Special Libraries, July 1983

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1983 Special Libraries, 1980s

7-1-1983

Special Libraries Association

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Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, July 1983" (1983). Special Libraries, 1983. 3. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1983/3

This Magazine is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Libraries, 1980s at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Libraries, 1983 by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. special libraries /uIy 1983, uol. 74, no. 3

75th A,nniversary Year New Frontiers-New Horizons Now, at last a single modern text on the SPECIAL LIBRARIES management of special libraries Thoroughly explores the role of managers, plannlng AND budgeting and marketing Sultabe for students INFORMATION CENTERS of hbrary science and those ~nrelated frelds An Introductory Text 1983 190p ISBN 0 871 1 1-282 5 $25 00 Ellis Mount

Two hundred new sources have been added to the nearly 1 000 listings in this completely PICTURE SOURCES revised and updated classic An invaluable 4 sourcebook for librarians archivists, curators edltors and all those who work wlth Images Ernest H. Robl, ed. 1983. 200p ISBN 0-871 11-274-4 $35 00

MANAGING A collection of essays to help information pro- THE fesslonals find practical ways to tailor the new ELECTRONIC LIBRARY technologies to the servlces they provide Library Management v. 3 1983 120p ISBN 0-871 11-305-8 July $1 5.50 Michael E. D. Koenig, ed.

ISSUES A collect~onof papers by a distinguished group of authors, including David R Bender Joseph AND M Dagnese, Beth A Ham~ltonVivian D Hewitt INVOLVEMENT and i mil^ R Mobley Alberta L. Brown Lectures 1983 102p ISBN 0 871 1 1-292-2 $1 0 50 in Special Librarianship 1978-80 Pamela Jobin & Marcy Murphy, comps.

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Microcomputer Programming in the lnformation Center 271 Church and Synagogue Library Howard Fosdick Association Claudia Hannaford

Audiovisual Material and Copyright in Special Libraries 278 Nigerian Institute of International Laura N. Gasaway Affairs Library John U. Obasi

Cataloging Software Mercedes Dumlao and Name Authority Control in a Sherry Cook Communications System Cathy Ann Elias and C. James Fair Status of Audiovisual Material in Networking Patricia Ann Coty On the Scene

Crisis and Growth: SLA's 75th Anniversary SLA 1918-1919 Robert G. Krupp Robert V. Williams and Martha Jane Zachert 75 Years of Service: Reconsider, Redefine, Reconfirm Pat Molholt

Publisher: DAVIDR. BENDER Educational Programs in Britain Director, lnformation Services: Thomas P. Salvens NANCYM. VIGGIANO Editor: DORISYOUDELMAN C~rculation: FREDBAUM 304 Call for Papers Specla1 Libraries is published by Special Libraries Associa- tion, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003 (2121477-9250). Quarterly: January, Aprll, July, October. Annual index in October issue. 305 Audit Report Jan 1, 1982-Dec 31, 1982 0Copyright 1983 by Special Libraries Association. Material protected by this copyright may be photocopied for the noncommercial purpose of scholarship or research. 311 Reviews Second class postage paid at New York, N.Y., and at additional offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Spe- cial Libraries Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New York. New York 10003. 38A Index to Advertisers

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Subscription Rates: Nonmembers, USA $36.00 Special Libraries Association assumes no respon- per calendar year includes the quarter1 journal, sibility for the statements and opinions advanced peczal L~brarles,and the monthly newsyetter, the by the contributors to the Association's publica- SpeciaList; add $5.00 postage for other countries tions. Instructions for Contributors appears in including Canada. S ecial Libraries is $12.00 to Special Libraries 74 (no. 2):209-210 (Apr 1983). A members, the S ecia&t is $3.00 to members, in- publications catalog is available from the Associa- cluded in memier dues. Single copies of Special tion's New York offices. Editorial views do not Libraries (1981- ) $9.00; single copies of SpeciaList necessarily represent the official position of Spe- $1.00. Membership Directory (not a part of a cial Libraries Association. Acce tance of an ad- subscription) is $25.00. vertisement does not imply enlorsement of the Back Issues & Hard Cover Reprints (191C1965): product by Special Libraries Association. Inquire Kraus Re rint Cor 16 East 46th St., New York, N.Y. dcrofilm Zhicrofiche ~ditions Indexed in: Book Review Index, Business Periodicals (1910 to date): Inquire University Microfilms, Index, Computer Contents, Cumulative Index to Ann Arbor, Michigan. Microforms of the current Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Historical Ab- year are available only to current subscribers to stracts, Hospital Literature Index, International Bib- the original. liography of Book Reviews, International Bibliog- Changes of Address: Allow six weeks for all raphy of Periodical Literature, Library Literature, chan es to become effective. All communications Management Index, and Science Citation Index. shoufd include both old and new addresses (with Abstracted in: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Inc., ZIP Codes) and should be accompanied by a mail- INSPEC, Libra y b Information Science Abstracts, ing label from a recent issue. and Public Affairs Information Service. Members should send their communications to the SLA Membershi Department, 235 Park Avenue South, New Yorf, N.Y. 10003. Membership Nonmember Subscribers should send their communications to the SLA Circulation Department, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003. DUES. Member or Associate Member Claims for missing issues will not be allowed if $55; Student Member $12.00; Retired received more than 90 days from date of mailing Member $10; Sustaining Member $250; lus the time normally required for postal de- Every of the issue and the claim. No claims are Sponsor $500; Patron $1,000. allowed because of failure to notify the Member- ship Department or the Circulation Department (see above) of a change of address, or because copy is "missing from files."

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Mixed Reactions Further, in the majority of pictures, your female artist has done little service to her I don't usually write letters to the editor of female associates; in only one drawing is it Special Libraries, because you do such a good implied that the "librarian" might be a job there's little to say. However, I feel com- maie. pelled to comment on the October 1982 is- Unexpected humor in a professional sue, particularly the article by Mark Baer. journal can be a relief, but in this form it "Achieving Failure in the Company Envi- needed more than the usual grain of salt- ronment" was one of the best, funniest, and perhaps a kilo or two. altogether most enjoyable articles I've read in a long time. It is refreshing to find an Kathleen M. Nichol article which pokes fun at the profession Vancouver, BC while making some very valid points regarding how not to run a library. And the accompanying drawings were equally funny. I know it isn't easy to find authors who Superseded Standards can write well and be humorous at the same As a publisher of some of the standards time. If you find any others, I do hope you referred to by Beth Hamilton in her article, will publish them. The day we as profes- "Managing a Standards Collection in an sional librarians become so taken with our Engineering Consulting Firm," [SL 74 own image as solid, serious professionals (no. 1):2%33 (Jan 1983)], I would like to com- that we can't find time to laugh at our own pliment her on an excellent job. She has de- foibles is a sad day indeed. Thank you for tailed the importance of standards and how selecting the article for publication in Special they can help to make the products we use Libraries. safer, less expensive, and easier to repair. Marydee Ojala I have but one minor complaint to voice Libraries Manager about the article, and that deals with the Bank of America availability of superseded standards and San Francisco, CA 94137 rationale statements. We at SAE are proud of our ability to ship copies of standards, both old and new, along with rationale information if requested with as little as a few hours According to Special Libraries' "Informa- turnaround. Billing for this special service is tion for Contributors," this professional at our normal document or photocopy fees, journal "publishes material on new and and the customer can charge a credit card or developing areas of librarianship and infor- request an after-the-fact invoice. Notorized mation technology. Informative papers on copies can even be provided for court- the administration, organization and opera- room use in this manner with a small service tion of special libraries and information charge. centers and reports of research in librarian- Additionally, our staff is happy to help ship, documentation, education, and infor- locate referenced documents oL&&est ad- mation science and technology are appro- ditional material of interest. We recognize priate contributions." that, in addition to the responsibility we I wonder, where in this definition you have in developing standards, we have, per- would put Mark Baer's article entitled, haps, a greater responsibility in assisting "Achieving Failure in the Company Envi- users of our standards, many of whom are ronment"? Perhaps I was in the wrong special librarians. frame of mind when I read it but, generally speaking, I do not fit into Mr. Baer's set of Dave Mitchell professionals who take themselves too seri- Manager, Product Development ously, and I fail to see why an article such as and Marketing his would be published in Special Libraries. Publications Group, SAE In what way does it advance the profession? Warrendale, PA 15096 july 7983 Congratulations Please accept my warmest congratulations on a fine job of editing the Business and Finance Division-sponsored April issue of Special Libraries. There is a good balance of articles reflecting varying facets of the main theme. And I can't think of a more fitting way to commemorate the Division's 25th anniversary. Valerie Noble Chairman, SLA Division Cabinet

The Library Management issue of SL was everything I hoped for and more. Miriam I Drake did an outstanding job as editor and Elsevier Science Publishing author. Her article was very comprehensive Company announces a major price reduc- and certainly set the tone for the entire is- tion on all titles published by Applied sue. It's the kind of writing that all of us Science Publishers in Barking, UK that are would like to claim as our own. distributed by Elsevier in the US and I enjoyed all of the articles, including Canada. The strength of the US dollar Mark Baer's. I really got a chuckle out of that. against the English pound has enabled us It's a shame that so many librarians seem to to make these across-the-board price lack a sense of humor-it's such a vital reductions and to pass on savings which necessity for survival. could total hundreds of dollars for our North American customers. Joe Ann Clifton Chairman, A complete listing of our price reductions is Library Management Division available on request. Following is just a short listing of ASP titles and the savings that we are passing on to you. Congratulations on the October 1982 issue Blackley, Synthetic Rubbers of SL. I found it very pertinent to the prob- old price: $74.00 new price: $66.75 lems of special libraries and librarians. I have few books in my library. Therefore, the Hepburn, Polyurethane Elastomers quote from NTIA, "Information manage- old price: $82.00 new price: $74.00 ment not only deals with the needs of indi- Mascia, Thermoplastics viduals and -organizations to convert data old price: $78.00 new price: $70.50 into information but it also deals with the Sheldon, Composite Polymeric Materials problems of getting the right information to old price: $39.00 new price: $35.25 the right people at the right time and in the right form," has long been a motto and goal Brown, Meat Microbiology to be constantly pursued. old price: $94.50 new price: $85.00 Betty Jacobson Foundation of the Due to the uncertain nature of the interna- Wall & Ceiling Industry tional monetary market it is never possible Washington, DC 20002 to predict the long range performance of the US dollar. We urge you to oct now to take full advantage of these lower prices. The October issue is one of the finest collective issues that I have ever read. Miriam Drake, her colleagues in the Library Man- For further informationabout additional agement Division, and the contributing discounts contact: authors are to be commended for their efforts. Seoff Boytos, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING CO. Allen Ekkebus 52 Vanderbilt Ave., Central Research Library \IY, NY 10017 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN

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july 7983 Charles Cutter's Concern Then4 Gaylord's Solution Today..

During his time, Charles Arnmi Cutter dreamed of a new type of library; one which would "lend e to anybody in any desired q;antiG for any length of time:' In order to do so, existing facilities and services had to be improved and the increasing volume of materials had to be organized more efficiently. Voila, the Cutter System! Today, Gaylord enhances Cutter's legacy with superior library shelving designed to aid in the organization, storage or display of books and other materials. When resources are at I 1 Other a remium, Gaylord offers shelving in a variety (please specify ) o product styles to help you easily solve all P Ifyou haveany questionsabout Gaylord Shelving call 1-800-448-6160. In NewYork St- of your libray's important storage problems. call collect at 3 15-457-5070. And, because we stock an extensive inventory, most Gaylord products are shipped within NAME four to six weeks, so you don't have to wait ADDRESS months for delivery. For one piece of furniture or an entire CITY STATE ZIP library, come to Gaylord: the single source PHONE for all your storage and dis lay needs You TITLE can be confident when it's gaylord. \hi wrote the book on library furniture. Gaylord Bros.. Inc. P.0. Box 4901 Cutter photo used by permissionof the American Ubmry Association. GAMORD Syracuse, NY 1322 1 Microcomputer Programming in the Information Center Howard Fosdick

Villa Park, IL 60181

~istoricall~,PLll has been the general-purpose programming language of choice in libraries and information centers. However, available evidence suggests that librarians are programming their microcomputers in BASIC and Pascal. Several issues pertaining to the choice of programming languages for library microcomputing are discussed. Microcomputer BASIC, Pascal, and PL 1 l are characterized and contrasted in terms of their suitability for library and textual processing needs.

HE INCREASING use of mi- Previous Studies crocomputers in libraries and in- T formation centers has raised To date, no formal papers have been important questions concerning the published on the specific applicability programming of these machines. of programming languages to library Choosing an appropriate programming microcomputers. Although some litera- language(s) affects the development, ture exists on the general topic of maintainability, and portability of li- programming languages appropriate brary microcomputer software. Several to library use, this literature largely programming languages will be ana- predates widespread use of microcom- lyzed in terms of criteria significant to puters in libraries. library microcomputing. Commercial For example, Davis (2) has character- software packages which do not imply ized the major (mainframe) program- original library programming (1 ) have ming languages and analyzed their suit- been excluded from consideration. ability for library programming in the "Nontraditional" programming lan- context of his teaching computer pro- guages, such as nonprocedural and gramming to library science students database languages, are also excluded over a five-year peribd. His description from the scope of this paper. of FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL, APL,

july 7983 Copyright 0 1983 Spec~alLbrares Assoc~at~on 277 BASIC, and PL I I, concludes that PL I I is Libbey (6) describes the manners in the most generally suitable language for which SNOBOL and COMIT suit li- library use, primarily because it com- brary and information retrieval pro- bines text processing features with gramming needs. Chweh (7) relates his strengths in data processing and library e~perien~esteaching the programming operations research. language SPEAKEASY. Finally, Rich- Saffady (3) similarly reviews the mond (8) goes so far as to suggest that capabilities of various programming librarians and information scientists languages for library and informa- should invent their own programming tion science. He contrasts COMIT, language since the existing ones are SNOBOL, PLII, APL, COBOL, FOR- inadequate for library text processing. TRAN, and ALGOL in terms of their string manipulation features. While Current Practice SNOBOL and COMIT are cited for their special text processing orientation, Several of the papers mentioned PLII is considered ". . . the obvious judge PL I I to be the single most widely choice . . . where the facilities of a used programming languge in library more general language are required. . ." environments, and statistical evidence (3, p. 419). Like Davis, Saffady isolates also supports this view (9). A survey of string processing capabilities as critical the literature on library automation re- to library programming needs. veals, for example, that papers pub-

Text processing ability is important in library environments because so many library tasks involve non- numeric information. For example, the production of new book lists, concordances, bibliographies, catalog cards, online catalogs, SDI listings, and other library products require manipulation of non-numeric textual information.

Fosdick (4, 5) establishes a set of cri- lished in the Journal of Library teria for formal evaluation of pro- Automation* over the years refer to more gramming languages for library and in- library projects implemented in PL 1 I formation center programming. The than any other single language. In gen- programming needs of the profession eral, the literature of the field cites PL I I are classified as systems programming, most frequently. data processing, text processing, and The second most-used language in library operations research. The main- the profession is probably COBOL. frame programming languages are dis- Several English sources substantiate cussed within this context. These in- this view (10-12). Fosdick (13)contrasts clude the assembly languages, COBOL, COBOL and PL I I. PLII, BASIC, FORTRAN, COMIT, Surveys on the teaching of computer SNOBOL, ALGOL, APL, and their programming in library schools further variants. Like the studies mentioned indicate the profession's orientation to- earlier, the criteria recognize the special ward PLII. Two studies (24, 15) provide significance of the library's string proc- evidence that PL 11 is the most widely essing requirements. taught language in library schools, and, In addition to analysis of programming languages for library use, several articles advocate particular languages "Journal of Library Autornation is now known for information centers. For example, as Information Technology and Libraries.

special libraries of the four texts written specifically to This text processing ability is impor- illustrate library and information sci- tant in library environments because ence programming, three are on PL /I so many library tasks involve non- (16-18); the fourth uses COBOL (1 9). numeric information. For example, the production of new book lists, concord- Enter Microcomputers ances, bibliographies, catalog cards, online catalogs, SDI listings, and other Despite the popularity of PL I I, library products require manipulation COBOL, SNOBOL, COMIT and a vari- of non-numeric textual information. ety of other languages for library pro- Such processing is quite different from gramming on mainframes, preliminary the numeric data handling for which results from a study being conducted by most programming languages were de- Nolan Pope and Lawrence Woods (20) signed. Library requirements for pro- indicate that BASIC is the most com- gramming languages are somewhat mon programming language for library special in their need for string proces- microcomputers. Pascal is a distant sec- sing facilities (4). ond, while PL i I and COBOL appear to be used hardlv at all.* The author's dis- String Processing in BASIC cussions with librarians at many conferences and workshops on library microcomputers confirm this situation. BASIC was the first higher-level langua e implemented on microcom- Why are not PLII and COBOL used puters %ecause it requires little memory on library microcomputers? Are they (RAM) in which to run. The simplicity appropriate for library microcomputers, of learning this language and its ease of or are languages of microcomputer ori- use have led to BASIC's continuing gins more suitable? popularity and its establishment as a One criteria for determining the suit- microcomputer lingua franca (23). ability of a programming language for BASIC's primary defects are its lack of library microcomputing is its string adequate control constructs, its lack of manipulation features. "String manipu- standardization, and its limited power lation" refers to the ability to process in more restricted implementations. textual data embodied in "character The first point is significant because strings." A character string is defined as "structured programming" was prob- a group of contiguous symbols, such as ably the most important development letters of the alphabet, punctuation in software engineering during the symbols, and digits. The string has an 1970s (22-24). Structured programming implied length, a prime characteristic of methodology requires that program strings being the unpredictability of logic be expressed within the context of this length. a limited number of control constructs String processing programs perform which include: "Process," "If-then- three classes of string operations: con- else," "Do-while," "Case" and "Call." catenation, bifurcation, and pattern Since most forms of BASIC do not pro- matching. "Concatenation" is the join- vide these constructs (25), professional ing of separate strings into a composite programmers avoid using BASIC in string; "bifurcation" is the inverse pro- larger or more complicated program- cess of separating a string into its con- ming systems. stituent substrings; "pattern matching" Since BASIC lacks standardization is the recognition of substrings within across its many implementations, pro- strings. grams written in one form of BASIC *The string manipulation languages, cannot be used on different manu- SNOBOL and COMIT, cannot be used be- facturers' machines. It also makes cause microcomputer implementations do discussion of the string manipulation not yet ex~st. facilities of BASIC a little difficult-the string power of the language ranges ization-may be addressed by the from minimal to powerful, depend- proposed BASIC standard (27). This ing on which form of BASIC one is standard ensures string processing fea- considering. tures suitable for library needs. How- As defined in the 1978 ANSI standard ever, if history is any guide, one must for Minimal BASIC (26), small BASIC's wonder whether this new BASIC stan- are thoroughly inadequate for string dard will have any more impact than processing. The ANSI Minimal BASIC that produced by Minimal BASIC in standard does not include character 1978. Even if it should, its effects loom string manipulation at all. Fortunately, several years distant. most microcomputer BASIC's offer far more text manipulation capability than String Processing in Pascal found in the minimal standard. In many BASIC's, functions such as SEG$, Like BASIC, the Pascal programming MID$, LEFT$ and RIGHT$ permit sub- language has found its greatest popular- string manipulation. Functions such as ity for microcomputer use. Pascal is a STR$ and VAL facilitate number I string general-purpose language that offers conversions. features absent in the smaller BASIC's. Other functions in many present-day In addition, Pascal is well-known for its BASIC's are similar to those of the pro- comfortable fit with structured proposed ANSI standard for a full-sized gramming practices. BASIC (27). These include: CHR$ and Pascal suffers from standardization ORD, which associate characters with problems far less severe than those of their numeric values; LCASE$ and BASIC. Significant Pascal standards in- UCASE$, for upper and lowercase con- clude: the original language definition versions; DATE$ and TIME$, which re- of Jensen and Wirth (29); UCSD Pascal turn the date and time as strings; LEN, (30-32); Concurrent Pascal (33); and the which gives the length of a string; and emergent IS0 standard Pascal (34). POS, which searches a string for Since the first two language definitions another string. Li (28) provides a check- have had foremost impact on micro- list comparison of string functions in computer implementations, we will the current BASIC's for PET, Apple 11, base our discussion on them. Radio Shack, Atari, TI 99 14, and Exidy The original language definition of Sorcerer microcomputers. Jensen and Wirth is commonly called The proposed "full" BASIC standard "standard Pascal." It is rigorously (27) also includes the ampersand (&) defined in their work, Pascal: User as a concatenation operator. It allows Manual and Report 2d ed. (29). Judging specification of substrings in the form by that document, the language is in- LINE$(X:Y), where X and Y are inte- convenient for string processing. The gers specifying the positions of the only data type for storing character- first and last characters in the substring, format data is CHAR, which contains respectively. but a single character. Character strings The bottom line in meeting library are commonly represented as packed requirements for string processing is one-dimensional character arrays of that BASIC implementations vary so fixed length. The procedures PACK and widely that string capability can range UNPACK allow dynamic changes to the from abysmal to excellent. Librarians representation of an array. must analyze their own BASIC imple- Pascal considers the size of an array to mentation and look for the functions be part of its type. Since arrays of dif- that have been described or their ferent sizes cannot be passed as argu- equivalents. ments to subroutines, general string Ultimately, the most serious defects processing routines cannot be de- of BASIC-lack of structured pro- signed. Finally, standard Pascal does gramming constructs, lack of standard- not contain predefined string functions.

special libraries The difficulties inherent in string pro- Although it corrects the weaknesses cessing in standard Pascal are formally of standard Pascal in string processing, documented in (35). UCSD Pascal includes an "operating en- Fortunately for librarians, most mi- vironment" whereby the Pascal pro- crocomputer Pascals are supersets of gramming language is mated with its standard Pascal. As a typical example, own operating system. Therefore, by JRT Pascal (36) adds a "dynamic string" choosing to use UCSD Pascal, librarians variable type similar to the STRING are accepting its operating system, as type of UCSD Pascal. Dynamic strings well as its programming language. The can be manipulated by a group of string portability of this operating environ- functions that include INSER, CON- ment is one of the major goals of Sof- CAT, DELETE, POS, and LENGTH. Tech Microsystems, the vendor of the These string functions facilitate a vari- UCSD Pascal "p-System" (39). How- ety of substring, bifurcation, and pat- ever, should programmers ever need to tern matching operations. work outside of this operating system, Other popular microcomputer Pas- they may be subject to operating system cals, e.g., PascallM, PascallMT+, and incompatibilities. Although particular Pascal I Z, include enhancements simi- operating systems offer "bridges" to lar to those of JRT Pascal (37, 38). Thus, other systems, incompatibilities on this most Pascal implementations are super- level can imply intractable difficulties. sets of the original "standard Pascal" String Processing in PLl l

