrey Mottershead Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2005 School of Art History, Cinema, Classics and Archaeology The University of Melbourne Dedicated to HILARY PATRICIA ANNE i ABSTRACT Marcus Agrippa was the chief supporter of Octavian, the heir of Julius Caesar, in his rise to prominence as the first Roman Emperor Augustus. He also played a central role in the Augustan establishment of the new order of Empire, which replaced the late Republic. Agrippa's land and sea victories were crucial for the success of Octavian, but it will be argued that his constructions were important instruments of change in this pivotal historical period. Consequently, all Agrippan works are investigated, whether for war or peace, and whether known from material remains or other evidence. Agrippan constructions in the West (Gaul and the Iberian Peninsula) are described in detail, and the others are described in more general terms. Previously, Agrippan constructions have either been included in biographies of Agrippa, and treated generally, or have been studied as particular works with detailed description, but little explanation. Also, constructions in towns with material remains or inscriptions have been extensively studied, but important works outside towns with fewer remains have been largely overlooked. Consequently, previous writers have represented Agrippa as a builder of monuments in towns and there has been little understanding of the nature or purpose of the totality of his works, and no proper account of them. The comprehensive analysis in this thesis shows that the principal Agrippan construction in the West was the road network, radiating from Lugdunum (Lyon) to the Atlantic, the English Channel and the Rhine. This constituted the first physical framework of Roman control outside the more settled south of Gaul. Agrippa's planning and part construction of a monumental town at Augusta Emerita (Mérida), and his probable foundation of Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) were part and parcel of Roman expansion by colonisation into new parts of the Iberian Peninsula. These major works in Gaul and Hispania set a pattern of development for centuries to come and were, therefore, influential over a long period. This was not the case in the East, which was already Hellenised and under Roman hegemony. In the case of Rome, Agrippan works were subsumed in the building programme of Augustus and later works. Consequently, the Agrippan constructions in the West were, ultimately, more important than those elsewhere. The general review of Agrippa's works contained in this thesis leads, therefore, to conclusions which represent a new viewpoint on Agrippan constructions in the West. He was certainly a builder of monuments in towns in the region, as previously known, but it has been shown here that his constructions in the West were instruments of important regional change in a pivotal historical period. There is also a new and more detailed description of the works in the West. In addition, constructions elsewhere are explained and described generally in a new integrated study of all the works. ii This is to certify that: (i) the thesis comprises only my original work towards the PhD; (ii) due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all material used; (iii) the thesis is less than 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, bibliographies and appendices. GEOFFREY MOTTERSHEAD iii PREFACE As a civil and structural engineer, who later studied Classical Archaeology, ancient structures were already of particular interest to the author. The idea of writing a thesis about the constructions of Agrippa arose from reading a comment about Agrippa in Reinhold's biography. He said: 'If Augustus was the architect of the Roman Empire, Marcus Agrippa was his superintendent of construction'1. Reinhold was referring to Agrippa's support of Octavian, the heir of Julius Caesar, in his rise to supreme power in the Roman world as Augustus, the first Roman Emperor, and to his continuing help in the Augustan shaping of the new Imperial Order replacing that of the Republic. He had in mind all the actions of Agrippa, including his land and sea victories, his general support, and, also, his important physical constructions. Reinhold's description of Agrippa as 'superintendent of construction' prompted consideration of a study of his actual physical constructions. In this, the constructions would be explained as part and parcel of Agrippa's activities. Consequently, all the constructions would be included, whether for war or peace, and whether they are identified as Agrippan from their materials remains, or from other evidence. The best possible description of the works was to be provided. It soon became clear that it would not be possible to explain all the Agrippan constructions and to also describe them in detail. A concentration on one particular region was necessary. Agrippan works at Rome were primarily intended to influence the citizens in favour of Octavian, and to introduce the New Order of Augustus. Those in Italy formed no cohesive corpus, and, in the East, the Agrippan works were not important agents of change. The remaining region of Agrippan construction was Gaul and the Iberian Peninsula, where the constructions were instruments of substantial change. It was, therefore, possible to develop hypotheses about their relationship to important historical development. Also, although there were substantial material remains of Agrippan works in the West, it was possible to describe the constructions there in detail in the space available. It was, therefore, decided to focus on the Agrippan constructions in the West. Yet it was not possible to fully account for these without also considering those elsewhere as part of the whole corpus of Agrippan works. These other constructions, were, therefore, to be not only explained, but, also, to be described to the extent that this cast light on those in the West. 1 Reinhold M., Marcus Agrippa, Rome, 1965. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful for the help given by Trinidad Nogales Basarrate of the Museo Nacionàl de Arte Romano at Mérida, who generously provided me with a great deal of information and gave me publications of which I was unaware. At Lyon, Armand Desbat kindly took me on a tour of his investigations at the 'Temple of Cybele' site and of other monuments. He also presented me with several publications which brought me up-to-date on archaeological investigations at Lyon. I would like to thank my supervisors, Professor Frank Sear and Professor Ron Ridley for their patient guidance through the many difficulties of research and writing, and for their encouragement throughout the entire period of investigation. Finally, any errors or omissions in the final text are mine rather than those of Vyvyian Ferguson-Sharp who prepared it. ` TABLE OF CONTENTS Vol. 1 Text PAGE § THE INVESTIGATION 1 § GAUL Figs. A and B 9, 10 Introduction 11 Chapter1: Agrippa's road system 14 " 2: Lugdunum (Lyon) 39 " 3: The Temple of Valetudo at Glanum 62 " 4: Nemausus (Nîmes) 84 " 5: Other Agrippan works in Gaul 98 Agrippan Works in Gaul : Conclusions 107 § HISPANIA Figs. C and D 109, 110 Introduction 111 Chapter 6: North-West Hispania 114 " 7: Agrippa at Augusta Emerita (Mérida) 128 " 8: The theatre at Augusta Emerita : Agrippan works 137 " 9: Possible Agrippan works at Augusta Emerita 162 Augusta Emerita : Conclusions 180 Chapter 10: Agrippan constructions at urban centres other than Augusta Emerita 182 Agrippan Works in Hispania : Conclusions 202 § OTHER REGIONS 207 Chapter 11: Agrippan works other than in the West 207 § AGRIPPAN CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE WEST : CONCLUSIONS 218 § ABBREVIATIONS 223 § BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 (1) Texts 225 (2) Modern Works 227 (3) Additional Items 246 Vol. 2 Illustrations of the chapters § ILLUSTRATIONS Chapter 1: Figs. 1.1 - 1.12 " 2: " 2.1 - 2.15 " 3: " 3.1 - 3.28 " 4: " 4.1 - 4.6 " 5: " 5.1 - 5.5 " 6: " 6.1 - 6.3 " 7: " 7.1 - 7.5 " 8: " 8.1 - 8.44 " 9: " 9.1 - 9.22 " 10: " 10.1 - 10.9 " 11: " 11.1 - 11.7 § SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS - 1 - TTHHEE IINNVVEESSTTIIGGAATTIIOONN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION The historical introduction is not fully documented by reference to footnotes since it is intended to provide only a general background for the detailed study of the Agrippan constructions. These are documented by reference to texts and modern works. Agrippa (Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa) was probably born in 63 B.C.1 and, therefore, in the same year as Octavius (the first Emperor Augustus). Julius Caesar sent both of them to Apollonia on the Adriatic coast of Epirus in 46-45 B.C. for education and military training2. Agrippa and the future Augustus formed a close association which was to be maintained until the untimely death of Agrippa in 12 B.C., some quarter of a century before the end of the principate of Augustus in A.D. 14. The relationship between Agrippa and Octavius was governed by their origins and natural talents. As the heir of Julius Caesar, Octavius was to become Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, generally referred to as Octavian. Octavian could advance his position as the heir to Caesar, and because he was from an appropriate social class3. Agrippa, whose background was humble 4, could advance with Octavian by using his talents as a military commander, organiser of practical affairs, and technician. On the assassination of Caesar in 44 B.C., Octavian, at the age of 18, travelled to Rome and the protracted struggle to take up his inheritance began. The 'Second Triumvirate' of Antony, Octavian and Lepidus (43 B.C.), the triumph of the Caesarian party at Philippi in 42 B.C., and the subsequent wars of Perusia need not be described, since there is no indication of any Agrippan works of this period5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Excessive Public Grief at the Death of Germanicus in AD 19
    Excessive Public Grief at the Death of Germanicus in AD 19 The death in AD 19 of Tiberius’s adopted son, Germanicus Julius Caesar, threw the Roman Empire into a rarely seen and highly undignified grief, which our sources probably exaggerate in order to demonstrate the unpopularity of the emperor Tiberius. Tacitus and Suetonius document outpours of mass grief among the common people who had no close association or connection with Germanicus but regarded him as the last hope of honor, justice, and decency; the audience old enough to remember 1968 will see distinct parallels. Although Tacitus Ann. 2.73 likens Germanicus’s career, achievements, and charisma to Alexander the Great, the public reaction to his death more closely resembles that of his ancestor by triple adoption, the Divine Julius, including a brief civil war and also that of Clodius in 52 BC. Neither were normal by any stretch of the imagination. The hysteria that followed the news of the death of Germanicus, the joy at a false report of his survival, and the renewed frenzy upon his verified death cast aside all normal standards of grief, especially considering the Roman reputation for stoic perseverance in the face of hardship. Tiberius attempted to display a stoic response (Tacitus says to conceal his joy) and lead by example, but other Romans, wholly ignoring his role model, dropped any prospect of sang froid and behaved if the death of Germanicus equated the downfall of the state. Their reaction contrasts entirely with the composure and ritual at funerals of other beloved statesmen – including Augustus in AD 14, which included hired mourners and the show of grief.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Politics of the Arena