By choosing to use UCSD PL 11's general characteristics include a good fit with structured programming Pascal, librarians are accepting practices, and the relative ease of learn- its operating system, as well as ing a usable subset of the full language. its programming language. Unlike BASIC and Pascal, PL I I was a popular programming language for mainframe and minicomputers for and offer reasonable string processing some years before being implemented capability. However, librarians pur- on microcomputers. This longevity re- chase these features at the price of em- sulted in well-defined standards for the ploying string funstions outside the language. One standard subset, ANSI standard. This reduces the transporta- Subset G, is oriented specifically to- bility of code across systems and lessens wards microcomputers. the possibilities for cooperative sharing Our discussion of string processing of library programming. in PL /I will be based on the Digital Re- UCSD Pascal was developed by search's implementation of ANSI Sub- Dr. Kenneth Bowles especially for use set G (4042). This is by far the most with microcomputers (32) [see also (30) popular ANSI standard implementation and (31)l. UCSD Pascal redresses the of PL I1 on microcomputers (43). It runs defects of standard Pascal with respect on 280- and 8086-based systems, and a to string manipulation. The data type 68000-based implementation is under STRING permits convenient storage of development. string data, and individual characters In spanning the spectrum of popular within strings can be referenced by 8- and 16-bit microcomputer systems, subscripts. Functions for string ma- the ANSI G standard effectively pro- nipulation include LENGTH, COPY, vides PL 1 I source code compatibility POS, CONCAT, INSERT, and DELETE. across a wide range of systems-from These functions are more convenient for 8- and 16-bit microcomputers, to mini- programmers to use than the packed computers such as those of DEC and character arrays of string processing in Data General, to mainframes such as standard Pascal. those of IBM and others. PL 11 was the first general-purpose Summary programming language designed with inherent string handling capabilities (string processing features were only In Appendices A, B, C, and D, the added as extensions to other languages languages discussed have been rated developed in mainframe environments). according to the string functions and PLII, therefore, recognizes both char- operations they contain. BASIC is acter and bit strings as fundamental found to vary from abysmal to quite kinds of data. String handling furxtions good in its string handling properties. are generally applicable to both string Librarians who are considering using types. Twelve string processing func- BASIC from the standpoint of string tions are built into the language: ASCII, processing must inspect their vendor's BIT, BOOL, CHARACTER, COLLATE, particular implementation to judge how INDEX, LENGTH, RANK, SUBSTR, well the language will meet their re- TRANSLATE, UNSPEC, and VERIFY quirements. Most larger BASIC's are (41). Additionally, SUBSTR can be used reasonable in this regard. However, the as a "pseudovariable" to describe bit lack of clear standards will result in and character string targets, as well as machine-dependent code. This limits sources. UNSPEC can also be used as a the portability of BASIC programs. pseudo-variable. Standard Pascal is inadequate for se- Since PLII was designed with inher- rious textual processing. Fortunately, ent string processing features, the most microcomputer Pascals extend the salient characteristic of string length basic language to include string data unpredictability is explicitly recognized types and a reasonable set of string by the compiler in its provision for handling functions. Since these exten- variable length strings. This is achieved sions are outside the definition of stan- through the use of the VARYING at- dard Pascal, libraries and information tribute, whereby string lengths vary as centers will want to ensure that these appropriate. For example, concatena- features are available in their own im- tion of two variable character strings via plementation of the language. The com- the concatenation operator (I)),results in ments concerning BASIC's machine- a string of length equal to the sum of the dependency pertain here as well. lengths of the source strings. Variable UCSD Pascal's string processing abil- length strings (and variable length ities equal those of the better extended records) can be read or written to I from standard Pascal's. UCSD Pascal is quite files with the READ Varying and good for library string processing tasks. WRITE Varying statements. Another major strength is that the ven- In sum, the ANSI subset G compilers dor has made portability across ma- for microcomputers retain the basic de- chines a major goal. However, since sign philosophy of PL 11. This philoso- UCSD programs are bound with their phy considers both character and bit I,operating environment," attempts to strings an integral part of the language. use facilities of other operating systems The result is an exceptionally powerful can involve incompatabilities and force general-purpose language for string a library to sustain a multiple operating processing. Equally important to librar- systems environment. An example of ies, these string manipulation abilities these difficulties is encountered when a are included in the minimal subset library using UCSD Pascal wants to run of the language, assuring reasonable one of the popular CP/M or MS-DOS transportability of library programs based database management systems. across a wide variety of microcomputer, Few of these database systems run minicomputer, and mainframe en- under the UCSD operating system. vironments. Compatability with pre- PLII offers the strongest string pro- vious programming investments is, cessing features of the three program- therefore, possible. ming languages. Since the text manipu-

special libraries lation facilities are part of the minimal and Pascal. The use of microcomputers language standards, PLlI string proces- in libraries is still in its infancy, and sing programs retain portability. ANSI usage has yet to mature to the point Subset G provides a strong standard for where the special needs of libraries and microcomputers that includes the es- information centers are recognized in sential string processing power of the the profession. full language. Libraries and informa- The second reason PLlI is not widely tion centers can, therefore, share used in library microcomputer pro- source-code PLlI programs, and this gramming is that Apple computers cooperative effort could include mini- heavily predominate in library hard- computers and mainframes, as well as ware (20). Apple 11's can run CPIM- microcomputers. based languages like PLlI through use Microcomputer PLII complements the of 280 processor cards. However, since prior dominance of PLlI in the profes- the vendor tends to promote its own sion. Microcomputer PLII extends ap- languages (especially BASIC and Pas- plications compatibility in the library cal), it is natural that Apple owners gen- and information center across com- erally use these languages. puters irrespective of size. As the sophistication of library mi- Given these advantages, why hasn't crocomputer users increases, library PLlI been used more widelv in librarv professionals will recognize the need microcomputer programming? In the for standardized languages featuring author's opinion, library microcom- string processing. The issues discussed puter users are merely following the here will become more pressing when trend established by the microcomput- librarians further integrate microcom- ing industry in using the two pred6mi- puter technology into their professional nant microcomputer languages, BASIC environment.

Introduction to the Appendices In the following tables, languages are rated on the basis of the number of string functions and operations they contain. The categories are: NONE (no provisions for strings); FEW (under five string functionsloperations); SEVERAL (about five string functionsloperations to roughly a dozen); and, MANY (a dozen or more string functionsloperations). Based on this classification, languages are rated as: POOR, FAIR, GOOD or EXCELLENT for string processing. It is important to recognize that the evaluations must necessarily be subjective, because string functions vary in intent and power by language. For example, many BASIC's contain the functions LEFT$, MID$, and RIGHT$ for defining substrings within a data item. Other BASIC's offer just as much power through the single function SEG$. The problem of judging equivalent func- tionality across languages is even more severe. Languages also vary in other respects concerning their treatment of strings. For example, the degree to which the language recognizes strings as a data type is important, as is the degree to which string processing is an integral part of the overall language design. Given that the comparison process cannot be strictly quantita- tive, it is explicitly stated that the following charts are for purposes of rough comparison only. The reader is referred to the cited language standards and implementation manuals for more detailed information. Appendix A. String Manipulation in Language Standards. Language Number of String Standard Functions & Operations Evaluation

ANSI Minimal None * Poor BASlC Proposed Several Good ANSI BASIC I Jensen & Few * Fair Wirth Pascal

UCSD Pascal Several § Good

ANSI Subset Many # Excellent G PLll

* Based on literature sources (26)and (27). Based on literature source (27). Based on literature sources (29)and (35). § Based on literature sources (30-32). 'Based on literature source (47).

Appendix B. String Manipulation in Selected BASlC Language Implementations.

Language Number of String Implementation Functions & Operations Evaluation

Commodore PET BASIC Several * Good I Exidy Sorcerer Several Good BASlC Apple II Applesoft Several * Good BASlC Radio Shack TRS-80 Ill Many § Excellent BASlC CBASIC II (Compiler Many # Excellent Systems) BASIC-80

(Microsoft) Several " Good

* Based on literature source (28).

+ Based on literature source (28). * Based on literature sources (4446). § Based on literature sources (47)and (48). "Based on literature source (49). " Based on literature source (50).

special libraries Appendix C. String Manipulation in Selected Pascal Language Implementations.

Language Number of String lmplementation Functions & Operations Evaluation

PascallZ (Ithaca Fair Intersystems) JUT Pascal (JRT Systems) Several Good Pascal/MT+ 1 IMT Several Good Microsystems) PascallM (Sorcim) Several * ~ood - - I Several* ~oodI I IBM PC Pascal Several " Excellent **

* Based on literature sources (37)and (38).

+ Based on literature source (36). % Based on literature sources (37)and (38). Based on literature sources (37)and (38). Based on literature sources (3032). " Based on literature source (51). ** The fact that IBM PC Pascal is a system implementation language (SIL) prompts this rating.

Appendix D. String Manipulation in Selected PLll Language Implementations. Language Number of String

(Digital Many * Excellent Research)

* Based on literature sources (4 1 ) and (42)

july 1983 Literature Cited Kingdom Libraries and Information Units, 2nd ed. London, Aslib, 1977. 1. Drexel Libray Quarterly 17 (no. 1) 12. Eyre, J. /''Teaching About Computers (Winter 1981) features several papers on and Library Automation in Schools of software packages for library microcom- Librarianship and Information Science: puters. The two journals on micro- A Comparative Survey." Program: Auto- computers in libraries also carry much mated Library and Information Systems 14 useful information concerning prepro- (no. 4):171-202 (Oct 1980). grarnmed software packages: Access: 13. Fosdick, H.lOpting for PLII: The Microcomputers in Libraries, PO Box 764, Strengths of PLII Offset the Weaknesses Oakridge, OR 97463; Small Computers in of COBOL. Computerworld 14 (no. 32): Libraries, Graduate Library School, Uni- 27-30 (Aug 11, 1980). versity of Arizona, 1515 E. First St., Tuc- 14. Fosdick, H.I1'Library Education in In- son, AZ 85721. An example of library formation Science: Present Trends." use of a database language is found in: Special Libraries 69 (no. 3):lOO-108 (Mar Wilson, F. W. /"Applying the DBMS." 1978). Personal Computer Age 2 (no. 4): 34-36 15. Goehlert, R. and Snowdon, G.1"Com- (Apr 1983). puter Programming in Library Educa- 2. David, C.H. I "Computer Programming tion." Journal of Education for Librarian- Librarians." Journal of Education for Li- ship 20 (no. 4): 251-260 (Spring 1980). brarianship 18 (no. 1):41-52 (Summer 16. Davis, C.H. and Lundeen, G.W.1 1977). Illustrative Computer Programming for Li- 3. Saffady, W.1"String Processing Facili- braries: Selected Examples for Information ties of Programming Languages: A Sur- Specialists, 2nd ed. Westport, Conn., vey for Library Applications." Special Greenwood Press, 1981. Libraries 67 (no. 9):415-420 (Sep 1976). 17. Fosdick, H. /Structured PL 11 Program- 4. Fosdick, H./Computer Basics for Librar- ming: for Textual and Libra y Processing. ians and Information Scientists. Arling- Littleton, Colo., Libraries Unlimited, ton, Va., Information Resources Press, 1982. Available from Libraries Unlim- 1981. Available from Information Re- ited, Inc., PO Box 263, Littleton, Colo. sources Press, 1700 North Moore St. 80160. (303)1770-1220 for $22.50 ($27.00 Suite 700, Arlington, VA. 22209, tele- for foreign orders), postpaid. phone: (703)-558-8270, for $19.95 plus 18. Mott, T.H., Artandi, S. and Struminger, $2.10 postage and handling. L. llntroduction to PL /I Programming for 5. Fosdick, H.I"Programming Languages Libra ry and lnformation Science. New for Libraries and Information Centers: York, Academic Press, 1972. An Appraisal and Considerations." Illi- 19. Brophy, P. ICOBOL Programming: an In- nois Libraries 61 (no. 1):18-25 (Jan 1979). troduction for Librarians. Hamden, 6. Libbey, M.A.I"Very High Level Pro- Conn., Linnet, 1976. gramming Languages (e.g. SNOBOL, 20. Woods, Lawrence and Pope, Nolan1 COMIT) in the Special Librarian's Fu- Microcomputers in Libraries. American ture. " Special Libraries 66 (no. 8):363-366 Society for Information Science [to be (Aug 1975). published]. This book will include re- 7. Chweh, S.S. /"The Use of SPEAKEASY sults of a nationwide survey on library Interactive Language for Information applications involving microcomputers. Science Education." Special Libraries 71 The information cited in this paper is (no. 516):247-257 (MaylJun 1980). based on preliminary results from that 8. Richmond, P.A.IuLibrary Automation survey obtained in telephone conversa- in the United States of America." Pro- tions with Lawrence Woods. gram: Automated Library and lnformation 21. Fosdick, H. /Microcomputers in Librar- Systems 15 (no. 1):24-37 (Jan 1981). ies: How Useful Are They?" In Micro- 9. Crawford, W. I "Programmers Discus- computers in Libraries: How Useful Are sion Group Meets: PLII, the MARC For- They? Ottawa, Ont., Canadian Library mat, and Holdings." Journal of Library Association, 1982. Automation 14 (no. 3):236 (Sep 1981). 22. Dahl, O.J., Dijkstra, E.W., and Hoare, 10. Wainwright, J. /Computer Provision in C.A.R. /Structured Programming. Lon- British Libraries. London, Aslib, 1975. don, Academic Press, 1972. 11. Wilson, C.W.J., ed. /Directory of Opera- 23. Dijkstra, E.W.IA Discipline of Pro- tional Computer Applications in United gramming. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.,

special libraries Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1976. C and Pascal." ACM Computing Surveys 24. Brooks, F.P. /The Mythical Man-Month: 14 (no. 1):73-92 (Mar 1982). Essays on the Nature of Software Engi- 36. Moore, J .B. I" JRT Pascal: A Language for neering. Reading, Mass., Addison- CP/M Micros from JRT." lnfoworld 4 Wesley Pub. Co., 1975. (no. 32):49-55 (Aug 16, 1982). 25. Sobell, M. /"Structured Programming in 37. Lifeboat AssociateslCatalog 22. 1982. BASIC." BYTE 7 (no. 1):410-416 (Jan 25p. Available from Lifeboat Associates, 1982).. 1651 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10028. 26. American National Standards Commit- 38. Woteki, T.H. and Sand, P.A. /"Four Im- tee X3.60.1American National Standard plementations of Pascal." BYTE 7 (no. for the Programming Language Minimal 3):316-356 (Mar 1982). Basic. New York, American National 39. Soffech Microsystems, 9494 Black Standards Institute, 1978. Mountain Rd., San Diego, Calif. 92126. 27. Kurtz, T.E. /"On the Way to Standard 40. Digital Research, PO Box 579, Pacific BASIC." BYTE 7 (no. 6):182-218 (Jun Grove, Calif., 93950. 1982). 41. Digital ResearchIPL 11-80 Language Man- 28. Li, T. 1 Whose BASIC Does What? BYTE 6 ual. Pacific Grove, Cal., Digital Re- (no. 1):318-327 (Jan 1981). search, 1980. 29. Jensen, K. and Wirth, N.IPasca1: User 42. Digital ResearchiPLII-80 Applications Manual and Report, 2nd ed. New York, Guide. Pacific Grove, Cal., Digital Re- Springer-Verlag, 1974. search, 1980. 30. Koffman, E.IPasca1: a Problem Solving 43. Microsystems 3 (no. 1):28-49 (JanlFeb Approach. Reading, Mass., Addison- 1982) features several papers on Digital Wesley, 1982. Research's PLII-80 compiler. 31. Hume, J.N.P. and Holt, R.C.IUCSD 44. Apple Computer, 1nc.lApple I1 Basic Pascal. Reston, Va., Reston Publishing Programming Manual, no. A2L0005X. Company, 1982. Cupertino, Calif., Apple Computer, 32. Bowles, K.L. /Problem Solving Using Pas- Inc., 1981. cal. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1977. 45. Apple Computer, Inc./Applesoft Basic 33. Brinch Hansen, P. /"The Programming Programming Reference Manual, no. Language Concurrent Pascal." lE EE A2L0006. Cupertino, Calif., Apple Transactions on Software Engineering Computer, Inc., 1981. SE- 1 (no. 2): 199-207 (Jun 1975). 46. Apple Computer, Inc./Applesoft Tuto- 34. Second Draft Proposal of the IS0 Pascal rial, no. A2L0018. Cupertino, Calif., Ap- Standard. Pascal News no. 20 (Jan 1981). ple Computer, Inc., 1981. Readers wishing to know the current 47. Tandy CorporationITRS-80 Model 111 contents and status of the IS0 standard- Disk System Owner's Manual. Fort ization effort can contact the IS0 at this Worth, Tex., Tandy Corporation, 1980. address: International Organisation for 48. Tandy CorporationiTRS-80 Model 111 Standardisation (ISO), Case Postale 56, Operations and Basic Language Reference CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. ANSI Manual, no. 26-2112. Fort Worth, Tex., and IEEE Pascal standards are largely Tandy Corporation, 1980. based on the IS0 standardization efforts 49. Compiler Systems, Inc. ICBASIC 11. and are in various stages of draft and Sierra Madre, Calif., Compiler Systems, review at the time of writing. ANSI can Inc., 1979. be contacted at this address: American 50. Microsoft, 1nc.IBasic-80 Reference Man- National Standards Institute (ANSI), ual. Bellevue, Wash., Microsoft, Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018. 1979. Although the ISO, ANSI and IEEE 51. International Business Machines Cor- Pascal standards will surely have major porationslIBM PC Pascal Reference impacts on microcomputer Pascal im- Manual, 1st ed. Boca Raton, Fla., IBM, plementations, they are not discussed at Aug 1981. length in this paper because: 1) they are not finalized at the time of writing 2) few existing microcomputer implemen- Received for review Oct 19, 1982. Manu- tations yet claim full compatibility with script accepted for publication Apr I, 1983. these standards. 35. Feuer, A.R. and Gehani, N.H. /"A Com- Howard Fosdick is a consultant based parison of the Programming Languages in Villa Park, Ill. Audiovisual Material and Copyright in Special Libraries Laura N. Gasa way

Law Library and Law Faculty, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla.

Copyright problems have been extensively addressed for printed materials but much less attention has been given to audiovisual materials and the unique copyright problems they present. This article focuses on audiovisual works and those that are exclusively audio or visual in nature. Specific attention is given to illustrations, photographs, drawings and maps; slides and transparencies; audio tapes and phonorecords; films and filmstrips; videotapes and videodiscs; and audiovisual packages. All of these works are subject to protection under the Copyright Act of 1976.

UDIOVISUAL and nonprint ma- protection under the Copyright Act terials have become increasingly within the following categories: 1) pic- A important in special library col- torial, graphic and sculptural works, lections in recent years. Many libraries 2) motion pictures and other audio- house extensive collections of films, visual works, or 3) sound recordings (3). filmstrips, videotapes, audiotapes, The pictorial, graphic, and sculptural phonorecords, photographs, prints, works category is defined as including slides, and transparencies. The collec- ". . . two-dimensional and three-ditions of some special libraries consists mensional works of fine, graphic and primarily of these materials rather than applied art, photographs, prints and art those in-traditional print format. reproductions, maps, globes, charts A prior article discussed the general technical drawings, diagrams, and provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 models" (4). Audiovisual works are (2) and its application to special li- defined in the Act as ". . . works that (2). braries and information centers \, consist of a series of related images Audiovisual materials are subject to which are intrinsically intended to be

222 Copyr~ghtQ 1983 Spec~alLibrar~es Assoc~at~on special libraries shown by the use of machines or de- Section 108: Library Exemptions vices such as projectors, viewers, or electronic equipment, together with ac- The Copyright Act includes a section companying sounds, if any, regardless specifically for libraries and archives of the nature of the material objects, (7). Its purpose is to exempt certain such as films or tapes, in which the copying which otherwise would con- works are embodied" (5). Motion pic- stitute infringement. The copying of tures clearly are a type of audiovisual audiovisual and pictorial, graphic and work and are defined as ". . . audio- sculptural works appears to be excluded visual works consisting of a series of from the general 5 108 exemption. "The related images which, when shown in rights of reproduction and distribution succession, impart an impression of under this section do not apply to a motion, together with any accompany- mus'ical work, a pictorial, graphic or ing sounds, if any" (6). sculptural work, or a motion picture or other audiovisual work other than an Librarv Practices audiovisual work dealing with the news" (8). This general section is Problems may arise whenever a li- limited, however, and the copying of brary duplicates a copyrighted work or audiovisual material is permitted under prepares a derivative work based on a the following circumstances: copyrighted work. There are some stan- 1) Whenever pictorial and graphic dard library practices which make use works are published as illustrations, of pictorial and graphic works such as charts, diagrams, etc., to accompany transparencies and photographs. Some textual material, they may be copied of the materials may be original while under the same conditions as the textual others are duplicated in some manner portion (9). from the original sources. Libraries also 2) For purposes of preservation, are involved in the creation of deriva- security or deposit in another library, tive visual works such as producing an unpublished work may be copied (10). slides from photographs in a textbook This appears to include pictorial, and preparing transparencies from graphic and audiovisual works. published charts. Some libraries even 3) Copying to replace damaged or produce in-house audiovisual works lost copies or phonorecords is permis- designed to communicate information sible if the library first made a reason- to various user groups. able effort to obtain an unused replace- Occasionally, libraries are asked to ment copy but found that one could not duplicate audiovisual material for be obtained at a reasonable price (11). clients. Even after the passage of the Outside of these specific circum- new Act, it may be unclear whether li- stances, Section 108 is limited to printed braries owning such duplication equip- materials. ment can legally reproduce the material for users, and if so, under what conditions the reproduction is permissible. Section 107: Fair Use Libraries may be asked to loan such materials to other libraries through interli- Fair use has often been called the brary loan. Because of the high prob- "safety valve" of copyright law. It origi- ability of damage to these materials nally was a judicially developed doc- from mailing and handling, many librar- trine, but since its inclusion in the new ies refuse to loan audiovisual works. Act it is a statutory concept as well. Sec- With the advent of inexpensive duplication 107 states that reproduction of tors, however, a copy can be made for copyrighted works may be excused "for interlibrary loan making the transaction purposes such as criticism, comment, similar to the exchange of photocopies news reporting, teaching . . . scholar- to satisfy interlibrary loan requests. ship, or research" (12). Four factors are

july 7983 used to determine whether a use quali- "noncommercial" does not appear in fies as fair use: 1) the purpose and char- the wording of 5 107 but is an assumed acter of the use, 2) the nature of the factor by the district court (19). Since copyrighted work, 3) the amount and library copying is noncommercial, there substantiality of the portion used, and should be some carryover if the Su- 4) the market effect or effect on the value preme Court finds the noncommercial of the work (13). distinction to be important. Until recently, the fair use test had not been applied to the reproduction of 2. Likewise, the court held that the audiovisual works. In Universal Studios nature of the copyrighted work failed to Inc., v. Sony Corporation of America (14), sustain a finding of fair use. The court the Ninth Circuit examined home off- indicated that the scope of fair use is the-air videotaping and applied the somewhat broader for informational four-pronged fair use test (15). Al- works than for purely creative products. though currently on appeal to the U.S. In other words, the duplication of Supreme Court (16), the Ninth Circuit's works that are primarily intended for application of the fair use factors to entertainment purposes is less likely to audiovisual copying indicates the ap- be a fair use (20). A library might be plicability of § 107 to copying outside of asked to reproduce copies of works of education and academia. both types. While special libraries are more likely to be interested in works which have information as their pur- Fair use has often been called pose, this is not an absolute. There are many special libraries and information the "safety valve" of copyright centers which have large collections of law. It originally was a judicially television and radio programs and mo- developed doctrine, but since tion pictlres. Although the original purpose of these copyrighted works its inclusion in the new Act it is was entertainment, they now are used a statutory concept as well. for serious research, study, and criticism in these libraries. The nature of the copyrighted work alone, therefore, can- The Court's analysis of each factor is not define fair use for library reproduc- useful in examining how § 107 applies tion of copyrighted audiovisual works. to library copying of audiovisual works. The Court applied each of the criteria in 3. In Sony the court held that the reaching its decision that home copying third factor, the amount and substan- of videotext is an infringement of copy- tiality of portions used in relation to the right (17). work as a whole, also weighed against a fair use finding since home videotapers 1. The purpose and character of the invariably were recording the entire use was found not to help defendant copyrighted work (21). In contrast, a li- Sony even though home videotaping brary might be asked to reproduce only from television was noncommercial in a small portion of a copyrighted audio- nature. Home copying was found to be visual work. Therefore, in order to ap- for entertainment purposes and clearly ply this factor to library copying of not for nonprofit educational uses (18). audiovisual works, a critical factor Library copying generally would be would be the extent of the portion noncommercial and informational in requested by the user. nature. Research and scholarship is the most likely purpose of the use as far as 4. The effect of the use upon the special library copying is concerned, potential market for or value of the work and this is certainly closer to nonprofit appears to have been the issue of great- educational use than to either entertain- est concern to the Sony court. When ment or commercial use. The term examining the full scope of home video-

special libraries taping of telecasts, the court found it the-air taping in the educational context that such activity unquestionably (26). The legislative history provides tended to diminish the potential market no additional information on fair use for such television programs (22). Ob- copying of audiovisual, pictorial, and viously, home videotaping affects po- graphic works by libraries. tential sales of commercially produced The 1909 Copyright Act (27) was a tapes, but it also has the potential to reaction to the end of the Gutenberg era diminish the market for television and the beginning of the electronic age. reruns. The same would be true for li- The demise of this era was heralded by brary off-the-air videotaping. When a the advent of radio and television (28). library reproduces a copyrighted audio- The fair use test was developed for liter- visual program, the effect on the poten- ary and verbal material and functions tial market may be significant. If the well for those works; but it may be less market for informational programs is li- successful for audiovisual woiks (29). braries and educational institutions, The fair use doctrine may have a fatal any unauthorized duplication may flaw, namely, its irnprecislon on the ex- directly harm the copyright proprietor tent to which one may borrow from a On the other hand, an argument car, copyrighted work. Older fair use cases be made that the market for such works primarily involved instances of plagia- is finite. and libraries vurchase the rism in which one author borrowed number of copies needed as permitted from the work of another. Even for by their budgets. The number of copies duplicated by libraries, therefore, would not negatively impact the The fair use doctrine may have market. a fatal flaw, namely, its impre- In discussing § 107, the Senate Report accompanying the new Act cautions cision on the extent to which that the attention paid to uses of copy- one may borrow from a copyrighted material by nonprofit educa- righted work. tional institutions-such as multivleI copying for classroom use-should not be construed as limiting fair use only these situations, how much may be bor- for such copying; the same general rowed is unclear. So-called "second- principles are applicable to situations order technology," i.e., videotaping other than education, but the weight capabilities, has enabled rapid repro- given to them may vary from caseto duction of audiovisual works. Thus, the case (23). The report specifically men- ability to copy entire works may indi- tions the copying done by various or- cate that the fair use doctrine is inade- ganizations including the Library of quate to deal with reproductiqn of this Congress and the American Film In- nature (30). It is difficult to apply fair stitute, to preserve pre-1942 motion pic- use to second-order technology as evi- tures as well as the copying of literary denced by the Sony decisions. works to produce talking books for the It has been said that examining the blind as other examples of fair use. purpose of a use for audiovisual works Even though the copyright term may under the first fair use criterion calls for not have expired on such works, copy- arbitrary distinctions (31). Perhaps the ing for these purposes would be within nature of the user rather than the nature the fair use exception (24). of the work should be the test for audio- Only minimal reference is made to visual works. Thus, researchers in all audiovisual works in the House Report, fields should be granted broad exemp- namely off-the-air videotaping for non- tions because they are engaged in "pro- profit educational institutions (25). The moting the progress of science and the Report recommends that further guide- useful arts" in accordance with the lines be developed on fair use and off- constitutional copyright provision (32). While copyright owners certainly profit educational setting, therefore, the should reap economic rewards for their library has some flexibility in copying creations, the rewards should not be these materials for classroom use. There such as to frustrate the constitutional also are other instances in which fair purpose to advance science, art, and in- use may allow making a single copy. dustry (33). Under 108, a work may only be reproduced for preservation if it is an un- Duplication of Audiovisual and published work (37), or if it is necessary Nonprint Materials to replace a damaged, deteriorating, lost, or stolen work (38). Generally, libraries are prohibited from copying A library might wish to duplicate works for users in this category, with audiovisual or pictorial and graphic one narrow exception-pictorial or works for many reasons. Preservation graphic works that are illustrations or clearly is an important motive. The na- diagrams accompanying a text may be ture of such works makes handling a copied along with the text if reproduc- problem, and they are more easily ing the text meets the §I08 require- damaged than printed, bound ma- ments (39). terials. Users may request copies of a The Act exempts certain displays of- portion of a work or the entire work for fered in the course of instruction if scholarship and research. library may A specific criteria are met. The primary wish to duplicate a work if it is out of criteria is that the display take place print and otherwise unavailable at a fair within a nonprofit educational institu- price. Also, a library may receive inter- tion (40). The display must involve face- library loan requests for audiovisual to-face teaching activity and take place material and may prefer loaning a copy within a classroom. Classroom is rather than the original. broadly defined to include library, labo- Illustrations, Photographs, Drawings ratory, gymnasium, and the like. There and Maps is no limitation on the works included in the exemption; thus, a teacher may Graphic works are subject to copy- display text or pictorial works to the right protection, as are photographs, class by means of a projector as long as drawings, and the like. Many special li- there is no projection beyond the place braries have extensive collections of where the copy is located (41). This pictures, maps, drawings, and so on. exemption apparently carries with it the Clearly, under the new Act, a library right to produce slides, transparencies, which purchases an original work of art and so forth. Section 107 may permit or a photograph does not own the copy- other copying not included in these right to that work (34) unless it was a examples, but the situation is less clear. work for hire (35), in which case the library specifically hired the person to Slides and Transparencies produce the work, or unless the work was produced by a library employee Slides and transparencies produced within the course of his or her employ- as original works are subject to copy- ment. When a library does not own the right just as are photographs, illustra- copyright, any reproduction of the tions, or diagrams. The copyright con- work is subject to §§107-108 require- siderations relative to the production of ments. Under the provisions of g107, original slides and transparencies have fair use might allow the duplication of not been a problem of much conse- such material if the use meets the four quence to libraries and information fair use criteria. In the guidelines for centers since they are clearly defined as classroom copying, an example is used subject to copyright under 102(5).The which includes an illustration being library responsible for their creation copied in multiples (36). In the non- may claim copyright for works pro- special libraries duced in these media. The copyright and distribution detailed in § 108 do not difficulties libraries traditionallv en- apply to pictorial, graphic or sculptural counter have to do with the duplication works, that is, works subject to copy- of copyrighted photographs, diagrams, right protection under the category and illustrations through the produc- "pictorial, graphic and sculptural tion of slides and transparencies. Libra- works." Libraries, therefore, would be ries may wish to reproduce graphics infringing the copyright on the slides or from copyrighted textual material for transparencies by such duplication. various reasons such as to illustrate a Under fair use, however, the House Re- lecture bv the librarian or for use in a port seems to indicate that libraries may multimedia presentation. Moreover, in duplicate works under situations not a nonprofit educational institution, the detailed in § 108 (45). Act appears to permit such projection of copyrighted material through a trans- Audio Tapes and Phonorecords parency or slide (42). If paper to paper or microform photo- There are three basic reasons a library copying of a chart or illustration for may duplicate audiocassette tapes and either internal librarv use or for a client phonorecords: 1) for preservation, 2) in is permissible under the Act, then prep- response to patron demand, and to con- aration of the slide or transparency is vert the format of the material, i.e., permissible. Throughout § 108, the from phonorecord to cassette. Audio- phrase used is "reproduce no more than cassette tapes present a unique problem one copy of phonorecord." Clearly, a relative to copying. Because of the na- slide prepared from a copyrighted illus- ture of tapes and the hard use they re- tration, chart, or graph is a copy of the ceive in some libraries, tapes wear out work. Publishers do not agree with one and become unusable; also, they are another whether permission should be subject to accidental erasure. While sought prior to duplicating such a work books also may be destroyed, audio in slide or transparency format (43). tapes pose a more serious problem. Li- A different problem is raised when a braries serving young users may have a library duplicates, either in slide or more difficult time with tape destruc- transparency format, every illustration tion than do special libraries, but acci- from a copyrighted work which is pri- dental erasure of tapes remains a sig- marily comprised of photographs or il- nificant problem for all libraries. lustrations and adds that group of slides Some librarians, in an effort to solve or transparencies to the library's collec- this problem, created a master tape file. tion. In this situation, the library has They made one or more copies of the created a second copy of the entire work audiocassette tape and retained the which is comparable to photocopying original as a master. Should the copy be onto paper an entire work, binding it, damaged, another copy could be pro- and then adding it to the collection. duced from the master. If the library Absent the 5107 and or 5108 exemp- had permission for this duplication tion, this constitutes an infringement of there was no copyright infringement. copyright. An additional infringement Unfortunately, many libraries paid only might be found in the conversion from for one copy of the tape and did not seek one format to another which abridges permission to copy.^ the owner's adaptation right (44). Except for music libraries, most li- Should the library have a collection of braries prefer audiocassette format to copyrighted slides or transparencies phonorecord when it is available. Many (i.e., not copies of copyrighted photo- libraries still have extensive collections graphs in slide or transparency format), of phonorecords, however, and they the reproduction of those slides would also are subject to damage from being be governed by §108(h). This section scratched, warped, and otherwise provides that the rights of reproduction damaged. In order to preserve their july 7983 phonorecord collections, some libraries the library has good tape equipment converted them to audiocassette tape but an old, poorly functioning record and circulated only the tape copy, player, a librarian may think an ideal thereby making the original phono- solution is to duplicate the phonorecord record an archival copy. Under 5 108(b) onto audiocassette tape. This practice is a librarian may be permitted to replace questionable since the copyright owner a lost, damaged, or deteriorating work has the right to determine the format in but only after the destruction has oc- which the work will be reproduced and curred. The above described practice distributed. Conversion of format in- anticipates the loss, which is not en- fringes the owner's adaption right in visioned under § 108. Even under § 107, addition to the rights of reproduction it is debatable whether the above de- and distribution. Most producers of scribed practices qualify as fair use. phonorecords also have works available

Libraries may contract with individual producers of audiocassette tapes to purchase one copy and create a master tape file through duplication of the tape. . . . Some producers are willing to allow such duplication, but permission should be requested prior to the copying.

While the goal of preserving expen- in audio cassette format and will sell li- sive library materials is a good one, the braries either or both formats or license method selected may have a negative the library to do its own conversion. effect on publishers' markets for their In a few school libraries, a tape dupli- materials. (46) Record producers will cator was placed alongside the photo- sell multiple copies of tapes to assist li- copier. Users were free to make copies braries to preserve materials. If the ma- of tapes whether the tape existed in the terial being copied were a book, the library's own collection, was owned by library would not be copying it for ar- the user, or was borrowed from another chival purposes in case the book might individual. Under fair use, some copy- be destroyed accidentally. By analogy ing of audiovisual, pictorial, and gra- then, this practice of duplicating pho- phic works is allowed, but the copying norecords onto tape is an infringement of an entire work as described above of copyright without the permission of probably cannot meet the fair use test. the copyright owner. - In 1973, a similar practice was in- Libraries may contract with indi- volved in a non-library case. In Electra vidual producers of audiocassette tapes Records Co. u. Gem Electronics Distribu- to purchase one copy and create a tors (47) a federal district court ruled master tape file through duplication of that the duplication of copyrighted the tape. Since the owner of the copy- sound recordings by a record store for right of an audiocassette tape has the its clients was an infringement of copy- reproduction right, he or she can sell or right (48). Defendant Gem Electronics give that right to libraries. Some pro- owned fifteen retail outlets for elec- ducers are willing to allow such dupli- tronics supplies and equipment. It in- cation, but prior permission shoul& be stalled ten Make-A-Tape systems at requested. There usually is a charge for these outlets to enable clients to dupli- the right to duplicate. cate commercially produced 8-track Another reason some libraries dupli- tapes for the price of a blank tape which cate phonorecords and audio tapes is to defendant also sold. Additionally, the convert from one format to another. If defendant maintained a library of musi-

special libraries cal recordings on 8-track tape. The user users would treat the equipment as if it could select a recording from the library were a photocopier. AS long as there and duplicate it using the Make-A-Tape was no sale or profit made, the practice system for $1.49-$1.99 each, whereas would comply with the above case. The the commercially produced tapes cost problem of duplicating the entire work $6.00 each (49). Plaintiff copyright indicates that libraries which offer tape owners sued for a preliminary injunc- duplication equipment should closely tion which the court granted. The examine this practice to ensure compli- defendant claimed that the Make-A- ance with the Act. Tape system was equivalent to a photo- One might argue that since a user can copier in a library. The court disagreed produce a recording at home, why not stating that instead of copying one arti- provide the equipment at a library? In cle from a journal, the entire sound re- 1971, in the course of hearings on the cording was copied. The court further Sound Recording Act (53), the House held that while photocopies of printed Judiciary Committee Report contains a materials generally are less desirable statement which has come to be known than the original, a duplicated tape is as the "home use exemption." identical to the original and, therefore, is just as desirable (50). Many media Specifically, it is not the intention of specialists disagree with the court, this committee to restrain the home recording, from broadcasts or tapes or claiming that a tape copy made from a records, of recorded performances, phonorecord under such circumstances where the home recording is for private is always of poorer quality (51). use and with no purpose of reproducing The court pointed out one further dif- or otherwise capitalizing commercially ference. While a public library makes on it (54). materials available to users, the purpose is altruistic and the photocopier is a de- The "home use exemption" for audio tapes was not mentioned in any subsequent legislative history leading up to the passage of the Copyright Revision There are neither guidelines nor Act of 1976 (55). Whether this indicates specific examples from the congressional approval of the "home legislative history dealing with use exemption" for the recording of library duplication of tapes and music is somewhat uncertain. Even if Congress clearly intends that such an phonorecords . . . exemption exists for home recording of music, it has not been extended to libraries by § 107 or § 108. vice merely to assist in the dissemina- Under 5 107, it seems that some copy- tion of information. The defendant in ing of sound recordings for library users this case, in contrast, derived a source is permitted. The copy should not be of income from the sale of blank tapes used for purposes other than scholar- even though the loan of the tape from ship, research or teaching and probably the store's library was free (52). Special does not extend to the duplication of an libraries may be.public in nature or they entire work. The librarian should con- may exist in a for-profit organization. sider the amount to be copied in rela- The reasoning used by the court con- tion to the work as a whole and the pro- cerning the altruistic purpose for dupli- hibition against selling the copy so cation of the tape would not necessarily made for profit (56). There are neither be applicable to these libraries in the guidelines nor specific examples from for-profit sector. The court's reasoning the legislative history dealing with li- clearly does not deal with this situation. brary duplication of tapes and phono- In all likelihood, a library which pro- records, although the four fair use vides tape duplication equipment for its criteria would be applied to such a july 1983 situation to determine whether the use loaned to an individual teacher for qualifies as fair use. showing to a class. Unlike the audio- An argument could be made that li- tape, the number of loan transactions is braries which engage in the duplication likely to be small. Most 16mm films now of audio tapes and phonorecords for carry a warning printed on the cannister users are acting for the benefit of those or attached thereto indicating:u that users. The copyrighted work has been duplication of the film is considered an purchased directly, leased from the act of piracy. Anyone who duplicates a copyright owner or borrowed from film carrying this warning certainly another library. The library that dupli- cannot be considered an innocent cates the work is merely engaged in the infringer. dissemination of information while Special libraries in which serious film storing the original work for future use study is conducted have additional by patrons (57). problems regarding copyrighted films. On the other hand, the same could be One must assume that "6107 would al- said of traditional print materials. It cer- low some copying for teaching pur- tainly would save wear and tear on poses. In examining film making tech- books to photocopy the entire work and niques, an instructor or scholar may circulate the copy rather than the pur- want to copy portions of various copy- chased printed copy. Such a practice righted films or motion pictures in clearly would infringe the reproduction order to present or study them in a par- and distribution rights afforded copy- ticular sequence. The library may be right owners. The application of the fair asked to copy portions of films for such use test to such copying necessarily pro- purposes (58). Although the law produces a negative result. The nature of hibits the creation of multiple copies the underlying work may be a musical of anthologies through photocopying composition, a literary work, a dramatic under the guise of fair use (59), a film anthology is exactly what is needed for work or a sound recordine;U' the amount copied is the entire work; the economic serious film study. Should the creation effect is to deprive the owner of a of a visual anthology be allowed under potential sale. Only the first factor fair use, the addition of that anthology would seem to favor such copying activ- to a librarv's collection raises additional ity by libraries-the purpose and char- problems related to the creation of acter of the use would be for scholarship audiovisual instruction packages (60). or research. Taken as a whole, however, In applying the fair use test to library it is unlikely that duplication of an en- copying of films and filmstrips, the tire audiocassette tape or phonorecord problem criteria are likely to be: nature for a user would satisfy the fair use test. of the work, amount copied, and economic effect. It has been argued that the nature of the copyrighted work factor Films and Filmstrips should not weigh so heavily in evaluat- The duplication of films and filming copying of films. Since the fair use strips present problems for libraries test evolved in dealing with printed similar to those for audiotapes. There works, there is virtually no historical are, however, some additional prob- precedent for the fair use of motion pic- lems. For purposes of this article, films tures (61). Film educators were not par- and filmstrips are used synonymously ticularly active in the copyright revision with the- term motion picture. The process, and their influence was little potential damage to this material from felt. The Act reflects the film industry's users is somewhat reduced because restrictive distribution system, with films and filmstrips may not be circu- little attention given to scholarship and lated. The library may arrange a show- research activities centering on motion ing, i.e., a performance of the film, or in pictures and film (62). Because copy- the educational setting, the film may be right owners are rigorously pursuing

special libraries commercial film pirates (63), it is un- work, the following guidelines have likely their immediate attention will be been suggested: 1) the amount of copy- focused on libraries and educational ing should be small in relation to the institutions where serious film research overall length of the copyrighted mo- is being conducted, but this does not tion picture; 2) any copied portion insulate libraries from liability for copy- should not be the meritorious portion of right infringement. the film, that is, it should not be excep- Obviously, a library engaged in con- tionally valuable or hard to reproduce; verting the format of a motion picture 3) if the portion copied from the film from 16mm to videotape is depriving should represent only a small portion of the copyright owner of revenue (64); the finished product, the copying moreover, the artistic integrity of the should be fair use if the other criteria work may have been altered. For exam- are satisfied. If these three criteria are ple, while Super-8 is a vast improve- met, it is arguable that the fair use test ment over 8mm film, it is limited for use has been satisfied (67). in small rooms due to image clarity and size problem. The impact of a motion Video picture originally offered in 16mm may be altered by the conversion to another Although motion pictures certainly form (65), thus presenting an issue of are visual media, for purposes of this interference with artistic integrity in article, "video" means videotapes and addition to copyright infringement. videodiscs. The Copyright Act differ- The market effect of duplicating mo- entiates between motion pictures and tion pictures and educational film is audiovisual works, making it clear that potentially serious. In describing the motion pictures are a type of audio- sales potential of film, an executive of a visual work (68). Videotapes also are a small production company described type of audiovisual work; the technical the normal costs and market for such difference between video and motion films. If a film costs $20,000 to produce, picture lies in the fixation process. In the company will need to sell 285 prints cinematography, the recording is made in order to recoup costs. During the on film; in video, images and sounds average life of a film, 500 to 800 prints are fixed in the tape or disc by a mag- may be sold. The profit from prints sub- netic, mechanical, or electronic process sequent to number 285 provides the (69). There are other differences in the capital for producing new film (66). two media including the means of pro- Libraries engaged in the duplication jection; the motion picture involves the of films-whether the films are pur- use of a projector while video uses tele- chased, rented or borrowed-may have vision set. klso, it is far less expensive a serious impact on the producer's mar- to reproduce video programs than to ket. When the ultimate market is small, duplicate films (70). even one unauthorized copy may pro- In many library settings, the reproduce a negative impact. On the other duction of video materials parallels the hand, film producers take into account reproduction of audio tapes. Libraries the potentially small market for their may have been tempted to purchase one product and price the film accordingly. copy of a videotape and duplicate suffi- It can be argued, therefore, that few cient copies to distribute to branch li- sales are lost through duplication since braries without permission of the copy- sales made have already exhausted the right owner. Occasionally libraries have market. made a duplicate copy of a videotape for Some libraries engage in the in-house circulation purpose while retaining the production of audiovisual works for va- original purchased videotape as a rious purposes. In determining how "master." Should the circulating copy much of a copyrighted motion picture be damaged, a new circulating copy is or film can be used to create a new produced from the master. As with audio tapes, the purchase of archival collections of television pro- a video cassette tape from the producer grams and grants libraries the right to does not give one the right to make ad- videotape off-the-air television pro- ditional copies of it. This is a direct in- grams dealing with the news (72). Ad- fringement of the copyright holder's re- ditionally, the Radio and Television production right. Some producers of Archives was established at the Library videotapes offer the right to duplicate of Congress (73) to house off-the-air their materials. A videotape is sold for recordings one price; the tape along with the right Various television archives have been to duplicate copies is sold for a higher created in academic institutions. as well price (71). In order to market their prod- as in private foundations and corpora- ucts, producers are devising various tions, for the serious study of telecasts. plans to induce purchase. It is likely Probably the largest of the university- that there will be more creative market- housed television archives is at UCLA. ing techniques devised to permit li- There the regents of the University of brary reproduction of videotapes after California and the Academy of Tele- payment of some type of royalty that vision Arts and Sciences established a will be included in the purchase price. television librarv in 1965. Material from Video material also is destructible, that collection kay not be copied and but the availability of home tape does not circulate off the premises. Ad- recorderslplay back units far exceeds ditionally, the Museum of Broadcasting that of video recorders. For the present, in New York is a heavily used research library users are more likely to view a facility (74). Libraries desirous of creat- videotape within the confines of a li- ing a television archives must negotiate brary while taking an audio tape home. with networks to videotape or purchase This reduces the potential destruction their programs, with the exception of of tapes since the library staff can exer- the news. Normally, these materials cise control over equipment and may may not be copied nor removed from even load and unload video playback the-premises; this restriction is likely to units for the user. As the number of be contained in the contract between home units continues to increase, how- the network and the librarv relative to ever, destruction of copyrighted video- videotaping. tapes may become an increased prob- Scholars and research libraries may lem for libraries. need to create anthologies similar to The conversion of format from l/z inch those needed by film scholars. There is Beta or VHS to 3h inch videotave creates a strong public policy argument to allow the same problem as converting audio copying to the extent that it encourages formats, i.e., the reproduction of an ad- the serious study of television. Tele- ditional copy could infringe the adap- vision is the modern portrayer of our tation, reproduction, and distribution culture, and students need the oppor- rights. Video producers normally make tunitv to view both the cultural and their products available in both widths, social aspects of the development of this and conversion should not be under- media (75). taken without the permission of the The need to provide materials for se- copyright holder. Due to the expense rious television study, however, does of videodisc reproduction equipment, not give libraries free rein to videotape there is little likelihood libraries will off-the-air. Libraries in nonprofit edu- convert tape to disc at the present time, cational institutions are subject to the but the problems with format conver- guidelines recently developed for off- sion remain the same. the-air taping for nonprofit schools. The Television programs have the same guidelines were developed by a Nego- characteristics as motion victures rela- tiating Committee appointed by Repre- tive to serious scholarship and research. sentative Robert Kastenmeier, chair- The Act recognizes the importance of man of the House Subcommittee on

special libraries Courts, Civil Liberties and Adminis- producers or negotiate a license for off- tration of Justice. The Committee was the-air taping directly with the copy- comprised of members representing right holder. A network's primary con- educational and library organizations, cern is the illegal duplication of video- copyright proprietors, creative guilds, tapes and loss of the rerun market. Such and unions (76). The guidelines provide license agreements surely will require more flexibility than did the Act as orig- the payment of royalties to the copy- inally passed in which off-the-air tap- right owner for the privilege of dupli- ing appeared to be limited to public cating and retaining the program.