    THE POLITICS OF THE ARENA 1 1 The Politics of the Arena Origin and Growth of Games The great games of the ancient Mediterranean grew out of religious holidays to become spectacular celebrations of the divine pantheon, events that not only called upon divine support to ensure continued prosperity for the state, but also offered an elaborate, formalized series of actions that encouraged, even required, the participation of an expanded human audience. These spectacles tended to follow a standard format of procession, sacrifice, and games. The procession, the first part of the festival, was, practically speaking, a means of conveying the worshipers, the officiants, and their implements of worship to the sacred space of the altar or temple. To enhance the ritual quality of the movement, the procession followed a specific, religiously significant pathway; the personnel were arranged in a specific order; the participants wore particular kinds of clothing, spoke or sang ritual words. These guidelines could involve sacrificial animals in the procession as well, who not only would be draped in wreaths or ribbons, to set them apart from “common” animals, to make them “sacred”, but also were meant to conform to certain kinds of behavior: they had to seem willing to approach the altar, and cult officials who accompanied them made sure of this. The procession was followed by the sacrifice. Sacrifice was the basic act of Graeco-Roman religion, establishing a positive relationship between deity and worshiper through the offering of a gift; this could mean the immolation of an animal, the pouring of a wine or oil libation, or setting cakes or flowers on the god’s altar for his enjoyment.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Contact and Identity in Roman Britain
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 5-16-2016 12:00 AM Language Contact and Identity in Roman Britain Robert Jackson Woodcock The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Professor Alexander Meyer The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Classics A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Arts © Robert Jackson Woodcock 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Indo- European Linguistics and Philology Commons Recommended Citation Woodcock, Robert Jackson, "Language Contact and Identity in Roman Britain" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3775. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3775 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Language is one of the most significant aspects of cultural identity. This thesis examines the evidence of languages in contact in Roman Britain in order to determine the role that language played in defining the identities of the inhabitants of this Roman province. All forms of documentary evidence from monumental stone epigraphy to ownership marks scratched onto pottery are analyzed for indications of bilingualism and language contact in Roman Britain. The language and subject matter of the Vindolanda writing tablets from a Roman army fort on the northern frontier are analyzed for indications of bilingual interactions between Roman soldiers and their native surroundings, as well as Celtic interference on the Latin that was written and spoken by the Roman army.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Gallo-Roman Relations Under the Early Empire by Ryan Walsh A
    Gallo-Roman Relations under the Early Empire By Ryan Walsh A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Ancient Mediterranean Cultures Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 © Ryan Walsh 2013 1 Author's Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract This paper examines the changing attitudes of Gallo-Romans from the time of Caesar's conquest in the 50s BCE to the start of Vespasian's reign in 70-71 CE and how Roman prejudice shaped those attitudes. I first examine the conflicted opinions of the Gauls in Caesar's time and how they eventually banded together against him but were defeated. Next, the activities of each Julio-Claudian emperor are examined to see how they impacted Gaul and what the Gallo-Roman response was. Throughout this period there is clear evidence of increased Romanisation amongst the Gauls and the prominence of the region is obvious in imperial policy. This changes with Nero's reign where Vindex's rebellion against the emperor highlights the prejudices still effecting Roman attitudes. This only becomes worse in the rebellion of Civilis the next year. After these revolts, the Gallo-Romans appear to retreat from imperial offices and stick to local affairs, likely as a direct response to Rome's rejection of them.