In response to the degree of public interest surrounding home videotaping, there have been several congressional solutions proposed. These run the gamut from a statutorily granted exception for private home videotaping to a strong royalty system. broadcasting programs, even for edu- While the Act states that the pro- cational institutions and government visions of §I08 do not permit the copy- bodies, with a seven-day retention of ing of audiovisual materials (go), the those programs so copied (77). Public House Report's language intimates that broadcasters made some voluntary ex- 5107 may be available for duplicating pansions of the retention period and audiovisual programs (81). These two circulated lists of programs which provisions appear to conflict, but dis- might be taped by educational institu- cussions of statutory interpretation and tions and retained for a period of one the weight to be given legislative his- year. Programs not included in the list- tory in interpreting a statute are not ing were limited to the statutory seven- within the scope of this article. Never- day retention. theless, while some exception to the The new guidelines allow nonprofit owner's rights may exist under fair use, educational institutions to copy from librarians should cautiously approach both commercial and public televi- unauthorized reproduction of video sion with a 45-day retention, although materials. the tape may be shown to students The controversy surrounding home only during the first ten days. During off-the-air videotaping from television the remaining 35 days, the tape may eventually may affect libraries. In Uni- be reviewed by teachers to determine versal Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corporation of whether a license should be sought America (82), the Ninth Circuit Court for longer retention (78). The license of Appeals dealt with home videotaping may be negotiated by the educa- and ruled that such activity constituted tional institution directly with the net- infringement of copyright (83). Al- work or through the Television Licens- though the case deals exclusively with ing Center. The Television Licensing home use, the ultimate disposition also Center was created for the precise may affect libraries (84). In response to purpose of negotiating licenses for non- the degree of public interest surround- profit educational institutions with ing home videotaping, there have been networks and other video copyright several congressional solutions pro- owners (79). posed. These run the gamut from a stat- As the guidelines do not cover librar- utorily granted exception for private ies outside of the nonprofit educational home videotaping to a strong royalty setting, other libraries must either pur- system (85). The response Congress is chase tapes of television programs from most likely to choose is H.R. 5705 which proposes a compulsory license for the Encyclopedia Brifannica Educational privilege of home video recording. The Corp. v. Crooks (89), a federal district license would be in the form of a tax or court ruled that under the 1909 Copy- additional charge tacked onto the price right Act (go), off-the-air videotaping of video recording equipment and conducted by a cooperative which blank tapes (86). As a compromise solu- videotaped for 19 schools in the Buffalo- tion, this proposal is rapidly gaining New York area was an infringement of congressional support; such a compul- copyright (92). The cooperative neither sory license is consistent with the Act obtained permission for such copying and has four precedents in the current or retention of the programs nor paid statute (87). royalties for the privilege of doing so Should H.R. 5705 become law, it is (92). After applying the fair use test, the ~roblematic whether libraries also court issued a permanent injunction to would pay the license fee for equipment stop the copying but did not order de- and blank tape. If fees are paid, would struction of the tapes, although this is libraries then have a license to video- a standard remedy provided under record off-the-air? Could a pricing §503(b) of the Act. The court declined to structure be established and main- order erasure in order to give the parties tained so that the compulsory license an opportunity to meet and determine fee is collected only for home video whether some type of purchasing ar- recording?" rangement could be reached (93). In Libraries make much use of video- light of the Encyclopedia Britannica case, recording which does not involve copy- even libraries in nonprofit educational righted works. Libraries film guest institutions should closely examine speakers, law schools record moot court their collections of pre-1978 recorded sessions, and medical schools regularly videotapes to determine whether to pay videotape operations. A surcharge for previously videotaped materials or would be unfair if tape and equipment to erase them. Clearly, post-1978 off- used for these -purposes - were taxed. Li- the-air videotaping should comply with braries are concerned about the out- the guidelines discussed earlier. come of the Sony case as evidenced by the number of library associations that joined in the amicus brief filed in Sony. If producers of audiovisual pro- These associations include the Ameri- can Library Association, the American grams are to continue to make Association of Law Libraries, and the such works available to librar- Association of Research Libraries. in ies and schools, they must be addition to the American council on afforded adequate financial re- Education. Librarians and educators have expressed a preference for paying ward for the creation of copy- royalty fees for individual uses of copyrighted works. righted videotapes not exempted by fair use rather than any compulsory license (88). If producers of audiovisual programs Because of the publicity this matter are to continue to make such works has received, few libraries would as- available to libraries and schools, they sume that videotaping for users outside must be afforded adequate financial re- of the news' in nonprofit educational ward for the creation of copyrighted institutions is permissible. Copyright works. There is a need for a fair and owners have demonstrated through the easily administered system for paying Sony suit the seriousness with which copyright royalties for the duplication they view this issue. Under the 1909 of audiovisual material (94). Even the Act, the situation regarding videotap- expanded use of videodisc technology ing was much less clear. In a recent case, will not alleviate copyright problems.

special libraries While videodisc is primarily a playback use and creation has seen a dramatic medium, discs now can be converted to increase. Instruction programs may be videotape. Moreover, the possibility of used to introduce users to the library, to central bank storage may eliminate the train staff members, or to instruct users need to copy the material at all. Anyone in the use of particular research material with access to the central bank informa- in the library's collection. Librarians in tion system will be able to call up the the for-profit sector also are engaged in material at any time (95). Thus, current designing and using audiovisual pack- copyright problems surrounding video- ages. Since these programs are de- tapes will carry over into a newer tech- veloped for repeated use, most are nology if they are not solved. More destined to form part of a library's per- scholarly material is likely to become manent collection. available in video format. For example, Section 108 contains no mention of some universities now permit masters' the creation of audiovisual materials by theses to include video presentations. libraries. One must, therefore, turn to Videotapes are becoming a common other sections of the Act for guidance on part of scholarly presentations at confer- the copyright status of these works. ences, seminars, and workshops. Even Normally, Section 107 would apply and the most erudite special libraries will the fair use test may be used as a guide. recognize the contribution of scholarly Outside of fair use, permission should works in video formats and include be sought from the copyright owner for these in their collections (96). copyrighted materials duplicated and included in audiovisual packages. The Audiovisual Packages problem often is compounded if the library duplicates the program to allow Increasingly, all types of libraries are simultaneous use by more than one engaging in the creation of in-house user (98). Audiovisual packages are the audiovisual packages. Slideltape shows wave of the future. As they become in which copyrighted slides (or slide re- more common, libraries must learn to productions of copyrighted photo- cope with the myriad of copyright prob- graphs), poetry, and music are pre- lems that will in all probability attend sented simultaneously provide a good their uses. example of traditional audiovisual package. An audiovisual work does Conclusion more than tell a story. It is the simultaneous presentation of sights and Prior to the advent of the printing sounds along with information that press, there was no need for strictly en- engages the senses of the audience (97). forced copyright laws for it was not In the production of such packages, li- possible to produce copies of works in braries infringe all of the rights of the such numbers as to economically harm copyright owner-from reproduction, the copyright proprietor. When print distribution, and adaptation to per- became the medium for rapid pro- formance and display. Once created, duction of copies of works expressing the audiovisual package itself is eligible ideas, notions, and aesthetic values, for copyright protection, provided per- copyright, and later fair use as an excep- mission has been received from the tion, were developed to create a balance owners of the portions used. between the rights of the creator of the An audiovisual instruction program work and the public. As previously may consist of film clips, reproductions mentioned, the technological era has of pages from textbooks, workbooks, raised serious questions concerning the and so on, as well as original material applicability of traditional fair use prin- along with background music. Orig- ciples (99). inally of interest to schools and colleges A prime example of the different as individualized learning "kits," their problems presented by print versus au-

july 1983 diovisual material occurs in the applica- only under the narrowest circum- tion of one of the fair use factors-the stances? The Report states that a user's substantiality of use. A scholar can ex- rights accrue under $107 (104). Should cerpt portions of literary works and still a library circulate copyrighted audio- get a feel for the author's style and taste. visual works to users and encourage On the other hand, for materials such as them to make their own copies for §lo7 paintings, photographs, drawings, and purposes? This seems unrealistic given audiovisual works, the use often must the cost of these works and the expense copy the entire work in order to sample of duplication equipment as contrasted the creator's style or taste, (100). to the simplicity of the coin operated One scholar has proposed a new fair photocopier for printed materials. It use test for audiovisual works. Instead also seems naive in light of what is ac- of the traditional §I07 four-pronged tually happening in the world of tech- analysis, the following should be sub- nology. More materials are becoming stituted: 1) Does the reproducer belong available in audiovisual formats, and to the class of persons engaged in the demand for the information contained advancement of science, arts and in- in these works does not necessarily dustry or in the dissemination of infor- change based on the format in which mation and ideas? 2) Is the purpose works are published. intended to advance science. arts. and All of this philosophy is predicated industry or the dissemination of infor- on user demand; libraries are not dupli- mation? If the first two questions are cating materials for their own purposes answered in the affirmative, then the but in response to user requests. There reproducer has a fair use defense. The is no commercial gain. next inquiry centers on whether that person should pay royalties. 3) Will the intended use of the copy affect the potential market for or value of the copied Thus, current copyright prob- work? 4) Is the use made of the material lems surrounding videotapes likely to produce substantial profits? If will carry over into a newer the answer to these two questions is technology if they are not yes, then royalties should be paid to the copyright holder. If the answer is no, solved. then the reproducer may copy without incurring liability for royalties (201). Of great concern to libraries is the re- The Register's Report is merely a recent Report of the Register of Copy- port to Congress as required by §108(i). rights on §I08 (102) and the applicabil- Congress may not be at all receptive to ity of the fair use doctrine to-libraries. the report or to the recommendations The Register does not address the prob- it makes. None of the recommenda- lems of reproduction and second-order tions relate specifically to audiovisual, technology or how fair use is applied in pictorial or graphic works and, even this modem era. Rather, the Register if adopted and passed into law, they states that 5108 permits copying not would not produce a substantive otherwise permitted under §I07 and change in the way libraries handle such that fair use does not permit broad works. copying once the limits of 5108 have The rights granted in §I08 of the Act been reached (103). apply to all types of libraries which Does this mean that the Register con- comply with the provisions of §108(a). siders 5107 inapplicable to library copy- This includes special libraries, whether ing of copyrighted audiovisual, pic- the parent organization is in the for- torial, and graphic works? Are libraries profit sector or not. All libraries engage to be strictly limited to 9108 which al- in similar activities to meet the infor- lows the reproduction of such works mation needs of their respective user

special libraries groups. The user of a public library is commerciall noncommercial dichotomy not required to state the purpose for in- have been clarified. Surely the dis- formation requests. Any library may tinction is applicable to the duplication serve a user from a for-profit organi- of audiovisual, pictorial, and graphic zation. Academic libraries, while pri- works. marily serving the academic commu- The reproduction of copyrighted au- nity, also provide information and diovisual and nonprint media by librar- copies of copyrighted works to users in ies presents some unique problems. the profit sector. The library charges Clearly, more guidance is needed to nothing for disseminating the informa- assist librarians in applying the law to tion, but the end user may be engaged particular situations. Library associa- in profit-making activities. The same is tions and media producers should con- true of public libraries. The distinction tinue to work together to develop non- whether a library is public in nature or statutory, voluntary guidelines aimed attached to a for-profit organization is, at assisting libraries to fulfill their mis- therefore, not as clear as some might sions while assuring fair returns to think. The photocopying issue and the media producers.

Literature Cited

17 U.S.C. 5101 et seq. (1976). 1974 -75, at 72 (1975). wereinafter cited See, Gasaway I "Nonprint Works and as Senate Report]. Copyright in Special Libraries," 74 24. Id at 66. Special Libraries 156 (1983) [hereinafter 25. H.R. Rep. No. 1476, 94th Cong., 2d cited as Gasaway]. Sess. (1976), Reprinted in 17 Omnibus 17 U.S.C. $107 (1976). Copyright Revision Legislative Histo y, Id. at 5101. 1976, at 71-72. [Hereinafter cited as Id. House Report]. Id. 26. Id. For a discussion of 9108 generally, see 27. 17 U.S.C. 51, et seq. (1970). Gasaway, supra note 2, at 158-59. 28. Timberg, "A Modernized Fair Use 17 U.S.C. §108(h) (1976). Code for the Electronic As Well As the Id. Gutenberg Age," 17 Nw. U.L. Rev. 193, Id. at §108(b). 198 (1980). [Hereinafter cited as Id. at §l08(c). Timberg]. Id, at 5107 (1976). 29. Id. at 202-06. Id. For a detailed discussion of 5107, see 30. "Note, Toward a Unified Theory of Gasaway, supra note 2, at 158. Copyright Infringement for an Ad- 659 F.2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981). vanced Technological Era," 96 Ham. L. Id. at 969-74. Rev. 450, 453-55 (1982). Cert. granted 102 S.Ct. 2926 (1982). 31. Id. at 458. 659 F.2d 963, 974-77 (9th Cir. 1981). It 32. Timberg, supra note 28, at 221-22. should be noted that the district court's 33. Id. at 223. decision held that home videotaping 34. 17 U.S.C. 5202 (1976). was within the boundaries of fair use, 35. Id. at 5201(b). A work for hire is see 480 F. Supp. 429 (C.D. Cal. 1979). defined as . . . "a work prepared by an 659 F.2d 963, 972 (9th Cir. 1981). employee within the scope of his or her 480 F. Supp. 429, 453-54 (C.C. Cal. employment, or . . . a work specifi- 1979). cally ordered or commissioned . . ." 659 F.2d 963, 972-73 (9th Cir. 1981). Id. at 5101. Id. at 973. 36. House Report, supra note 25, at 68-70. Id. at 973-74. 37. Id. at §108(b). S. Rep. No. 473, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. 38. Id. at §108(c). (1975), Reprinted in 13 Omnibus Copy- 39. Id. at §108(h). right Revision Legislative History, 40. 17 U.S.C. §110(1) (1976). 41. Senate Rqport, supra note 23, at 73-74. 63. Hickey, "Knock Three Times and ASIC 42. Id. at 74. for Bambi," 7V Guide, June 21, 1980, 43. Magnuson, "Duplicating AV Materials at 4. Legally," 13 Media b Methods 52 (1977). 64. J. Miller. Applying the New Copyright The author reports a survey of journal Law: A Guide for Educators and Librar- publishers regarding duplication of il- ians 55 (1979). [Hereinafter cited as lustrations in slide format. Miller]. 44. 17 U.S.C. 5106(2)(1976). 65. Mast, supra note 58, at 85. 45. House Report, supra note 25, at 78. 66. Churchill, "Golden Egg Production: 46. Golub, "Not By Books Alone: Library The Goose Cries 'Foul"', in J. Law- Copying of Nonprint Copyrighted Ma- rence & B. Timberg, Fair Use and Free terial," 70 L. Libr. ]. 153, 159 (1977). Inquiry 169, 169-70 (1980). [Hereinafter cited as Golub]. 67. Miller, supra note 64, at 52. 47. 360 F.Supp. 821 (E.D.N.Y. 1973). 68. 17 U.S.C. 5101 (1976). 48. Id. at 825. 69. Klaver, "The Legal Problems of Video 49. Id. at 821-23. Cassettes and Audiovisual Discs," 23 50. Id. at 824. Bull. Copyright Soc'y 152, 155 (1976). 51. Telephone interview with Michael E. 70. Id. at 155, 167. Raybum, Media Consultant, Norman 71. Holland, "The Audiovisual Package: Independent Schools (December 6, Handle With Care," 22 Bull. Copyright 1982). Soc'y 104, 124 (1974). 52. 366 F.Supp. 821, 824 (E.D.N.Y. 1973). 72. 17 U.S.C. §108(h) (1976). For a history 53. Sound Recording Act, P.L. 92-140, 85 of how this exception arose, see Golub, Stat. 391, 17 U.S.C. §§l(f), 5(n), 19, 20, supra note 46, at 55. 26, 101(c) (1971 Supp. I). 73. 17 U.S.C. 5407(e) (1976). 54. H.R. Rep. No. 487,92d Cong., 1st Sess. 74. Kellner, "Television Research and Fair 7 (1971). Use," in J. Lawrence & B. Timberg, 55. In recent hearings dealing with home Fair Use and Free Inquiry 90, 96 (1980). video recording, there was some men- 75. Id. at 100. tion of the home audio recording ex- 76. 127Cong. Rec. E4750-52 (daily ed. Oct. emption. Some congressmen indicated 24, 1981). [Hereinafter cited as Video- a desire to afford home video and taping Guidelines]. home audio recording similar treat- 77. 17 U.S.C. 5118(d)(3) (1976). ment. See, Hearings on H.R. 5705 Be- 78. Videotaping Guidelines, supra note 76. fore the Subcomm. on Courts, Civil 79. The Television Licensing Center (TLC) Liberties and the Administration of is a national clearinghouse designed to Justice of the House Comm. on the provide educators with information Judiciary, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. (1982). about off-the-air videotaping and with 56. American Association of School Li- licenses to record, duplicate and retain braries & American Library Associa- television programs. The TLC is ad- tion, "Copyright, Media, and the ministered by Films Incorporated. School Librarian," at D (1978). TLC, 1144 Wilmette Ave., Wilmette, Ill. 57. Golub, supra note 46, at 158. 60091. 58. See G. Mast, "Film Study and Copy- 80. 17 U.S.C. §108(h) (1976). right Law," in J. Lawrence & B. Tim- 81. House Report, supra note 25, at 78-79. berg, Fair Use and Free Inquiry 72 (1980) 82. 659 F.2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981). for a good explanation of film study 83. Id. at 976. For a discussion of the case and copyright problems. [Hereinafter and fair use, see text at notes 14-22. cited as Mast]. 84. The case currently is before the U.S. 59. Guidelines for Classroom Copying in Supreme Court; cert. granted 102 S. Ct. Not-for-Profit Educational Institu- 2926 (1982). While the effect of the tions, House Report, supra note 25, at Court's decision is likely to be quite 68-70. narrow, the issues raised by the case 60. See text at notes 97-98. may have enormous consequences for 61. Johnson, "The New Copyright Law: Its libraries. Impact on Film and Video Education," 85. See, H.R. 4794, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. 32 1. of the Univ. Film Ass'n. 67, 68 (1981), which proposes that home (1980). videotaping for noncommercial uses 62. Id. at 69. be a specific exemption to the owner's

special libraries exclusive rights; and H.R. 5488, 97th 96. Timberg, "New Forms of Media and Cong., 2d Sess. (1982), which would the Challenge to Copyright Law," in J. permit the continued sale of video Lawrence & B. Timberg, Fair Use and equipment and blank tapes upon the Free Inquiry, 247, 256 (1980). payment of a reasonable royalty fee at 97. Berman & Boxer, "Copyright Infringe- the time of purchase. ment of Audiovisual Works and Char- 86. H.R. 5705, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. (1982). acters," 52 S. Cal. L. Rev. 315, 324 87. Compulsory licenses exist for cable (1979). television systems, 17 U.S.C. §lll(d) 98. Miller, "The Duplication of Audio- (1976); juke box royalties, id. at §116(b); visual Material in Libraries," in J. mechanical license fees for phonorec- Lawrence & B. Timberg, Fair Use and ords, id. at §115(a); and for public Free Inquiry 128, 135 (1980). broadcasting, id, at §ll8(b). 99. Timberg, "A Modernized Fair Use 88. "Videotaping Case Worries Academic Code for Visual, Auditory, and Audio- Leaders," The Chronicle of Higher Edu- visual Copyrights: Economic Context, cation, Jan. 26, 1983 at 23, 25. Legal Issues and the Laocoon Short- 89. 342 F.Supp. 1156 (W.D.N.Y. 1982). fall," in J. Lawrence and B. Timberg, 90. 17 U.S.C. 91, et. seq. (1970). Fair Use and Free Inquiry, 311, 316 91. 542 F.Supp. 1156, 1185-87 (W.D.N.Y. (1980). 1982). 100. Id. at 318-19. 92. Id. at 1159. 101. Id. at 324. 93. Id. at 1187-88. 102. Report of the Register of Copyrights, 94. There is no organization similar to the Libray Reproduction of Copyrighted Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) for Works (1 7 U.S.C. 108) (1983). collecting and distributing royalties for 103. Id. at 97-102. the copying of audiovisual works. The 104. Id. at xii. CCC was established for the purpose of collecting and distributing royalties for photocopies made in excess of fair use. 95. Callison, "Fair Payment for Fair Use in Future Information Technology Sys- Received for review Nov 29, 1982. Ac- tems," Educ. Tech., Jan., 1981 at 24. cepted for publication Apr 1, 1983. Cataloging Software Mercedes Dumlao and Sherry Cook

Bechtel Data Processing Library, San Francisco, CA

Cataloging software as practiced at a corporate data processing library is discussed. The generation of a catalog of computer programs is examined in terms of justification, entries, production, and distribution.

OCATING, cataloging and dis- pany. To achieve worldwide distribu- seminating information about tion of this information, a book catalog L computer programs is vitally im- was produced. The Bechtel Catalog of portant to a multinational corporation. Computer Programs (affectionally known The constant threat of possible litiga- as BECCAT) tracks and reports on tion in nuclear engineering design work all aspects of software applications at has created a need for a central reposi- Bechtel. tory of program information. To meet this need, a unique library has been Justification created-the Bechtel Data Processing Library (DPL). BECCAT is the key to management of Few precedents exist in the literature computer programs. Even when exist- for computer software cataloging. Be- ing programs cannot be modified eco- cause of the challenges involved in this nomically, their design concepts can new medium, DPL has developed often be translated into new program methods and procedures to catalog codes at a fraction of the cost of starting computer information. anew. In 1975, a computerized nonbiblio- BECCAT includes one element of in- graphic database was developed on the formation most likely to be of value to a Univac mainframe computer. This data- person considering whether to use a base enabled DPL to track and report on particular program: the names of the the inventory of all software developed individuals who control each Bechtel or acquired by any division in the com- computer program with respect to fund-

240 Copyr~ghto 1983 Specla1 Libraries Assoc~ation special libraries ing, quality, maintenance, and proper program. The release level is also listed utilization. These people are the best to identify the currently operating resource of information on the program's lease of the program. capabilities. Because there were rela- Host computers on which the program tiJely few cost constraints in devel- operates is crucial information in our oping the form and content of the multi-computer environment. BECCAT catalog, a wide variety of in- Security class is another important dexes and alternative search strategies item in the entry for each application. have been used. Subject, acronym, title The level of security assigned to pro- and host computers are all listed. grams varies with a users "need to know." Unclassified programs are Entries available for general use within Bechtel, whereas confidential programs are All software applications are listed available for use only with written con- by a unique program number. This sent of the program sponsor. five digit alpha-numeric designation Program classification indicates the (AANNN) is used as the basis for track- conformance to certain standards, ing, controlling, and reporting on guidelines, or codes. Two classifica- Bechtel computer programs. An alpha tions are used. "Production programs" character denotes program discipline indicate those programs conforming to (e.g., WE-weather engineering, NE- the internal standards published by the nuclear engineering), while numerics Data Processing Library. "Standard uniquely identify programs. Bechtel's computer programs" cover programs activities are worldwide; therefore, the based on Nuclear Regulatory Commis- classification scheme must also be infi- sion standards for design work. nitely expandable. Program documentation currently The entry contains the title of the pro- available and date of issue are impor- gram, the acronym and an abstract (see tant information for the user. Copies of Figure 1). The abstract is a brief synop- all documentation are available from the sis of the purpose and capabilities of the Data Processing Library.

Figure 1. Sample Program Entry Format.

EE40O ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN PROGRAM EEDESIGN ABSTRACT- THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN PROGRAM IS AN AID IN DESIGNING ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SVSTEMS. IT CONTAINS THE TABLES AND FORMULAS REQUIRED TO PERFORM THE ROUTINE CqLCULATIONS INCUMBENT IN THE DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS. THE PROGRAM COMPUTES EACH LOAD, AND TOTALIZES THE LOADING FOR EACH BUS. IT THEN REFLECTS THE LOAD THROUGH TO THE FEEDER BUS.ETC. UPWARD TO THE AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER. THE PROGRAM COMPUTES FOR EACH LOAD, AS REQUIRED. TRANSFORMER LOADING. BUS LOADING. STARTER SIZES. CABLE SIZES. CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING. CONDUIT SIZES. ETC. THE PROGRAM ADDS LOAD VERTICALLY IN WATTS AND VARS. THEN TOTAL WATTS. VARS AND THE POWER FACTOR ARE CALCULATED. IN ADDITION. EACH DEVICE. CABLE SIZE, CABLE LENGTHS. ETC.. ARE LISTED. THE TOTAL FOR EACH TIME IS COMPUTED AND LISTED.

RELEASE- 4 COMPUTERS OPERATING ON- BEC82B SECURITY CLASS- UNCLASSIFIED SPONSORING ORG/OFF- LAP0 /NOR PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION- PRODUCTION & STANDARD COMPUTER PROGRAM

MANUALS- USERS. THEORETICAL. VERIFICATION

SPONSOR KINE. PERRY L.-LAPC /NOR TECH. SPECIALIST- KINE. PERRY L.-LAPD /NOR MAINTAINER KINE. PEPRY L.-LAP0 /NOR DISCIPLINE- ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Sponsoring organization names the or- must be provided to complete the de- ganization that developed the program scription of the program. or for which the program was acquired. The cataloging librarian reviews the More than twenty-five subject disci- completed library control form to check plines exist for Bechtel computer pro- for consistency, accuracy, and com- grams. These categories range from nu- pleteness. Problems are resolved clear engineering to corporate financial through discussion. The cataloger also statements. edits the information, and ensures that elements such as release level and cur- Reviewing New Applications rent documentation are in the proper - -- form. Librarians assign key-words and Program authors, with coaching from subject terms to develop a thesaurus. the library staff, fill out a standard li- Work continues on a controlled vocabu- brary control form to describe their pro- larv of essential subject words tailored gram (see figure 2). As many as 21 items to ihe scope of the collection.

Figure 2. Library Program Control Form.

DATA PROCESSING LIBRARY

PROGRAM CONTROL FORM ,,,, PROGRAM NUMBER PREVIOUS PROGRAM CURRENT PROGRAM MANUAL COVER SHEET RELEASE RELEASE PLACE IN PROGRAM DOCUMENTS 0 0 0 PROGRAM TITLE ACRONYM 0 8

@ PROGRAM REGlSTRY PUOGRkM RELEASE DOCUMENTATION ilEVSlON FiLE TRANSFER TEST CASE SUBMISSION PROGRAM PRINCIPkI CHANGES PROGRAM DEI\CTYATION OTHER PRODUCTION PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION (CONFORMS TO STANDARDS FOR) a UNIVAC IBM SYSTEM 34 iBM 3033 NlXDDRF OTHER ;po;D*,",DEFpZfER IBM SYSTEM 38 MAPPER XEROX 9700

PROGRAM SOURCE OUTSIDE SUPPLIER @ BECHTEL DEVELOPED 0 BECHTEL CONTROLLED 0OUTSIDE DEVELOPED OUTSIDE CONTROLLED SPONSORING ORGANIZATIONiOFFlCE COMPUTERS OPERATING ON MiCROFORM RECORDS RETGION 8 8 SYEARS IOYEARS @ OlSClPLiNE PROGRAMLANGUIGE @ 0 I APPROVED DOCUMENTlTlON (GIVE TlTLE AND REVISION OF EACH MANUAL THAT IS CURRENT FORTHIS PROGRAM RELEASE)

USAGE RESTRICTIONS 0

PROGRAM MAINTAINER PRINT NliME SlGNATURE ORGANIZATION IOCATtON @ DOCUMENTATION PREPARE8 (PRINT NAME) SWNATURE ORGM4ILATION LOCATION 0 DOCUMENTATION REWEWER (PRINT NAME) SIGNATURE ORGANIZATION LOCI\TION 0 TECHNlCAi SPECIALIST (PRINT NAMEI SIGNATURE ORGANIZATION LOCATION 0 I SPONSOR (PRINT NAME) SIGNATURE ORGANIZI\TION LOCATION 0

(383) SEE BECHTEL STANOhRDS FOR PRODUCTION COMPUTER PROGRllMS MIINUAL FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON USE OF THIS 'ORM

242 special libraries Figure 2. (Continued).

Cover Page COMPUTER CODES All Apple Microcomputer @ DATE BEC8tA Bechtel UnlvaC t10018t A System The date the form IS prepared. BEC82B Bechlel Unlvac 1100182 B System @ PROGRAM NUMBER BEC82C Bechtel Unwac 1100i82 C System The program number asswed by the lhbraty Thns number represents a smgle com- UCC~~ un~versltycomputing Unwac tto018t putnr appl~cataonor a group of computer programs ComPrlslng a System OWone CDCUCC Univers~tyComputlnO Cyber System rowa am number 1s lssued to a computer system CDCCDC Control Data Cvber System PROGRAM RELEASE GE General ~lectrli Specafy the prevtous and current program release If a release IS not bemg made. BM 370 BM 370 spec~lythe prewous release. The ilbrary uses a sequentla numeric release number- IPC 1BM Persona Computer Ina svstem beofnnlna at 1. Proaram malntamers may ut~llzepreceding alpha 1S3M10 IBM S/3 Model 10 &. g;a,oors tdr tne rev.? recorc-neepmg r sxn casts, tne Drar, nmeroc u. IS3M15 IBM S/3 Model 15 IS34 IBM 5/34 10 16 -1ter a aasn uesqalor For eharnple F4 10 F4 ls a .se, aer gnat or rne tor.%r) oes gnat on no cales tnos s !he :entn release ol the pra~ram IS38 IBM Sl38 197RO.. . . IBM57RO- .. . . PROGRAM TITLE H-6080 Honeyweif 6080 A title of 77 characters or less DPS/B Honeywell 8144 D~stributedProcessing System ACRONYM HPSFA Bechtei Hewlett Packaid 3000 San Francisco A System A sequence of letters (10 characters or less) used as an alternate name and some- HPSFB Bechtel Hewett Packard 3000 San Franclsco B System tlm,?~derwed from the leadmg letters of the program tltle HPLA Bechtel Hewlett Packard 3000 Los Angeles System ACTIVITY TYPE MCAUTO McDonell Douglas IBM 370 The actwlty or actwltles that dlclate completton of thls form See lnstrucllons for MICROFORM RECORDS RETENTION Use, Chart for detalls and requred form entrles The number of years (5 or 40) that mlcro records for program source code and PRODUCTION PROGRAM CLASSiFlCATlON documentatmn are to be reta~ned A c asI cal on ass.gneo to me program tnal on3 CdleS contorrrdnce 10 One or DISCIPLINE no e p ,3 sneu =,tannarur See approor,dte p-o cat on lor program req-werrentr The fleld of study or operation area I" whlch the program operates Twenty flvedls- PROGRAM SOURCE - Always check two boxes clollnes are currently used to group Drouram Beahtel Developed -The program documentatlon and computer code were devel- DISCIPLINES oped by Bechtel Af~hite~t~rallDe~on Mechancal Enqineerna Bechtel Controlled The program documentatlon and computer code are under - CwllStruclufai ~nglrkng Mefeotology Bechiel control Electrical Engneering Mlnlng Eng~neerlng 0u:slde Developed -The program documentation and computer code werenol de- Emolovee Comoensal~on& lnformatlon M~scellaneous veloped by Bechtel Englneerng - General Nuclear Englneerlng Outsfde Controlled -The program documentatlon and computer code are not con. Env$ronmentalEnplneerlng Petroleum Englneertng 110 led by Bechtel General Account~ng& Flnanclal Reporlmg Piolect Management & Control General Admlnistratlve 8 Plannlng Support Sanltary Englneerlng Oulslde Suppl~er- lnd~catethe suppl$er of the outs~dedeveloped andlor con- ~ydraullcslHydrology Sol1 MechanlcsISel~rn~lopy 110 led program Investment Admlnlstratlon & Ftnanclal Analvsls Transportation SP'BNSORING ORGANIZATIONIOFFICE The Bechtel dwts~on,service. or special operat~onhavlng management responsb~l ltles tor the program and the offlce locallon of the sponsoring organlzatlon @ SECURITY CLASS ORGANIZATION CODES OFFICE CODES The security level ass~gnedto the program Unclasslf~ed- Ava~lablefor general use wlthln Bechtel.Thedocumentatlon wlll be AAI'D ~nnArbor Power Olvsmn AA Ann Arbor. Mlchlgan provlded to any Bechtel employee on request The productton computer flle IS ac- BE11 Bechte Energy Dlvlslon ALK A Khobar. Saud Arabla cessble by all computer users. CM Corporate Markettn~ BA Buenos Aires Argentina COtlTRO8. Controller CAR Caracas. Venezuela Conf~dentlal- Available for use only wlth wrltten consent of pragram sponsor CS Computer Systems D.lK Djakarta Ind3nesla D~cumentafmnandior product~oncomputer file access 1s controlled by the pro. EM Executive Management EDM Edmonton. Canada gram sponsor. ES Execut~veSerwces GAl Gallhersb~rgMaryland 8 PROGRAM LANGUAGE FINANCE HAG The Hague. Netherlands The program language(s) used to code program GMO General Management Operat~ons HOU Houston. Texas GPO Gdthersb~lgPower D~vwon JOA Job Otflces - Asla @ APPROVED DOCUMENTATION H&:F Hydro & Community Facllitles JUB Juba The fltles and revlslon deslgnatlons for each applicable program manual A record 1A Internal Audltlnq KUW Kuwait Kuwait copy of each manual must be provlded to the ilbrary for reference and far records IS lnformat~onSericer LlM LlmaPeru retention purposes L&S Legal & Insurance LON London. Engand 16 NARRATIVE DESCRIPTIONIABSTRACT LAP0 1 OE Anoeles Power Dlvlsion LOU Lou~sv~ileKsntuckv G ve a oreL pl on 01 the program s CalaD,l I es and f~n3mns*Per regoster- LR Labor ~elatons& SA MAD Madrld S~aln nc" Ine oroaran.- an0 na- tne oroaram.- for tne ' rst tune M8 M Minng 8 Metals Dlvlsan MEL Melbourne. Australia Use thls spaceon subsequent program releases to redeflne the abstract 11program NF8l Nuclear Fuel Operaton MEX Mer~coClty. Australla Capabllltles have changed. As applicable, also convey other pertinent information P&:E Petroleum & Chem~calEastern MON Montreal. Canada to program users PEll Personnel NOR Los Angeles CalMornla PE I Petloleum Group PAR Palls. France i3 USAGE RESTRICTIONS PR Publk Relations RIO Rlo de Janet10 Bra211 Note any restrlctlons placed on the program Statements such as "For preliminary PRICURE Procurement SAN Santiago. Chlle destgn only" or "Consult sponsor prlor to uslng program" are appropriate R&C Refinery & Chemcal SAO Sao Paulo Brartl @ PROGRAM MAlNTAlNER R&E Research & EnglneerlnQ SEO Seoul. South Korea The person responsible for the computer related aspects of the program Thls ln- SEXRITY SF San Franclsco Calltornla eludes lnltlal program codmg, changes to code, testmg, error resolutions, etc SFDD San Francmo Power Dlvs~on TAI Tatpel Ta~wan SNIS Speclal Management Sewces TEH Tehran ran @ DOCUMENTATION PREPARER SP Foeclal Protects TOK Tokvo Jam The person responsible for preparatlon of the program documentat~on. T&T ihst & rhht TOR lorho Canada @! DOCUMENTATION REVIEWER (For Standard Computer Programs Only) UE Uranlum Enrlchmenl VAN Vancouver Canada The person respons~blefor review of the documentatlon Each of the documents WAS Warhlngton. D C shall be revlewed for scope and adequacy by an indiwdual other than the Prepare1 WC Walnut Creek Calltornla or the Program Sponsor, selected by the Program Sponsor, who has a level of 0 COMPUTERS OPERATING ON q~al~flcatlonat least suff~clentto prepare the document The revlewer should not The host computers on whlch the program operates If the program operates on be the lmmedlate supetwsor of the mdlvldual(s) responslble for the preparatlon of Computers Outside Bechtel, speclfy outstde servlce bureau Use the following the dacumentat8on unless the supervisor 8s the only md~wdualqualkf~ed to be the codes to designate computers revlewer The Program Sponsor wlil mdlcate thm condition by inltlalltng below the reviewer's signature or nltlals. @ TECHNICAL SPECIALIST The person respons~blefor the technlcal lntegrlty of the program The technlcal specialist ensures the soundness of the lheoretlcal basis, the accuracy of the results, and the adequacy and completeness of the documentat~on @ SPONSOR The person responslble for all actlvmes related to the program Consult Bechtel Management lnstruct!on Number 8, Computer Program Prmclpals for deta~lsand see specific respons~b~lct~esoutllnes ~nthls manual By wgnature on the control form, the sponsor approves all aspects of the program The sponsor may delegate hls slgning author#ty.but he remalns responslble for all IranSm~ttalson hls behalf A sponsorlalternato stgnature card 1s malntalned ~nthe hbrary Error Checking translates all program codes used in the database into the user friendly English There are no software error check- which appears in BECCAT. For ex- ing functions. Instead, editorial-type ample, the cryptic code of "C5" in col- checks are placed on certain items. umn 46 of the raw data will appear Those items are 1) limitations on the as BEC82B, BEC82C, CDCCDC, and number of characters in a title, 2) re- CDCUCC in the hard copy book strictions on the number of lines in an catalog. abstract, and 3) correct entry of the Next, this same interface program se- sponsor, technical specialist, and main- lects the print font type that will be used tainer. Beyond these error checks, in the final catalog. BECCAT contains BECCAT is manually edited at the ter- five font styles, and the interface pro- minal by the librarian. gram dictates how words and headings are printed. Producing the Catalog The page formats are also established through the Cobol interface program. Raw Data The footings which contain date and page numgers, as well as the running The raw data is entered into the headings, are produced for each page of BECCAT database via a CRT terminal. BECCAT. The raw data field is limited to 132 char- The interface program- - creates an in- acters, horizontally spaced. To key in all dex of all information within an entry. the necessary information within this A table is kept internally on subject, space limitation, codes must be used. acronym, title, and host computer in- For example, in column 46 of the raw formation. These record fields are then data sample (figure 3)' "C5" is coded for softed alpha-numerically by the Cobol host computers. In a similar fashion, interface program for BECCAT's four column 48 contains codes for program indexes. language. Finally, all unnecessary data is Cobol Interface Program stripped. The raw data contains columns of extraneous material which dis- After the data is input, a Cobol in- appears in the final BECCAT catalog. terface program is used to produce A tape is created by the interface pro- BECCAT. The Cobol interface program gram which is run through communi-

Figure 3. Sample Log Entry Data.

DATE 30 JUL 82 10'32 46 PI0 I4 28 JUN 82 563163 018 BECCAT--CEROO-CE999 r PROG LAST GSU SPNAME-SPONSOR .S .P CASPSPP5 OP REC'D .RID . PIUMBER ACRONYM . DATE S.TS.M OF TEC SPEC. MAIN c o o c PL u L c DV or c T on s w 11 ~~I~JECT/I.IBRAR~COMMENTS . oar€ LO ....== ,==~===~~ ~ .==:==*=== ------.-...~...... ~...- -.-...... ~. . -~-...- ...... = == .= . . -- -~...... ~~ ~-~ . ..---.-~.-. -...... ~- CEBOO BSAP 811224 7V IV K0SIBA.R J I F I C5 At 7V IV 5 1 C9 Y 124 ( .CEBOO 7Y IV KOSIB1. RICHARO J S rCEBOO REL--E4-38 7V 1V W1LEY.J W T S STRUCTIJRAL ANALYSIS PON9Il2009X 8XP IV GILLISPIE. THOMAS 976312 M 5 FINITF ELFMFNT METHOD BECHTEL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROGRAM L S STIFFNE55 THE BECHTEL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROGRAM IRSAP) IS A d S FQAMF5 FINITE-ELEMENT COMPUTER CODE THAT IS USED TO PERFORM LINEAR. A S LINEbU FlA5llC ANbLVSlS ELASTIC bNALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS THIS A COMPUTER CODE USES THE DIRECT STIFFNESS APPROACH. APPLICA- A TIONS MAY BE SIMPLE SIMULATIONS lNVOLVING ONE OR TWO FINITE A ELEMENTS. OR THEY CAN BE VERY LhRGE SIMULATIONS USING SEVERAL A THOUSAND FINITE ELEMENTS BSAP INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING FEATURES - d FINITE-ELEMENT LIBRARY. ANALYSIS CAPABILITY. AN0 INPUT A PROCESSOR CAPABILITIFS A USERS/THEORETICAL (REV 81. VERIFICATION (REV 31. MAINTENWCE (771017). ANO 0 AN ADDITIONAL THEORETICAL (780615) FOR MORE OEIAILEO INrORMATION. (NOTF A U WRITTEN bUTHORIZAIlON IS REOUIRED FROM THE CIVIL CHIEF TO OBTAIN A VERIFICA 0 TION MANUAL. SPONSOR WRITTEN AUltlORl2ATION 15 REOUIREO FOR A COPY OF THF n MAINTENANCE AND SPECIAL TllEORETHlCAL MANUdL ) D PECL E4-38 NOS Y BFSA E4-38 UNIVAC END REPORT

244 special libraries cation channels to the Xerox 9700 Distribution electronic printing system. The Xerox system processes the computer gen- The BECCAT catalog was first pub- erated magnetic tape and produces lished in 1975. Since that time, it BECCAT on 81/2" X 11" paper. has been published semiannually. Currently, it is distributed to more than 500 Bechtel managers and users Cost internationally. Indeed, the Central Data Processing Production of the BECCAT book cata- Library is the repository of computer log tends to be expensive. Initial devel- information at Bechtel. The centralized opment of the program required about software cataloging which produces the 40 hours of professional time. Entry of BECCAT catalog is crucial for Bechtel's the information is an ongoing effort oc- worldwide computer-related work. cupying three professional librarians on a full-time basis. The average monthly Received for review Jan 5, 1982. Revised cost to maintain the BECCAT database manuscript accepted for publication Apr 8, is roughly $5,000.00. Printing of a 1983. master BECCAT and 600 copies of the book catalog in the winter of 1982 cost Sherry Cook and Mercedes Dumlao $6,500.00. Therefore, the estimated cost are librarians, Bechtel Data Processing of each BECCAT is $10.80. Library, San Francisco, CA. The Status of Audiovisual Materials in Networking Patricia Ann Coty

Science and Engineering Library, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY

Greater progress has been achieved in the area of bibliographic control for print media than for audiovisual works. The role of networks in correcting the inadequacy of audiovisual standards, as well as the recommendations proposed by Project Media Base in its report to NCLlS on the status of audiovisuals, are discussed.

UDIOVISUAL materials have rently available. Because inadequate been generally defined as those bibliographic control affects the availa- A materials not totally dependent bility of, and the consequent demand on printed words to transmit meaning. for audiovisual materials, libraries are These materials may take the form of experiencing difficulty in servicing user motion pictures on film or magnetic needs for these items. How can users storage devices (video-tape); audio in- request items unless they are aware of formation on magnetic tape or pressed their existence, and their location? How into vinyl discs; computer-generated can librarians help their users, when graphics; and many other formats (1). often even the librarian does not know Most, although not all, audiovisual what is available? media require some sort of display Networking advances in the last equipment. Audiovisual media, as de- dozen years have done much to correct vices for storing information, differ this insufficiency and promise much from print media only in their method more in the future. Having biblio- of storage. graphic access to materials is the first Bibliographic control, while highly step; making materials available developed in the print realm, is pain- fully inadequate in the area of audiovisual media. A unified approach to bibliographic control is needed to pre- *An expanded version of this article will ap- sent information to all library users pear in Media Librarianship (Neal Schumann about the wide variety of formats cur- Press; John Ellison, ed., in publication).