    [Show full text]
  • Demography Roman Spain
    CARRERAS MONFORT C. A new perspective for the demographic study of Roman Spain. Revista de Historia da Arte e Arqueologia n.2, 1995-1996; pp. 59-82. A NEW PERSPECTIVE FOR THE DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF ROMAN SPAIN César Carreras Monfort* * Universitat Oberta de Catalunya e-mail: [email protected] In the last years, there has been an increase in the number of demographic studies of ancient societies, with the main aim to recognize the internal organization of the populations and, to some extent, how the resources of a territory determined patterns of distribution [Gallo, 1984; Parkin, 1992]. Actually, within the limits of the Roman society, these studies allowed us to revise again basic concepts such as the relationship between the urban and rural world [López Paz, 1994], or even, to discuss about the degree of urbanism that supposedly it is accepted for the Graeco-Roman world. The demographic analyses on the Roman period were recently favoured by a better knowledge now, of the urban perimeters of ancient Roman cities, and the patterns of rural distribution; thanks to the contribution of either the urban archaeology and the rural field-surveys [Barker, 1991] and cadastres studies [Chouquer and Favory, 1991]. Furthermore, the important contribution of papyrology also stands out, since they supply information on demography, which despite being basically about Roman Egypt, it can be extrapolated to other provinces [Hombert and Preaux, 1952; Bagnall and Frier, 1994]. These new documental evidences allow us to carry out a new estimate, from another viewpoint, of the population in a very particular province such as Roman Spain, and also they become a headway in the detailed study of population patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • Augustus Go to and Log in Using Your School’S Log in Details
    Timelines – Augustus Go to www.worldbookonline.com and log in using your school’s log in details: Log-in ID: Password: Click on Advanced Type in Augustus in Search box Click the article titled Augustus Read the article and answer the questions below. 1. What date was Octavian (Augustus) born? ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. In which year did Octavian take the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus? ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Octavian defeated Mark Antony, who had taken control of Rome following Caesar’s death, in which year? ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Octavian and Mark Antony formed a political alliance, known as the Second Triumvirate, with Markus Aemilius Lepidus (chief priest of Rome). In which year were Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, Caesar’s chief assassins, defeated at Philippi in Macedonia? ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. What year was another threat, Sextus Pompey (son of Pompey the Great), defeated by Antony and Octavian? ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. In what year did the Triumvirate disintegrate? ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. In what year did Mark Antony and Cleopatra (Queen of Egypt) become lovers? ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. In what year did Octavian go to war against
    [Show full text]
  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02240-9 - Myth, Ritual, and the Warrior in Roman and Indo-European Antiquity Roger D. Woodard Index More information Index Greek language entries are at the end of the index. Abazas, 154, 167, 204 Apollo, 6, 109, 118, 136, 225 Abkhazians, 157, 167 Apollo Atepomarus, 6 Actaeon, 136, 137 aporia, 105, 109, 208 Adonis, 136, 271 apotheosis, 37, 42, 50, 52, 75, 79, 80, 88, 105, 107, 199, Aegeum, 152 219, 222, 233 Aegis, 134, 163 Appius Claudius Caecus, 137, 138 Aequians, 4, 106, 113, 191 Apsara¯s, 141, 165, 166, 253 Aeschylus, 6, 48, 153 Āptyas, 179, 241 aestus, 92, 103, 133, 173, 207, 219, 231, 255, 256, 258 Apuleius, 113 aetiology 3, 4, 6, 25, 32, 33, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, Aquilonia, 73 51, 52, 55, 78, 85, 88, 89, 95, 97, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, Ara Maxima, 82, 93, 138, 189, 194, 231, 232, 236 111, 112, 114, 116, 118, 119, 128, 