246 Copyr~ghto 1983 Spec~alL~braries Assoc~at~on special libraries through interlibrary loan networks is as a table of contents or an index. This the second. These are areas where com- allows the library user to rapidly scan puterized networking can have, and in- or browse the material to ascertain its deed is having, its greatest impact. suitability. Audiovisual media, how- Libraries have achieved much "greater ever, usually lack a mechanism for control of print media. One of the con- quickly browsing their contents. Even tributing factors in this disparity is the the purely descriptive information development of audiovisual collections sometimes supplied by the producer or outside of traditional library settings. In distributor is often incomplete or inac- many cases, the standardization of bib- curate. For this reason, it is important liographic formats was not deemed a that detailed abstracts of .the contents be high priority by the audiovisual per- included in databases dealing with au- sonnel or by those who had possession diovisual media. Although there are of the audiovisual collection(s). many abstracting and indexing services Another factor is that many librarians which offer this analysis for print ma- view the cataloging of audiovisual materials, there are few that do the same terials as a more difficult enterurise for audiovisuals. Of those that exist, than cataloging print items; audiovisual most are distributed in print format and items commonly require more fields, or are not available online. Their useful- data elements, than do print media. ness is quickly outdated. The fact that Examples of additional fields include content abstracting is not readily availa- producers, rental sources, media for- ble for most audiovisual materials does mats, running time, and so on. Owing not make the task of establishing a com- to this real or perceived difficulty, au- prehensive database any easier. diovisuals have been given a low cata- Copyright considerations pose addi- loging priority in many libraries. Addi- tional constraints on the creation of tionally, rapid technological changes in audiovisual databases. Since duplica- the field are continually creating new tion of certain media is easy and inex- cataloging needs, and it is a challenge to pensive, whereas the cost of purchase is plan systems which will accommodate steep, audiovisual materials are vulner- this rapid change. able to copyright infringement.* Addi- A third factor is the failure of audio- tionally, some audiovisual materials, visual librarianshir, to develov a uni- unlike books, have "residual rights" or versal terminology in the field. Even royalty fees, applicable each time the basic terms such as "audiovisual," item is used. The free flow of these I I non-print," and "media" appear with- items through networks would require out apparent differentiationin the liter- a complex system for determining and ature. What one librarian calls a "kit" motivating the collection of fees by the will be designated a "sound-slide pro- various parties involved. For these rea- gram" by another and a "sound- sons, there is a hesitancy among pro- recording" by a third. Some librarians ducers and distributors of audiovisual refer to microforms as "print" media, materials to become involved in net- while others delegate them to the realm working activities. of "audiovisual." The problem is com- Whereas most large collections of pounded when an identical piece of in- audiovisual materials are found in aca- formation is encoded onto Goor more demic, public and school libraries, different formats; one may be con- audiovisual collections are also growing sidered "vrint" while the others are not, for example, a monograph copied "For a fuller discussion of the provisions of onto microfilm, videodisc, or computer the Copyright Act pertaining to the use and software. duplication of audiovisual materials, see Laura Information encoded into print, such Gasaway's article. "Audiovisual Materials and as books and journals, tends to have Copyright in Special Libraries." on pages some type of accompanying guide, such 222-239 of this issue.

july 1983 in special libraries, government agen- and fully utilized to provide access to cies, museums, galleries, and historical these resourcesf' (2, p. 5). societies. The current state of audio- In examining existing machine-

visual collections in the maioritvI J of readable audiovisual databases, the institutions discourages networking. Project identified over 40 systems cur- Many libraries differ in their policies for rently in operation, over half of which interlibrary loan of print and audio- consisted of less than 5,000 entries. visual items; audiovisual collections are Most existing systems were reported to often partially or poorly cataloged, be multidisciplinary, with the excep- based on locally produced cataloging tion of the National Library of Medi- systems; interlibrary loan departments cine's AVLINE. Almost half of the and audiovisual departments ;end to be existing systems use locally developed

physically. separate- and speak different bibliographic standards, specifically languages; and the special packaging designed to meet local needs. Over half and handling requirements of audio- of the systems use subject headings visual media create obstacles. other than LC or Sears. Onlv a third of Libraries' reluctance to become in- the systems reported compatibility of volved in audiovisual networking their records with the MARC format. forces users to make innumerable tele- Thus the audiovisual materials that phone calls and trips to different loca- are within some form of database struc- tions to determine whether suitable mature are dispersed throughout the coun- terial exists. Even when they are lucky try, recorded in all types of biblio- enough to find something, they may yet graphic conventions and in various be faced with restrictions on borrowing degrees of completeness. They are ser- the material. viced and controlled by a host of or- In spite of all of the obstacles, prog- ganizations and cooperative bodies at ress is being made. Various audiovisual different levels-from local to na- databases are operational and further tional-and supported by the public, development of these systems is antici- private, and not-for-profit sectors or by pated. The good news for librarians is multisector combinations. An added that we can look forward to more com- difficultv is that these materials are prehensive and useful systems in the dispersed among different types of future. communities, generally categorized as library and nonlibrary. These commu- Project Media Base nities often do not share the same phi- losovhies of free and unrestricted use. Jointly sponsored by the National To create a nationwide database of Commission on Libraries and Informa- audiovisual media, compatability of tion Science (NCLIS) and the Associa- records is requisite, with agreement on tion for Educational Communications a system of bibliographic control. With- and Technology, Project Media Base out this agreement and subsequent was created in 1976 to examine the modification of existing databases, status of audiovisual materials as they there is small chance of the possibility relate to the NCLIS objective "to plan, of unifying the bibliographic informa- develop, and implement a nationwide tion presently available. network of library and information ser- As long as databases continue to be vices" (2). The hypothesis of Project created and maintained as separate, Media Base was that "there is ample localized units, the characteristics of evidence that all the essential elements their bibliographic control can be indi- for a national bibliographic system for vidually adapted to suit their specific audiovisual informational resources needs: but if a national database is to be currently exists, and that there is, there- created, the use of standardized biblio- fore, no apparent reason why a national graphic conventions is imperative. It is system cannot be developed, operated, hoped that the relatively new MARC

special libraries formats for audiovisuals and the ISBD pose of examining the cost-effective- (NBM) (International Standard Biblio- ness of producing unique catalogues for graphic Description for Non-Book Ma- selected schools through a central com- terials) formats will assist toward this puter. Within two years, the project had goal. established guidelines for automated Project Media Base concluded that the cataloging of audiovisual material and principle uses of a nationwide data base had produced more than 350 computer- for audiovisuals would be: generated catalogs of holdings for schools and universities throughout the reference-searching for material United States. The 12,000 item records to fill stated needs, and verification for films and filmstrips deposited by of data for publication of catalogs project participants formed a substan- andlor mediagraphies; tial database. collection building-assessment NICEM gathers data from three and preliminary judgement about sources: participants, media producers items considered for purchase; and distributors, and the Library of acquisition-for purchase, rental, Congress. The criteria for bibliographic or loan; formatting are the Association for Edu- cataloging-subjective and de- cational Communications and Technol- scriptive; ogy's Standards for Cataloging Nonprinf processing-production of labels, Materials and the ALA Anglo-American booking and circulation cards; Cataloging Rules. publication -checklists, catalogs, Over half a million items are accessi- promotional literature; ble through the NICEM database, with statistical support-for collection 40,000 to 50,000 being added yearly. management and for monitoring The database is accessed online via the gaps, redundancies, replacements, Dialog system and is also available for and so on; purchase in book or microfiche format. production support -including Formats represented in the database in- market analysis, determination of clude films, filmstrips, audio tapes, items already available, compari- overhead transparencies, video tapes, sons of formats, subject coverage, records, and slides. Dialog has created a currency, and so on. number of searchable fields, and the Other user needs identified by the availability of this searching flexibility project were the need for holdings state- is an asset which cannot be matched in ments, statements of physical condition manual searching of the printed in- of media, circulation and use data, and dexes. It should be noted that NICEM analytical content treatment (e.g., scene does not provide information on how analysis in films, and so forth) (2, pp. the materials in the database may be 18 +) . borrowed or rented, or even basic hold- Let us take a look at just a few of the ings information. It is strictly a source audiovisual data bases and network of bibliographic data. systems currently enjoying success. The Consortium of University NICEM Film Centers

The National Information Center for The Consortium of University Film Educational Media (NICEM), head- Centers (CUFC) is an organization of 50 quartered at the University of Southern major film rental centers in the United California, first published a computer- States, whose purpose is to share infor- generated film catalog in 1959. This mation related to collection develop- automated catalog aroused such interest ment, distribution of resources, and an that in 1964 a grant was awarded from enhanced availability of audiovisual the U.S. Office of Education for the pur- materials. The CUFC's main accomplishment toward these purposes has In addition to full bibliographic infor- been the creation of a data bank of the mation, most records in AVLINE con- holdings of all its members, published tain reviews and abstracts supplied by by Bowker in 1977 (and revised in 1981) the Association of American Medical as theEducationa1Film Locator. This was Colleges, which maintains a data bank a monumental task which took years to of about 2,500 reviewers in major spe- complete and was long awaited by cialty areas. Materials are given a media librarians throughout the coun- review rating (e. g., "highly recom- try. Approximately 50,000 titles are in- mended," "recommended," "not rec- cluded in the Locator, almost exclusively ommended," "no review," "pending") in 16mm film format. in addition to the full review text avail- The Locator contains full technical able as part of the online record. and descriptive bibliographic citations, with additional rental and ordering in- AGRICOLA formation for each title. Also included are annotations, analyses, and evalua- Begun in 1970 as the CAIN (Cata- tions. Entries are indexed under 1,000 loging and Indexing) database, AGRI- subject categories with thousands of COLA (Agricultural On-Line Access) subject cross-references. Bowker and contains the cataloging and indexing the CUFC began assigning ISBN num- files of the National Agricultural Li- bers to each title in 1976. brary; substantial files on food and nutrition from the Food and Nutrition In- formation and Educational Resources AVLINE Center (FNIC); files on agricultural economics from the American Agricultural The National Library of Medicine, in Economics Documentation Center; En- cooperation with the Association of vironmental Impact Statements; and American Medical Colleges, has devel- the Brucellosis subfile. The National oped an online information and re- Agricultural Library produces and trieval system for audiovisual materials maintains AGRICOLA to support rein all aspects of medicine, nursing, search in the agricultural -sciences, dentistry, health, and related biomedi- including such areas as farm manage- cal sciences. AVLINE (Audio Visuals ment, forestry, animal breeding, ento- On-Line), is a subset of the MEDLINE mology, veterinary medicine, and rural database and is available internation- sociology. ally to qualified health professionals FNIC maintains a collection of audio- and related personnel. Available online visual materials (motion pictures, film- by those who have access to a terminal, strips, slides, games, charts, audio- AVLINE services are also available via tap&, and videocassettes). These items, telephone or mail from the National Li- which number over 1,000, are included brary of Medicine. in the AGRICOLA tapes. A controlled AVLINE contains bibliographic data vocabulary is used for subject access to for over 10,000 items with 100 to 200 the AGRICOLA system,which is avail- additional entries per month. All media able through BRS, Dialog, or SDC. formats are represented: films, video recordings, audiotapes, slides, over- National Film Board of Canada head transparencies, models, and so on. A network of over 1,500 medical The National Film Board of Canada schools, hospitals, research institutions (NFBC), in cooperation with the Uni- and health-related businesses currently versity of Toronto Library Automation use the MEDLINE system, and thus Systems (UTLAS), began work in 1978 have access to the AVLINE records. toward a national information and dis- Since MEDLINE charges are low, this tribution system for Canadian audio- system is cost-effective for its users. visual materials. The goal of the project

special libraries NFBC with information on their new releases. From its database of audiovisual materials, NFBC has been able to create computer-generated subject lists. Re- ciprocal file sharing agreements through UTLAS provide online availability of bibliographic data among libraries, reducing the need for original cataloging. The NFBC file is available for use by other libraries through the UTLAS system. Bibliographic Utilities

OCLC began accepting materials is the creation of a complete delivery covered by AACR Chapter 12 in 1976. service for Canadian audiovisual ma- Loading of Library of Congress MARC terials, to assist film producers and li- tapes for maps and films occurred in braries in the selection, acquisition, 1979 (3). As of February 1982, OCLC and use of Canadian audiovisuals. holdings included records for over The plan combines three related 184,000 audiovisual titles; 94,000 maps; media projects and is designed to bring and 195,000 sound recordings. An in- about the development of one or more depth study produced in May 1981 re- audiovisual networks. These projects vealed that about a third of the audio- are: The Standard Catalogue of Cana- visual records on OCLC were motion dian-Produced Non-Print Materials and pictures; another third were filmstrips; the PRECIS (Preserved Context Index and the remainder were divided among System), both by the University of other formats, such as slides, overhead Toronto Centre for Research on Librar- transparencies, video recordings, and ianship; and the InformationlDistri- kits (4). bution System for Canadian Audio- Since OCLC records include catalog- visual Products, sponsored by the ing data, as well as library holdings, it is National Film Board of Canada. possible to use the file for interlibrary Data-gathering for the NFBC file was loan purposes. However, the interli- begun in 1978 with a drag of five UT- brary loan policies of the various hold- LAS databases which contained signifi- ing libraries differ; it is not possible to cant audiovisual holdings. UTLAS tell from the citation whether the library dumped all records from these bases listed as the holder of the material will which contained any form of the NFBC be willing to lend it. The OCLC online name, in either the imprint or added interlibrary loan system allows fairly entries, into a newly created file. Dupli- quick response to a loan request, so that cate titles were eliminated and remain- one can ascertain the status of a request ing records were edited into consistent within days. format, including MARC-compatible OCLC is the only major bibliographic coding, ISBD, and AACR conventions. utility which does not, at this time, PRECIS indexing was added to each offer accessibility of records via subject. record as the form of subject access. Ad- Records are accessible via title, author, ditional data was obtained from the series, and other routes. Audiovisual Canadian Film Institute, the LC MARC materials are placed in separate files, films Source File, and other libraries in and it is possible to limit a search by the UTLAS network. Also, producers format. and distributors of audiovisual ma- Online acquisition and cataloging of terials have been invited to provide the films, maps, music scores, and sound recordings are available through the requests, many WLN members use the Research Library Group's Research Li- OnTyme electronic mail service to com- braries Information Network (RLIN). municate interlibrary loan messages. Citations on the RLIN database are ac- Subject searching is possible on the cessible by subject, as well as by title, WLN system, in addition to other author, and other modes. RLIN offers modes of access. Searching by format is cataloging information and holdings possible to the extent that format types data for each title. Online access to LC are included as Library of Congress MARC records for maps and films is subheadings. available in addition to access to member's holdings. As of February Conclusions 1982, the RLIN database included 204,000 records (not individual titles) in Project Media Base identified five the films, maps, sound recordings, and major conclusions in its final report to music formats (including musical NCLIS which are appropriate to review scores) (5). RLIN has a message system here: 1) the libary community and the whereby the status of an interlibrary audiovisual communitv differ in a loan request can be ascertained within a number of ways, and have often devel- matter of days. oped separately; 2) much more progress The University of Toronto Library has been achieved in the bibliographic Automated Systems (UTLAS) contains standardizations for print media than thousands of records for media of all for audiovisuals, making the formation formats, including films, filmstrips, of networks an easier proposition for kits, sound recordings, videotapes, and print items than for audiovisuals; 3) to braille materials. Both English and date, efforts to establish such standards French programs are included. Over have been productive but, in the mean- 50,000 LC film records are on the time, separate efforts are growing in system. An electronic mailbox exists for size and complexity making the possi- the transmission of interlibraw loan bility of unification even dimmer; 4) requests, and responses are usually this lack of agreement on standard con- generated within days. ventions is a major barrier to the devel- UTLAS allows subject searching of its opment of a uiified national network files in addition to access by author, for audiovisual resources; and 5) in title, series title, and so forth. The spite of these problems, the essential audiovisual titles are not placed into a elements for a national network do exist separate file, however, so searching-. by (2, pp. 43-44). As progress in this regard specified format is not possible. moves slowly forward, librarians must The Washington Library Network continue to serve their users as best (WLN) includes approximately 210,000 they can with the resources that cur- records for projected media (films, rently exist, while exploring the prob- slides, videotape) in its database. Since lems that must be resolved before viable WLN discourages duplicate records for alternatives can be established. Many identical items, this number is probably special librarians have access to one of a good indication of discrete titles avail- the bibliographic utilities for acquisi- able through WLN member libraries. tions and cataloging information, and These audi&isual titles comprise about to one of the database vendors (BRS, 9% of WLN's database. Sound record- SDC, Dialog) which offer the various ings, maps, and man&cripts are specialized networks such as NICEM, planned for inclusion in the future. Rec- AVLINE, and AGRICOLA. Bowker's ords are input from LC MARC tapes, Educational Film Locator can be pur- and locally cataloged materials are ac- chased inexpensively for those who are cepted from WLN member libraries. Al- interested in 16mm films. though there is currently no message- Through a realization that audio- switching system for interlibrary loan visual materials are increasingly impor-

special libraries tant sources of information for users, it Bibliography may some day be possible to grant these formats a status equal to that of our old Avram, Henriette D. "International Stan- friend the book. At that time, the dream dards for the Interchange of Bibliographic of free and unrestricted access to infor- Records in Machine-readable Form." Li- mation, regardless of its packaging, brary Resources and Technical Services 20 might finally be realized. (no. 1): 25-35 (Winter 1976). Gardhouse, Judy "NFB Develops Delivery Service for Canadian Non-print Media." Literature Cited Canadian Library Journal 37 (no. 2): 73-76 (Apr 1980). 1. Brong, Gerald R. "The Path to Inter- Goodman, H. J. A. "The Development of library Networking for Audio Visual National and International Information Materials." InProceedings of the Con- Systems and Networks Involving Com- ference on interlibrary Communica- binations of Print and Non-print Media." tions and information Networks, Aug 1978. ERIC ED 168 533. Joseph Becker, ed. Chicago, Ameri- Jonassen, David H. "National Audiovisual can Library Association, 1971. p. Data Base: A Deficient Knowledge Base." Bulletin of the ASlS 5 (no. 3): 17-18 (Feb 101. 1979). 2. Brong, Gerald et al. Problems in Bib- Kudrick, Linda, comp. Media Services at the liographic Access to Non-Print Ma- National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, terials: Project Media Base. Final Re- Md., National Library of Medicine, May port. Association for Educational 1981. Communications and Technology, Rains, Ruth R. "Bibliographic Control of Washington, D. C. Sponsored by Media: One Step Closer." Library Trends National Commission on Libraries 27 (no. 1): 83-92 (Summer 1978). and Information Science, Washing- Slusser, Margaret G. "NICEM, the Non- ton, D. C., Oct 1979. ERIC ED print Data Base." Database 3 (no. 3): 63-67 (Sep 1980). 185968. p. 4. 3. Jacob, Mary Ellen L. "Special Librar- ies and OCLC." In The Special Li- brary Role in Networks, Robert W. Received for review Jun 28, 1982. Gibson, Jr., ed. New York, Special Manuscript accepted for publication Apr Libraries Association, 1980. pp. 5, 1983. 169-170. 4. Online Union Catalog Statistics by For- mat (as of 1982 February 8). Dublin, Ohio, OCLC, Inc., 1982. Patricia Ann Coty is former associate 5. The Research Libraries Group in Brief. director, Public Services, Science Stanford, Calif., The Research Li- and Engineering Library, State Uni- braries Group, Inc., March 1982. versity of New York, Buffalo, N.Y. Crisis and Growth SLA, 1918-1919 Robert V. Williams and Martha Jane Zachert

College of Library and Information Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.

H In 1918, nine years after it was founded, Special Libraries Association was in a crisis situation. Membership was down, finances were in arrears, and leadership was lacking. By the end of 1919, these conditions were almost completely reversed and a foundation had been firmly laid that would ably serve the Association in the coming years. The reasons for this crisis and the subsequent revival are examined in detail.

N November 1918, the war to "make of promoting the interests of special li- the world safe for democracy" braries in a variety of private and public I ended, and the United States began settings. Its members were enthusiastic a return to-as Warren G. Harding ex- and their initial efforts resulted in con- pressed it-"nomalcy." In that same tributions to the development of the month, Special Libraries Association concept of special libraries in American officially began its tenth year. Though society (2). the founding gesture had been made in The year 1918-1919, however, was to July 1909, complete organization had be a crucial one, as unmarked by "nor- not taken place until November when a malcy" for the Association as for the constitution was adopted and a full slate country at large. Though it could not be of officers was elected (1). From 1909 to described precisely as moribund, SLA about 1917 the Association maintained had become a passive organization, un- a satisfactory and consistent growth in responsive to the challenges inherent in membership and financial power as it the- growing special libraries move- set about fulfilling its avowed purpose ment. Membership decreased, financial strength was at its lowest point in the decade, and activities appeared en- A broader histor~calsketch of the Associa- feebled. Yet within a year or so the tion's past, co-authored by Williams and situation had reversed; for the year of Zachert, will appear in the October issue of crisis contained the seed for a healthier Special Libraries. It will comprise the second future. in a four-part series of art~clescelebrating SLA's 75th Anniversary (see page 297 for To understand the conditions within further details). SLA, as well as the society in which it

254 Copyr~ghto 1983 Specla1 L~brar~esAssociat~on special libraries and special librarians existed, five but during the period 1917-1918, the factors-can be identified as having in- affairs of the new association and its fluenced major changes in the Associa- members were disrupted. tion's life in 1918-1919. Stated generally, A similar effect was taking place these factors were: within the nation as a whole as it mobi- 1. The syndrome of war economy, lized all its resources for war. Industries with its characteristics of narrow focus. and businesses not critical to the war disruptions, and dislocation was fol- effort were shut down, over two million lowed by a renewed outpouring of men were conscripted into service, and money, people, technology, and infor- hundreds of thousands of women mation into the national economy at the joined the work force. Banks and large end of 1918. investors who formerly had funded the 2. The loss of active leadership in the establishment of new businesses now Association early in 1918 was followed poured their money into the war effort by the infusion of a new, more dynamic through Liberty Bonds and similar ef- leadership on almost every level by the forts. The War Industries Board was end of the year. given authority to set economic priori- 3. The lack of a specific communica- ties and allocate resources. All, how- tion pathway to respond quickly to the ever, were to be directed towards win- needs of the SLA membership was rem- ning the war (3). edied by the provision of a forum for The period from early 1917 to late this explicit purpose. 1918 was a difficult time for the nation, 4. The deterioration of SLA's ability as well as the struggling SLA. Energies to attract new members encouraged the of all types were being redirected, and Association to initiate an enthusiastic even those special librarians who were and successful membership drive. not directly affected by the war in terms 5. The intensification of SLA's of job loss or change were likely to estrangement from the American Li- be taking on new responsibilities that brary Association provided the justi- were in some way related to the war. fication to hold separate annual meet- These disruptions to the affairs of the ings and to develop autonomous SLA Association and its individual mem- programs. bers, like those to the nation itself, Whereas the combination of negative began slowly after April 1917, but in- factors had resulted in a passive organi- creased at a rapid pace within the next zation during 1918, by midyear 1919 the year. These effects were at their height positive factors were in the ascendency, in the nation and within the ~ssocia- enabling the organization to again be- tion in the first half of 1918. come dynamic and effective. Once victory in Europe was achieved in late 1918, the Association began its The War Syndrome revival. The war brought about fundamental changes in the nature of U.S. in- The best indication of the impact dustry, business and government, all of of World War I on SLA can be found which began to grow and prosper at un- within the pages of Special Libraries (2). precedented rates. With these changes Even before the official entry of the also came new opportunities for special United States into the war, there are librarians and their Association. scattered references to resignations, transfers, and changes in jobs of SLA members and special librarians in gen- SLA Leadership eral. In the months following April 1917, these references appear more and The infusion of a new and dynamic more frequently. Eventually, the war leadership following the July 1918 an- would have a positive effect on libraries nual meeting proved to be the cru- and on special libraries in particular, cial factor in the revival of SLA. Dr. Charles C. Williamson had been elected he may have devoted less time and President of SLA sometime before Oc- interest to SLA than was needed during tober 1916 to succeed F. N. Morton, this crucial period. who resigned because of illness. (4). Williamson had been involved for Williamson had been a member of SLA some time with the Carnegie Corpora- for a number of years, and was in 1916 tion. In May 1918, shortly after his res- Vice President of SLA and President of ignation from his SLA post, he began an affiliate organization, the New York full-time work as a statistician for the Special Libraries Association. As mu- Corporation (9), and in October 1918, nicipal reference librarian of New York he also resumed his position as director City and as director of the Economics of the Economics Division of the New Division of New York Public Library, York Public Library (10). Questioned in he had considerable experience as a 1949 on what he considered the high- special librarian and appeared to be lights of his tenure as SLA President, well-qualified for his responsibilities as Williamson could not remember the SLA President (5). dates of the administration (1 1). Williamson's term (November 1916- Perhaps Williamson was distracted April 1918) was not a distinguished by personal affairs during this impor- one, however; in fact, little seems to tant time for the Association. Un- have been accomplished. His presi- fortunately the record makes plain that dential address of 1917 was an un- no other SLA officer picked up the inspired account of traditional activi- reins. The decline was evident during ties. Even these activities, as reported the 1918 annual meeting at Saratoga in Special Libraries and Library Journal, Springs (8, 12). appeared to have declined as did both membership and financial resources (6). In April 1918, Williamson resigned as President of SLA. The Executive Board did not replace him immediately and, as a consequence, the Association drifted without top leadership for several months (7). Shortly after July 1918, a special com- The exact reasons for Williamson's mittee of SLA elected Guy E. Marion as inability to provide aggressive leader- President. As one of the Association's ship are not known; nor is conjecture founding members, he had remained made easier for the historian by the ab- active in its affairs (13). After serving sence of official records for this period. first as business manager of Special Li- Apparently he tried, for, in his presi- braries (1909-1910), Marion was elected dential address he made a strong plea secretary-treasurer, a post he held until for certain improvements in the Asso- 1915 (14). ciation. Though these suggestions later Marion was a keen advocate of special proved to be of value, Williamson made libraries and an acknowledged practi- no apparent effort to implement them tioner of the concept. In his study of during his own term. He did make a early industrial libraries, Kruzas de- routine attempt to improve the financial scribes Marion's library at American status of the Association and to recruit Brass Company as one of the first infor- new members (8); however, little action mation centers in the United States (15). and no success resulted. As librarian of Arthur D. Little, Incor- It may have been that war conditions porated, in Boston, and later as a did not lend themselves to any great im- private special library consultant and provement in the status of library asso- organizer, Marion continued to build ciations. Perhaps Williamson did not and advance his ideas (13, 16). When have the cooperation of his fellow of- he assumed office as President of SLA at ficers and SLA members generally, or the age of 36, he spoke with the driving

special libraries enthusiasm of youth. In his first public Edith Phail of Waterbury, Connecticut, written notice to the membership after and J. H. Friedel of the National Indus- he became President, Marion sounded trial Conference Board. Friedel also the note of confidence and belief in the served as editor of Special Libraries special library idea that was to be char- beginning late in 1918 (18). acteristic of his administration and of These five were able to work together his life-a note that had been lacking in enthusiastically and effectively-a rare the immediate past. phenomenon. It was Marion, Williams, and Friedel, however, who were the In times of unending change such as we are witnessing today, this Association prime movers of change. Using his has boundless power for accomplishing knowledge of the Association's history things, such as it never possessed be- and its internal workings, Marion was fore. . . . New Special Libraries are able to organize his energies toward springing up everywhere. New opportu- correcting its weaknesses and building nities for service are being pre- its strengths. Williams managed to un- sented. . . . You must enlist the support, tangle the financial affairs and helped to active, not passive, of every Special Li- move the organization into a solid fiscal brarian with whom you come in contact position. Marion gave Williams the (17). credit in his presidential address of Because of his experience as an officer 1919, and the extant records reflect her during the earlikr administrations, careful management. Marion was able to pinpoint one of the No small part of the improved finan- major reasons for the decline of the cial position accrued from Friedel's change in policies regarding the distribution of free copies of Special Libraries Your new president is undoubtedly favored with the unusual background to a large mailing list. Friedel, who which comes from years of service as could probably be dubbed the first Secretary-Treasurer . . . but those were "militant" advocate for special librar- days of beginning and construction only. ies, was able to convince the member- The Association is now coming into its ship of the need for enthusiasm and own, and its fortunes can no longer be cooperation. Through editorials in Spe- guided by a select few. We have, without cial Libraries and articles and letters to warning (as it were), passed a time when the editor of Library Journal, he never let a small gathering around the dinner table the reader forget that special libraries could solve the problems of this organi- and SLA represented the wave of the zation. The Association from now forward must stand or fall upon the loyal future: support of its members everywhere (17). Librarianship is tending more and more Armed with this conviction, Marion toward the special library and the special pressed for an expansion of the Associa- library methods. . . . We are learning already to think in terms of knowledge and tion's communications structure as a print, rather than in terms of book covers major goal of his administration. He be- and title pages. The future librarian will lieved that a channel from the member- be a specialist (19). ship at large to the Executive Board was essential for Board decisions to reflect Friedel was able in a unique way to accurately the desires of the members. make the pages of Special Libraries re- In the implementation of this goal, flect the trends of the new administra- Marion was extremely fortunate to have tion in every respect. Enthusiasm for several strong individuals as members special libraries was on virtually every of his Executive Board. As Vice- page. He made the drive for new President, Edward D. Redstone, Massa- members into a personal crusade. The chusetts State Librarian; as Secretary- change in subscription prices for the Treasurer, Caroline E. Williams of E. I. journal (an important factor in improv- Dupont de Nemours; as Board members ing finances) was capably explained. The need for serving a great variety of selves during 1912, and reports on their members was filled by developing an activities appear in Special Libraries dur- editorial board representative of va- ing the period 1913-1918. rious types of special libraries, and by Apparently, however, the plan to publishing bibliographic issues de- have the Board function as an advisory voted to their special interests. The bodv was not successful because it be- deepening conflict with the American came necessary to revive it in 1919. Library Association was openly aired to How successful Marion was in doing the members, and a vision for the future this is difficult to determine because of of the Association was established. the sketchy nature of the Executive Thus, in the space of less than a year Board records of the time. Based on a new and successful leadership took these records and the published reports over the SLA helm. It designed a in Special Libraries, it appears that the new communication role for members, National Advisory Board did report revived flagging interest, and pro- to and advise the Executive Board but vided direction for the future. Guy that its influence was not particularly Marion's ability to weld such a team at strong. And, for at least a few years, its this particular time was probably his influence would not be as strong as the major service to the cause of special soon-to-be-formed subject-division librarianship. based Advisory Board. Nevertheless, the idea of geographically based groups of special librarians having an influence The Advisory Council on national association affairs was a firmly established one that would con- In his first letter to the Association tinue to endure and make SLA a dis- membership, Marion had pointed out tinctive organization. that the time was past when a few In vartial imvlementation of his ob- members sitting around a dinner table jective to improve the Association's could decide the affairs of the Associa- management, Marion appointed Friedel tion. At the first Executive Board meet- on May 21, 1919, to "suggest a plan for ing at which he presided as President, the better management of the affairs he placed the matter of Board- of the Association. . . ." Friedel was membership communications on the commissioned to report to the next an- agenda (20). Following the discussion, nual meeting "to call upon the other Marion was empowered to "revivify the members of the Executive Board for National Advisory Board" (21 ). such advice and information as was The National Advisory Board had necessary (23)." Friedel agreed with been created in early 1912 and consisted Marion that improved management de- of the "district heads" of the 14 "re- pended on improved communication. sponsibility districts" into which the In his report during the June 1919 Exec- entire United States had been divided. utive Board meeting, Friedel expressed The districts, much like current-day the philosophy of the Executive Board chapters, were to be the local represen- as follows: tation of SLA in all its various aspects. The district heads were to organize . . . that the Association's work might be existing special librarians in their areas, improved if the various elements in aid and promote the establishment of the Association were given . . . some method of expressing their opinion on new special libraries and, in general, various questions or policies involved in serve as advocates for the concept of the Association. . ." (23, p. 29). special libraries and SLA. The district heads, initially appointed by the Execu- Friedel recommended a structure that tive Board, were to be elected once the would allow members from similar li- districts were sufficiently organized braries to function in groups. Each (22). These groups did organize them- group would be represented by two

special libraries large to take immediate action to implement an important decision, such as that of the formation of interest groups and the election of representatives. The 75 members present recessed into seven groups: commercial libraries, financial libraries, insurance libraries, legisla- tivelreference libraries, technical and engineering libraries, industrial libraries, and welfare libraries. Each group elected two of its members to represent it on the newly authorized Advisory Council. In ten minutes time the job members of its own choosing on an was done: SLA had subject interest "advisory or conference committee to groups and an Advisory Council (24). advise your Executive Board and your The groundwork was well-laid. offices of your ideas, of your wishes, so Within the next two or three adminis- that each section will be able to express trations the Advisory Council was itself best and evervone will feel the functioning as a dynamic and valuable Association is tryinito cover the broad part of the Association. In one master field which has been growing during stroke the decision-making appara- the whole ten years" (23, p. 29). tus had been broadened, members It should benoted that in this broad- had achieved a greater degree of self- sweeping plan, Friedel proposed not government, and a springlet of fresh only an advisory council but, through ideas flowed directly from all parts of the formation of interest groups, the the special library world. The Marion divisions themselves. In a single rec- administration could close on a note of ommendation, Friedel devised the assurance. structure which has, with increasing formality and complexity, characterized Renewal of Interest Special Libraries Association for six decades. Two of the most serious problems fac- When Friedel's plan was put to a mo- ing Guy Marion as incoming president tion before the Association, it generated of.SLA in 1918 were the sharp decline considerable discussion. The idea of in membership in the Association and representing the various interests in a resulting decline in financial re- SLA in the forum of an advisory council sources. Both membership and fi- passed easily; the matter of how these nances had been on the decline since representatives should be chosen and 1915, Marion's last year as Secretary- whom they should represent took a Treasurer (25). longer time and required more discus- In 1915 SLA had 354 members and sion. Some members thought the repre- collected, from all revenue sources, sentatives should be chosen at large and $839.56; at year's end, with all expenses should represent a specified number of paid, there was a balance of $23.79 members without regard for common (26, 27). In 1916 membership had de- interest other than that of the total clined to 300, money collected to Association. After lengthy debate, $640.50, and the year end balance again however, this method of representation was reported to be $23.79 (28). Figures was rejected. The way was opened for for 1917 differ in various sources, but in the adoption of Friedel's original plan December of that year Williamson, in a for representation by interest groups. special plea to members to pay dues, Though the membership was too noted that "fifty or sixty" members had large to decide Association matters been lost and that a deficit of $40.47 around the dinner table, it was not too existed on the official books (8, p. 170- 171). By June, 1918, membership had journal into a stimulating medium for declined even further, and the Secre- exchange of information about special tary-Treasurer reported a balance of librarianship took shape. only $10.00 (29). The third prong of the Board's plan The need for emergency measures was the specific recruitment of new was clear. At his first Executive Board members. This responsibility was as- meeting, Marion asked for ideas and signed to a committee with R. H. cooperation. The Board responded with Redstone, SLA Vice-president, as chair- a three-part plan to be implemented in man (23, p. 30). The exact methods of a crash period of three months. the campaign are not known, but the The keynote of this plan was public- success of the total effort is clear. By the ity. In the first phase of its plan the time of the June 1919 annual meeting Board reactivated an idea that had membership had climbed over the 400 proved useful in the early days of the mark. Money collected had risen to Association; it initiated a survey of spe- $1273.60, and the year ended with all cial libraries, emphasizing statistical expenses paid and a balance of $759.12 data on the libraries with which (30). members were affiliated but including, Perhaps the most dramatic evidence as well, all special libraries about which of renewed interest is shown in the at- data could be provided. Tear-out ques- tendance figures for the 1918 and 1919 tionnaire forms were included in Special meetings. In 1918 the average attend- Libraries with the idea that they could ance at sessions of the annual meeting and would be duplicated and distrib- had been under 40; in 1919 several ses- uted to any special library a reader sions ran over 250 (31 ). might know about. Since the survey The growing distribution list of Spe- was designed as a continuing one, it cial Libraries also played its part. Thanks was publicized over a period of time, in to new policies of exchanges and gifts, order to increase the awareness of as well as the increase in membership, members, subscribers and readers alike the Special Libraries distribution list in- to the growing number of special librar- creased from 325 in late 1918 to 430 by ies recorded. June, 1919 (32). Though some of these The Board made extensive plans to changes appear modest in actual num- have an exhibit on special libraries bers, they were important percentage shown at the imminent joint meeting gains, and their combined psycholog- of SLA and American Library Associa- ical value is incalculable. Once again, tion. Supplies of membership applica- SLA was on an upward swing, one that tions were ordered for use at the exhibit would increase steadily as time passed. booth to sign up members without delay, and extra copies of Special Librar- ALA vs. SLA ies were printed for free distribution (23, p. 30). Some months earlier, The founding of Special Libraries Friedel, as editor of Special Libraries, Association in 1909 did not create much had appointed a group of contributing of a disturbance among the member- editors, each representing a variety of ship of ALA or its leadership. From the special libraries which he wished to beginning, John Cotton Dana had emphasize in the journal. During 1918, urged the ALA Executive Board ". . . to monthly issues of the journal focused interest itself in the growth of special attention on descriptions of collections, libraries, and to take over, as a part of facilities and services of each variety the ALA, the new movement. . . ," of library in turn. Numerous subject but his advice was ". . . definitely bibliographies were published. To the ignored. . ." (33). Exactly why this atti- earlier enthusiasm evidenced in Special tude existed and continued for the next Libraries was now added considerable few years can only be a matter of specu- substance as Friedel's effort to mold the lation. In a letter to the Editor of Library

special libraries Journal in 1919, Dana stated that it was ". . . assist and advise . . . with refer- because of ". . . the very clumsy form of ence to the choice of books on technical the ALA organization" (33). and specialized subjects and class Whatever the reasons for the continu- periodicals to be installed in canton- ance of this attitude, it became an in- ments and in camp libraries;" and creasingly sore point to SLA members, 3) ". . . prepare a descriptive pam- many of whom were also members of phlet . . . calling attention . . . to the ALA. The feeling of disenfranchise- proposed distribution of books on tech- ment reached its height during the war nical and specialized subjects. . ." (36). years. At the June 1917 convention, ALA, however, chose to ignore SLA's ALA had formed a War Service Com- attempt at cooperation. R. H. Johnston mittee and charged it with the responsi- reported at the July 4, 1918, meeting of bility of aiding in the war effort in any the SLA Executive Board ". . . that var- way it could. The Committee immedi- ious attempts had been made to coop- ately established official relations with erate with the ALA but without success the War Department and set up head- as the ALA had taken the view that the quarters at the Library of Congress. Its war library service undertaken by that work for the remainder of the war was association was a general and not a remarkable: it collected and distributed special library problem" (37). to soldiers in the United States and This attitude of deliberate neglect was overseas several million volumes of evidenced by ALA's publication of an books and magazines; well over a mil- "Historical Sketch of the Library War lion dollars was raised by ALA alone to Service" in which no mention was finance its operations (over 700 people made of SLA or of its attempt to coop- were employed in the effort at one erate (34). Throughout the war ALA point); and it built libraries and library continued to ignore SLA even though buildings in hospitals, camps, prisons, page after page of the 1917-18 issues of and ships (34, 35). Special Libraries urged members to

Throughout the war ALA continued to ignore SLA even though page after page of the 1917-18 issues of Special Libraries urged members to cooperate in any way possible with the war effort, and SLA was, at one time, officially a part of the ALA War Service Committee.

SLA attempted to join in the effort cooperate in any way possible with the but was soundly rebuffed by ALA. In war effort, and SLA was, at one time, August 1917, only two months after officially a part of the ALA War Service ALA had formed its Committee, SLA Committee. appointed a committee on war service The war experience left many special to work with the ALA committee. The librarians with a bitter feeling toward SLA committee outlined the purpose ALA. There was talk, at the 1918 meet- and plan of its work to ". . . ing, of having SLA hold its annual con- cooperate closely with the American Li- ference at a time and place separate brary Association committee, prefer- from ALA's, but nothing came of the ably working as a sub-committee . . ." proposal. In his presidential address by the following means: 1) "Reach Marion urged that "all library systems" special classes out of the scope of (38) work in harmony, and editorials in the general [ALA] committee;" 2) Special Libraries and Library Journal urged the same viewpoint, commend- By 1919, however, the situation had ing his attitude to all librarians (39). reversed. Imagination, enthusiasm and kt the 1919 conference there were positive leadership gave the Associa- lengthy and spirited debates on the tion new life and a vision for the future. breakdown of relationships between During his tenure as president, the two organizations. A strongly Marion directed and witnessed new worded resolution, criticizing ALA's at- beginnings: membership was in- titude towards special librarians, was creased; finances were stabilized; Spe- drafted to send to the ALA Council. cial Libraries was revived; a definition of Even though the final resolution was "special library" was formulated; the narrowly defeated, a committee was ap- Advisory Council was formed; a survey pointed to study the matter of official of special libraries was started; and a relations with ALA (40). public relations campaign promoting Fortunately, a total break with ALA the concept of special library was ini- did not occur at this time. The SLA tiated. Executive Board decided to hold its 1920 annual meeting at a time and place different from ALA's. This decision was Persons of action and vision made for the convenience of SLA are rare. Guy E. Marion was members and was not the result of bit- terness. The ALA meeting was to be such a person as were his fel- held in Colorado Springs, and the SLA low workers on the Executive Executive Board felt that more special Board of 1918-1919. librarians would attend a meeting on the East Coast (41). Consequently, SLA scheduled its meeting in New York, thus beginning the trend to hold sep- Marion also recommended the estab- arate meetings. lishment of certain internal organiza- Troubles between the two organi- tional improvements which, when im- zations, however, would continue to plemented in the future, would prove to divide their efforts to provide the best be of great benefit to the Association. library service to American society. As He strongly urged the employment of a Thomison put it so well in describing permanent secretary; he advocated a relationships between the two organi- paid editor; he advised the separation zations during the period 1918-1922, of the office of secretary-treasurer; and ". . . it was thus becoming clear that an he urged that research be done on the accumulation of affronts, neglect, care- :nature of the special library field (43). lessness, and selfishness was straining the once friendly relationship between Persons of action and vision are rare. the two sister organizations" (42). Guy E. Marion was such a person, as were his fellow workers on the Execu- tive Board of 1918-1919. There have Summary been, undoubtedly, others of equal, perhaps greater, stature in the years Guy Marion stated in his presidential since 1909. Unfortunately, we know lit- address to the Association on June 24, tle of these people and the work they 1919: "A few years ago we, too, stood 'at did in the critical or the benign years of the crossroads.' The affairs of this asso- our Association's history. Their stories, ciation were at a critical position" (38). though buried in dusty-documents and It was true: the Association, perhaps hazy memories, deserve the telling. even the concept of special libraries, Without such backward glances our was dormant. The times and the lack of past is uninterpreted, our continuity in- imagination, enthusiasm, and leader- complete, our perspective on our future ship made it so. diminished.