129, 137, 160, 161, 176, Aramazd, 149 189, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 208, arbor infelix, 189 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 219, 220, 223, 228, 234, 236, Ardea, 47, 108, 110, 111 249, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262, 263, 265, 267 Ares, 154, 155 Afghanistan, 102 Aricia, 225, 235 Agamemnon, 6, 48 Aristeides, 211 Agastya, 164 Aristobulus, 51, 52, 55, 87 Ager Romanus, 127, 128, 181, 188 Aristotle, 28 Agni, 15, 91, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 162, Armilustrium, 193, 224 165, 168, 169, 170, 174, 176, 188, 203, 210, 211, 217, Arnobius, 9 229, 249, 250, 256 Arthur, 154, 269, 273 Ahalya, 141 Aruna¯, 254, 255 Ahuramazda, 15 astrology, 144 Ailill, 138 Āśvala¯yana
    [Show full text]
  • Domitian's Arae Incendii Neroniani in New Flavian Rome
    Rising from the Ashes: Domitian’s Arae Incendii Neroniani in New Flavian Rome Lea K. Cline In the August 1888 edition of the Notizie degli Scavi, profes- on a base of two steps; it is a long, solid rectangle, 6.25 m sors Guliermo Gatti and Rodolfo Lanciani announced the deep, 3.25 m wide, and 1.26 m high (lacking its crown). rediscovery of a Domitianic altar on the Quirinal hill during These dimensions make it the second largest public altar to the construction of the Casa Reale (Figures 1 and 2).1 This survive in the ancient capital. Built of travertine and revet- altar, found in situ on the southeast side of the Alta Semita ted in marble, this altar lacks sculptural decoration. Only its (an important northern thoroughfare) adjacent to the church inscription identifies it as an Ara Incendii Neroniani, an altar of San Andrea al Quirinale, was not unknown to scholars.2 erected in fulfillment of a vow made after the great fire of The site was discovered, but not excavated, in 1644 when Nero (A.D. 64).7 Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) and Gianlorenzo Bernini Archaeological evidence attests to two other altars, laid the foundations of San Andrea al Quirinale; at that time, bearing identical inscriptions, excavated in the sixteenth the inscription was removed to the Vatican, and then the and seventeenth centuries; the Ara Incendii Neroniani found altar was essentially forgotten.3 Lanciani’s notes from May on the Quirinal was the last of the three to be discovered.8 22, 1889, describe a fairly intact structure—a travertine block Little is known of the two other altars; one, presumably altar with remnants of a marble base molding on two sides.4 found on the Vatican plain, was reportedly used as building Although the altar’s inscription was not in situ, Lanciani refers material for the basilica of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Luxinfolio N° 17
    LUX in FOLIO Settembre 2014 Numero 17 Edizione speciale 33 ANNI DI PROGETTI CULTURALI: LUX in FABULA PROGETTI IN CORSO: - BRADISISMO ARCHIVIO VIRTUALE - LIBRI CONDIVISI (FILE SHARING tematiche flegree, Città Vulcano) - CACCIA AL LIBRO MANIFESTAZIONI RECENTI SCENARIO INFORMATIVO TUTTI I VIDEO LUX in FABULA Laboratorio di arte visiva e di comunicazione multimediale www.luxinfabula.it - [email protected] Rampe dei Cappuccini, 5 Pozzuoli – 80078– Napoli Tel. +39 081 02 03 336 LUX in FOLIO Settembre 2014 Numero 17 BRADISISMO ARCHIVIO VIRTUALE Un sito sul bradisismo flegreo http://www.bradisismoflegreo.it/ Rassegna stampa Crisi del 1970 e Crisi del 1983; Studio geoarcheologico dell’antico litorale di Pozzuoli: il problema delle variazioni relative del livello del mare; Aspetti ed itinerari naturalistici dei Campi Flegrei; Campi Flegrei, Storia eruttiva e magmatica -Bollettino sezione Campania; L’Eruzione del Monte Nuovo nelle pagine dell’umanista Girolamo Borgia; Stato di degrado e conservazione del Macellum di Puteoli; Campi Flegrei; I giorni del bradisismo. Documenti vari e oltre 30 Video. MANIFESTAZIONI RECENTI -UNA NOTTE AL MUSEO con LUX in FABULA- presso il Museo Archeologico Nazionale, 28 Dicembre 2013 e 25 gennaio 2014 -DALLE FABBRICHE AL MARE – presso il Circolo Ilva di Bagnoli, 16-23-30 Maggio 2014. -LUX in PAN – L’IMMAGINE DALLA LANTERNA MAGICA AI DRONI – presso il Palazzo delle Arti di Napoli 5-12- 19-26 Giugno 2014 e l’Osservatorio Vesuviano: Giovedì 3 luglio, ore 17,30, incontro con Lux in Fabula nella sala conferenze dell’Osservatorio Vesuviano (Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia) in Via Diocleziano 328. L’Associazione presenta il progetto Archivio Virtuale del Bradisismo già disponibile sul sito “Bradisismoflegreo.it”, con oltre cinquemila documenti ufficiali, articoli e foto e 30 video.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cultural Creation of Fulvia Flacca Bambula
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2017 The cultural creation of Fulvia Flacca Bambula. Erin Leigh Wotring University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, History of Gender Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Political History Commons, Social History Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Wotring, Erin Leigh, "The cultural creation of Fulvia Flacca Bambula." (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2691. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2691 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CULTURAL CREATION OF FULVIA FLACCA BAMBULA By Erin Leigh Wotring A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in History Department of History University of Louisville Louisville, KY May, 2017 Copyright 2017 by Erin Leigh Wotring All rights reserved THE CULTURAL CREATION OF FULVIA FLACCA BAMBULA By Erin Leigh Wotring A Thesis Approved on April 14, 2017 by the following Thesis Committee: Dr. Jennifer Westerfeld, Director Dr. Blake Beattie Dr. Carmen Hardin ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Week 9: Rome & the Provinces
    MMM Week 9: Rome & The Provinces 1. Range of Roman rule Of this whole country that is subject to the Romans, some parts are indeed ruled by kings, but the Romans retain others themselves, calling them Provinces, and send to them praefects and collectors of tribute. But there are also some free cities, of which some came over to the Romans at the outset as friends, whereas others were set free by the Romans themselves as a mark of honour. There are also some potentates and phylarchs and priests subject to them. Now these live in accordance with certain ancestral laws. (Strabo, Geo. 17.3.24=LACTOR M29) 2a. Judaea census, AD 6 In those days Caesar Augustus issued a decree that a census should be taken of the entire Roman world. This was the first census that took place while Quirinius was governor of Syria. (Gospel of Luke 2.1-2) b. Response to census Now Cyrenius (Quirinius), a Roman senator, and one who had gone through other magistracies, and had passed through them till he had been consul, and one who, on other accounts, was of great dignity, came at this time into Syria, with a few others, being sent by Caesar to be a judge of that nation, and to take an account of their substance. … Moreover, Cyrenius came himself into Judea, which was now added to the province of Syria, to take an account of their substance, and to dispose of Archelaus's money; but the Jews, although at the beginning they took the report of a taxation heinously, yet did they leave off any further opposition to it, by the persuasion of Joazar, who was the son of Beethus, and high priest; so they, being over-persuaded by Joazar's words, gave an account of their estates, without any dispute about it.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Rome
    Ancient Rome William E. Dunstan ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK ................. 17856$ $$FM 09-09-10 09:17:21 PS PAGE iii Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright ᭧ 2011 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All maps by Bill Nelson. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. The cover image shows a marble bust of the nymph Clytie; for more information, see figure 22.17 on p. 370. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dunstan, William E. Ancient Rome / William E. Dunstan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7425-6833-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1 (electronic) 1. Rome—Civilization. 2. Rome—History—Empire, 30 B.C.–476 A.D. 3. Rome—Politics and government—30 B.C.–476 A.D. I. Title. DG77.D86 2010 937Ј.06—dc22 2010016225 ⅜ϱ ீThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/ NISO Z39.48–1992. Printed in the United States of America ................
    [Show full text]