special libraries Literature Cited 15. Kruzas, Anthony /Business and lndustrial Libraries in the United States, 1820-1940. New York, SLA, 1965, p. 75. 1. Minute Book No. 1, Special Libraries 16. Marion, Guy E. I "The Founding Fathers Association Archives. Recalled." Special Libraries 55 (no. 6): 2. Special Libraries 9-10 (1917-1918). 353-355 (Jul-Aug 1964). 3. Dubofsky, Melvyn, et al.lThe United 17. Marion, Guy1"To Our Membership." States in the Twentieth Century, Engle- Special Libraries 9 (no. 7-8):176 (SepOct wood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1978, 1918). pp. 142-156; Kennedy, David M. lover 18. library Journal 43 (no. 12):989 (Dec Here: The First World War and American 1918). Society. New York, Oxford University 19. Friedel, J. H.IUWe, Our Association, Press, 1980. 404p. the Future." Special Libraries 10 (no. 1- 4. "News and Notes." Special Libraries 2):1517 (Jan-Feb 1919). 7 (no. 8):145 (Oct 1916); Library Journal 20. Calendar for Executive Board Meeting, 41(no. 12):892 (Dec. 1916). SLA, Nov 16, 1918. Minute Book No. 4, 5. Vann, Sarah K. /The Williamson Report: p. 9, SLA Archives. A Study, Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow 21. Minutes of Executive Board Meeting, Press, 1971, pp. 52-55; Winckler, Paul SLA, Nov 26, 1918. Minute Book No. 4, A. I "Charles C. Williamson: His Profes- SLA Archives, p. 7. sional Life and Work in Librarianship 22. Statement by Handy, D. N. and Guy E. and Library Education in the United Marion I "Responsibility Districts." Spe- States," Ph.D. thesis, New York Uni- cial Libraries 3 (no. 10):194-196 (Dec versity, 1968. 1912). 6. Williamson, C. C. I "Presidential 23. Minutes of the Executive Board Meet- Address . . . 1917." Special Libraries 8 ing, SLA, May 21, 1919. Minute Book (no. 7):100-103 (Sep 1917).Although the No. 4, SLA Archives, p. 16. Minute Books of the Secretary-Treasurer 24. Minutes of the Extra Business Session, for the years 1917 and 1918 have disap- June 26, 1919. Minute Book No. 4, peared, deductions can be made by pp. 61-64, SLA Archives. comparing figures for 1916 and 1919 and 25. Information relating to membership and by careful reading of Special Libraries finances has been gathered from a and Library Journal for this period. number of soyces, some exact and 7. Special Libraries 9 (no. 5):119 (May 1918). some approximate. Different accounting The Executive Board did not arrange methods used by different incumbents for the election of a successor until July in office have made it difficult to 1918. Library Journal 43 (no. 8):621 (Aug compare annual figures with accuracy. 1918). Also, as noted earlier, some official rec- 8. Williamson, C. C. I "Important Notice to ords from these years are missing and Members and Subscribers." Special Li- secondary sources are not in precise braries 8 (no. 10):169 (Dec 1917). agreement. 9. Library Journal 43 (no. 11):843 (Nov 26. "Special Libraries Association." Library 1918). Journal 41 (no. 6):449 (Jun 1916). 10. Vann, Sarah K. /The Williamson Report: 27. Minutes of the Executive Board Meet- A Study. Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow ing, SLA, Sep 29, 1915. Press, 1971, p. 55. 28. Minutes of the Executive Board Meet- 11. "A Further Remembrance of Things ing, SLA, Jun 26, 1916. Minute Book Past. . . ."Special Libraries 60 (no. 8):537 No. 3, p. 95, SLA Archives. (Oct 1969). 29. Special Libraries 9 (no. 6):143 (Jun 1918); 12. "Special Libraries Association." Libra ry Special Libraries 10 (no. 6):152 (Sep Journal 43 (no. 8):621-622 (Aug 1918); 1919). Special Libraries v. 9 (no. 6):143 (Jun 30. Special Libraries 10 (no. 6):155 (Sept. 1918); v. 10 (no. 6):152 (Sep 1919). 1919); Minutes of the Executive Board 13. Williams, Robert V. /Unpublished oral Meeting, SLA, June 23, 1919. Minute history interview with G. E. Marion, Book No. 4, p. 2, SLA Archives. 1966. Available: SLA Archives, pp. 20- 31. "Special Libraries Association," Library q" LL. Journal 43 (no. 8):621-622 (Aug 1919); 14. Library Journal 41 (no. 6):449 (Jun 1916); "Special Libraries Association," Library v. 40 (no. 11):810 (Nov 1915). Journal 44 (no. 8):550-551 (Aug 1919). 32. Special Libraries 10 (no. 6):155 (Sep 1919). 39. See various editorials in Library Journal 33. Dana, John C./Letter to the Editor in 44 (no. 5):487-488 (Aug 1919); 45 (no. 7): "The Open Round Table." Library 319 (Apr 1920). Also editorials in Special Journal 44 (no. 7):481 (Jul 1919). Libraries 10 (no. 1-2):15-16 (Jan-Feb 34. Shearer, A. H. "Historical Sketch of the 1919); 10 (no. 9):253-254 (Dec 1919). Library War Service." ALA Bulletin 13 40. Minutes of the Executive Board Meet- (no. 3):224-235 (1919). ing, SLA, June 25, 1919. Minute Book 35. Thomison, DennislA History of the No. 4, pp. 1-19, SLA Archives. American Library Association, 18761972, 41. "The Annual Meeting of 1920" Chicago, ALA, pp. 64-70. (editorial). Special Libraries 10 (no. 8):223 36. "Special Libraries Association Plans for (Nov 1919). War Service." Library Journal 42 (no. 10): 42. Thomison, Dennis /A History of the 773-774 (Oct 1917). American Library Association, 2876-1972. 37. Minutes of the Executive Board Meet- Chicago, ALA, 1978. p. 67. ing, SLA, July 4, 1918. Minute Book 43. "Special Libraries Association-Tenth No. 4, pp. 1-2, SLA Archives. Annual Convention," Special Libraries 38. Marion, Guy E. "Interpreting the 10 (no. 6):152-159 (Sept. 1919). Library Movement," Libra ry Journal 44 (no. 8):49&497 (Aug. 1919). Also pub- Received for review Jan 7, 1983. Manu- lished in Special Libraries 10 (no. 6): script accepted for publication Feb 18, 15P157 (Sept. 1919). 1983.

Robert V. Williams is assistant professor and Martha Jane Zachert is professor, College of Library and In- formation Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.

special libraries Talkback Telephone Network Techniques of Providing Library Continuing Education Ruth W. Wender

University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Library, Oklahoma City

Four lectures on solving medical reference requests were given over a talkback telephone teleconference network which links 110 hospitals throughout the state. Participants in the course were librarians in nonurban public libraries, systems libraries, and small hospital libraries. Professional librarians as well as library personnel with little training took the course. Techniques were developed for providing continuing education over this telephone network to individuals located in remote areas. These techniques are described including analysis of their advantages and disadvantages.

N April 1981, the University of The OUHSC Library had used this net- Oklahoma Health Sciences Center work in 1980 for a series of nine lectures I(OUHSC) Library cooperated with on "Management of the Small Hospital the Oklahoma Department of Libraries Library" (I ). Techniques for providing (ODL) and the hospital-controlled library continuing education through Oklahoma Talkback Medical Education this telephone network developed in Network to bring a program of continu- the 1980 course were perfected in the ing education to public and hospital 1981 series of lectures. librarians. Talkback telephone network facilities, materials, expertise, re- Background sources, and manpower were shared among the participating groups. The OUHSC Library provides backup Through use of the talkback telephone document delivery and reference help network, this continuing education to two library networks, the TALON undertaking extended throughout (Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Okla- Oklahoma, permitting librarians to homa, New Mexico) regional medical learn in their own geographic areas. library network and the Oklahoma Tele- communications Interlibrary System details of the joint efforts of an academic (OTIS), headquartered at the state health science library and a large pub- library, Oklahoma Department of lic library to approach the problem Libraries. In this dual networking of handling health-related questions capacity, the OUHSC Library became asked by the general public (3). aware of a need to train librarians in nonurban areas to provide health- related information. Project Aims Small public libraries, staffed either by subprofessionals or by professionals With this partnership of a public and with no expertise in handling bio- an academic medical library as an exam- medical reference, often referred ple, the OUHSC Library and ODL co- health-related requests to the OUHSC operated in sponsoring a four-part talk- Library reference department through back teleconference lecture series titled the OTIS network. Similarly, small hos- "Solving Medical Reference Requests." pital libraries staffed by individuals One goal of this project was to improve with other full-time jobs in the hospital, the ability of public and medical librar- commonly referred requests for medi- ians in nonurban areas of Oklahoma to cally related information to the OUHSC give medical reference service to their Library through the medical network. users and to encourage cooperation be- The OUHSC reference department tween hospital and public librarians in found many of these relayed requests the development of medical reference difficult to understand since many li- services. Another aim was to use and brary personnel in the small nonurban perfect techniques for teaching via the institutions had no training in answer- telephone. Objectives were defined as ing medical reference requests or in follows: conducting a medical reference inter- To perfect telephone network teach- view. Additionally, many public librar- ing techniques developed in 1980. ians had professional expertise but little To write materials for this tele- special knowledge of medical reference. conference. Providing medical information for To provide a list of inexpensive the public is not a problem unique to medical reference tools. Oklahoma. With recognition of the To have the participants develop patient's "right to know," public librar- medical reference interview tech- ies increasingly have been called on to niques. serve the public's quest for health- To acquaint librarians with public li- related information. At the same time, brary and medical library networks. hospital librarians are receiving many To acquaint public librarians and of the same kinds of "public" requests. medical librarians with the resources Thus, requests both for patient and con- in each other's institutions. sumer health information are on the rise. Talkback Telephone Network In recognition of this expanding needs, the Medical Library Association To accomplish these goals and objec- (MLA) passed a resolution endorsing tives, the OUHSC Library and ODL consumer health information and ap- made use of a third statewide system, pointed an ad hoc committee to "collect the Oklahoma Area Medical Education data on existing consumer health infor- Network. This is a talkback telephone mation and develop recommendations network developed in the late 1960s to for the appropriate role of health science bring lectures via a radioltelephone librarians, libraries and MLA in the hookup to hospital personnel, thereby provision of consumer health informa- reaching out to all geographical areas of tion services" (2). The April 1980 Bul- the state. The 110 cooperating hospitals letin of the Medical Library Association are divided into five separate continu- special libraries ing education (CE) centers, each em- ent 20 talkback telephone networks op- ploying a continuing education coordi- erating in the continental United States, nator. Each CE site works directly with in addition to one in Alaska and one in a group of satellite hospitals linked by Canada. More than 10 networks asso- teleconference lines. Programs can be ciated with universities offer college sent through the entire IlO-hospital- credit courses (6). network, or to one or more of its five parts. Talkback Teleconferencing The CE centers use a combined Techniques microphone I party-line telephone concept to provide continuing education to The OUHSC Library and ODL devel- health care professionals. The program oped materials written specifically for operates with four dedicated telephone the shared telephone teleconference wires bridged together at a technical course of four lectures called "Solving control center at the offices of the Okla- Medical Reference Requests." The tech- homa Hospital Association in Tulsa, niques employed in the course develop- Oklahoma. In each of the 110 hospitals, ment and the lectures were designed for the teleconference is heard through a adult continuing education. Since the Darome convener, which has outlets for adult learner is frequently an individual up to four desk microphones. Thus, with field experience, adult education is each conference area in the individual most effective when it is problem- hospital has one-to-four microphones. oriented and geared to the work situa- When the bar at the base of the micro- tion. The telephone enables the partici- phone is pressed down, the speaker can pant to hear but not to see the lecturer. be heard over the entire system. This enables participants to ask questions at Providing medical information any time. for the public is not a problem Although Oklahoma did not make use of the talkback teleconference net- unique to Oklahoma. With work for library continuing education recognition of the patient's until 1980, library courses were given "right to know," public libraries earlier over both the Texas and the Wis- increasingly have been called consin Telephone Networks. Robert on to serve the public's quest Berk's account of a Wisconsin network for health-related information. course designed for professional librarians and sponsored by the Medical Li- At the same time, hospital library Association and the University of brarians are receiving many of Wisconsin Middleton Medical Library the same kinds of "public" appeared in the Bulletin of the Medical requests. Thus, requests both Library Association (4). Other MLA for patient and consumer courses have been given since the one reported by Berk. In 1981 MLA's health information are on the "CE 256, Management by Objectives," rise. was taught by Richard Lyders over the Lacking eye contact, the methods used Georgia Hospital Association Network must insure that the audience does not which had previously rebroadcast the lose interest. Therefore, the following 1980 Oklahoma program. In 1982 techniques were developed for library "CE 454, Neoplasia" by Ada Seltzer was continuing education via the telephone: taught over the Wisconsin Network (5). Although the Oklahoma, Texas, Wis- Lecturers with practical experience consin, and Georgia networks are the must talk in a panel format, rather only ones known by the author to have than read a prepared lecture, and participated in medical library continu- must speak no more than fifteen ing education efforts, there are at pres- minutes without a break of some kind. (Breaks were provided by dif- librarians and public librarians from ferent voices, questions asked, sim- different institutions to ask questions. ulations, and sb on.) Also, librarians at selected participating 2. Lecturers must answer questions sites gave simulated reference inter- quickly and to the point. views with each lecture. The design of 3. Lecturers must make participants these simulated interviews was devel- feel a part of the lecture series by oped in advance, and they turned out to having them sign in, ask questions, be high points of the entire series. and so on. 4. Reading materials must be clear, Advantages and Disadvantages practical, and written at the level of the participants. A needs assessment The talkback teleconference network should determine the level. presented both advantages and disad- 5. Short reading assignments for each vantages. The advantages are obvious. lecture must be given at the begin- Individuals and lecturers can remain at ning of the course. their institutions while learning. The 6. There must be a non-threatening programs are cost effective for the insti- measuring instrument. tution which neither has to pay travel 7. All materials must be developed and costs nor loses a full day or more of the sent to the participants before com- employees' working time. The indi- mencement of the lectures. Sessions vidual has an opportunity to study and must be recorded. practice skills between lectures, which reinforces learning. An audiocassette of The requirements for lecturers were each lecture was produced so that it easily met by experienced hospital li- could be listened to again. A long- brarians willing to participate in the distance call makes it possible to in- training program, and by the public li- clude lecturers from anywhere. Surpris- brary system directors who participated ingly, some of the lecturers who are not in discussions and gave simulated fond of speaking before a live audience reference interviews. The joint spon- sors wrote a five-chapter, 47-page manual entitled "Solving Medical Certain library skills can be Reference Requests," designed specifi- learned only by doing. Because cally for this course (7). The exercises of the time and visual con- following each chapter consisted of sim- straints, one cannot use the ple true-false, matching, and comple- same kinds of real situation tion questions. This series of exercises served as a non-threatening measuring problems that occur when instrument. The answer sheets were working with trainees in a mailed to the on-site coordinators at workshop or institute. each hospital before the commence- - ment of the lecture series. In addition, found the teleconference microphone to the lecturers went over the answers at be non-threatening. the beginning of each session. However, there are also some disad- Making the participants feel a part of vantages associated with the talkback the lecture series was achieved by hav- teleconference network. Certain library ing participants at each site check-in skills can be learned only by doing. verbally. At strategic times during the Because of the time and visual con- hour and at the conclusion of each lec- straints, one cannot use the same kinds ture participants were asked, "Are there of real situation problems that occur any questions?" Questions were wel- when working with trainees in a come at any time, but in order to en- workshop or institute. The speaker's courage discussion, the course devel- lack of eye contact with the audience opers arranged in advance with hospital sometimes makes it difficult to gauge

special libraries how well the message is being coming medical reference interview prehended. Although it is possible for requests? the user to ask questions, the partici- Did this series help to increase your pants do not always do so. In the ab- understanding of -online computer- sence of questions and eye contact, ized searching? (For these two ques- some lecturers feel isolated. Occasion- tions, there were three choices: ally, a speaker will continue with the "very much," "somewhat," or "not lecture, not realizing that he has been at all.") disconnected from the network. Atmos- Was the teleconference system a pheric conditions such as rain, thunder, satisfactory way of participating in a workshop for you? With the exception of two public li- The training course on the talk- brarians who had one hour's travel time back telephone network has to find a hospital teleconference site, confirmed the OUHSC Library's the answer to question three was "yes." belief that the telephone is an In questions one and two, the answers excellent medium for the de- were divided equally between "very livery of continuing education much" and "somewhat." The number of individuals participating in the for both professionals and li- course was gratifying-32 public library technicians. brarians of whom 28% were professionals, and 35 hospital librarians. In the 1980 course, the participants had and lightning, sometimes caused bad ranked each lecture on a scale of 1 to 5 line noises on the Oklahoma system. with 5 being excellent. Overall score for One of the most beneficial byprod- the nine lectures was 4.4 ucts of the lecture series was cooperation: among the three separate agencies involved in the undertaking; among the small public libraries who were the in- Conclusions vited guests of the hospitals; and among librarians within the same town This training course on the talkback who often did not know of each others' telephone network has confirmed the existence. Hospital librarians learned OUHSC Library's belief that the tele- what was available in public libraries, phone is an excellent medium for the and public librarians discovered the delivery of continuing education for existence of the hospital libraries and both professional librarians and library the svecialized nature of their re- technicians. The teleconference library source's. The experience also taught the CE series has been beneficial, enhanc- librarians where to search locally for ing communications between different materials and help before referring types of librarians and a health-related questions to a network. telephone network. It has involved professional hospital librarians, academic Evaluation health science librarians, public librarians, and hospital CE coordinators in a Evaluation of the program indicated a team effort to provide basic reference great appreciation for the talkback tele- skills. It has been a good experiment in conference system. The evaluation in- cooperation, and it has developed tech- strument, developed by Mary Hardin of niques for giving successful continuing the Oklahoma Department of Libraries, education over the telephone. A major asked the following questions: contribution of the course has been to enable staff in geographically remote 1. Did these teleconference lectures institutions to receive training in their help to increase your skills in fill- own areas. Acknowledgements Literature Cited

The author is grateful to the Okla- 1. Wender, Ruth W. /"The Talk Back Tele- homa Department of Libraries for the phone Network for Library Continuing assistance it gave to the teleconference Education." In Proceedings of the Second Joint Conference, Southern Regional Group series of lectures by printing and Medical Library Association, South Central distributing Solving Medical Reference Regional Group Medical Library Associa- Requests, and to Clinton M. Thompson, tion, New Orleans, Oct 15-19, 1980. New director, OUHSC Library, for his sup- Orleans, Rudolph Matas Medical Library port and his participation in the lec- of Tulane University, 1981. pp. 34-38. tures. A sincere "thank you" goes to my 2. Medical Library Association /Annual Re- coauthors of Solving Medical Reference port. Chicago, Medical Library Associa- Requests, Joanne Callard of the OUHSC tion, 1982. p. 92. Library and Mary Hardin of the Okla- 3. Eakin, Dottie; Jackson, Sara Jean; and homa Department of Libraries, who Hanningan, Gale G. / "Consumer Health Information: Libraries as Partners." Bul- were also codevelopers of the lecture letin of the Medical Libra y Association 68 series. I wish to acknowledge the assist- (no. 2):22&229 (Apr 1980). ance of Jan Gillie, Continuing Educa- 4. Berk, Robert A. 1 "The Delivery of Con- tion Manager of MPSI, without whose tinuing Education: An Alternative Mode- guidance the program series would Teleconferencing." Bulletin of the Medical never have been aired. Libra y Association 70 (no. 1):21-27 (Jan 1982). 5. Baxter, Barbara 1 Telephone interview Received for review lun 14, 1982. Revised Aug 31, 1982, with Barbara Baxter of the manuscript accepted for publication Feb 7, MLA Office of Education. 1983. 6. Gillie, Jan /Telephone interview with and letter from Jan Gillie, Sep 14, 1982. 7. Wender, Ruth W.; Callard, Jaonne C.; Ruth W. Wender is associate director, and Hardin, Mary, eds. /Solving Medical University of Oklahoma Health Reference Requests. Oklahoma City, Okla- Sciences Center Library, Oklahoma homa Department of Libraries, 1981. City Campus. 47 p.

special libraries Church and Synagogue Library Association Fifteen Years of Ecumenical Concern for Quality Service in Religious Libraries

Claudia Hannaford

Church and Synagogue Library Association, Bryn Mawr, Pa.

The Church and Synagogue Library Association is an interdenominational, international organization of more than 1,500 members made up of individuals, churches and synagogues, institutions, and affiliated groups with similar interests. The Association encourages and romotes congregational librarianship and provides ex ucational guidance in the establishment and maintenance of library service. Special Libraries Association and CSLA have an official exchange of representatives of one organization to the other. This relationship and the Association's other professional activities are described.

E Church and Synagogue Li- gious history, devotional materials, and brary Association (CSLA), serving curricula not generally found in the T"a rapidly-growing segment of local public library. special librarianship, this year observes The congregational library is a special the 15th anniversary of its founding. It library in the sense that it is designed to was formed in 1967 to provide guidance serve the institution in which it is in the establishment and maintenance housed. It is recognized as a vital part of of effective library service for religious the institution's eduational and spir- congregations. It operates as a chan- itual ministry. The library's selection of nel for interested persons to help one materials can help clarify and deepen another by sharing information and the layperson's understanding of his or experiences. her religious heritage and its meaning The congregational library consists of in life. materials gathered to meet the needs of Although some congregational librar- the individual church or synagogue and ians are professionals, most libraries are its members. It provides resources for headed by volunteer laypersons un- the study of doctrinal teachings, reli- trained in library procedures. The founders of CSLA envisioned a number (4) Regional workshops would proof ways in which assistance could be vide training otherwise not available offered to these persons. The 15 years of for all denominations or areas of the steady growth in the organization's life country. has already seen many of these goals (5) Possibilities for cooperation with become a reality. accredited library schools included the offering of formal and correspondence History courses and workshops in church and synagogue librarianship, as well as re- During the American Library Asso- search projects to compile data on this ciation Annual Conference in 1966, 28 special branch of librarianship. persons responded to an invitation to meet to consider the formation of a These and other services are now being nationwide, ecumenical church and provided by the Church and Synagogue synagogue library association. They Library Association. represented the major faiths and Membership denominations, library schools and associations, councils of churches and publishers of religious literature. During the organization's first year, 186 members were recruited; today the John F. Harvey, Dean of the Graduate number is over 1,500. Membership is School of Library Science at Drexel, drawn from the United States, includ- Philadelphia was responsible for bring- ing Alaska and Hawaii, and most ing this group together. For several Canadian provinces, as well as from years Drexel Institute of Technology Africa, Cyprus, and Puerto Rico. had displayed interest in religious librarianship. In 1961 Drexel held its first Membership is open to all upon application and payment of dues. Cate- Seminar in Synagogue Librarianship. gories are provided for individuals, This was followed by annual church library conferences, sponsored in co- churches or synagogues, institutions operation with Protestant and Roman (such as publishers), affiliates (previously organized regional groups catholic groups. Greater numbers of wishing to be in communication be- people attended each year, many travel- cause of similar concerns), and con- ling from far distances. This led Dr. tributing members. The latter encom- ~a&e~to propose the establishment of passes any of the above who provide a a religious library association which grant (minimum $100) for the work of would not be tied to one geographic the Association. area. He outlined the following goals CSLA is registered as a nonprofit or- and activities: ganization by both the federal and the (1) A national conference with high Pennsylvania governments. Gifts and level programming and exhibitors rep- bequests are tax-deductible. resenting religious publishers and library supply and equipment manufac- Organizational Structure turers. Visits to superior congregational libraries in the conference city could be Today CSLA employs a full-time incorporated in scheduled events. executive secretary, as well as part-time (2) A national newsletter could stim- personnel, including a publications di- ulate and focus publication of signifi- rector, publications secretary, and of- cant contributions for its practitioners fice assistant. This headquarters staff is and also represent that group to the directed by a professional librarian, wider church and library community. Dorothy Rodda, who serves as exec- (3) The association would publish utive secretary and carries out ad- guides, manuals, and other biblio- ministrative responsibilities under the graphical projects. president. special libraries The first vice-president succeeds to purpose is not only to encourage im- the presidency; the second vice-presi- provement of existing congregational dent is in charge of the annual con- libraries, but also to assist persons ference. The treasurer is elected for a interested in developing skills needed two-year term. Elected officers, includ- in organizing new libraries. ing the immediate past-president, com- Chapters may be formed upon appli- prise the Executive Committee of which cation of ten members and with the ap- the executive secretary and publications proval of the Executive Board. While director are nonvoting, ex officio mem- advice and certain staff assistance is bers. This group meets at the call of the available from the CSLA-Chapter Co- president. ordinator, chapters elect their own of- The Executive Board consists of the ficers, name their own committees, plan Executive Committee and appointed their own programs, and are self- chairpersons. It meets at least twice a supporting. Some issue newsletters; year to act for the membership be- most hold annual workshops. tween meetings of the Association. In addition to the usual administrative Workshops and Conferences committees, there are chairpersons for library services, chapters, and continu- In regions where there is no chapter, ing education. workshops may be sponsored by CSLA All individual members and des- in cooperation with public libraries or ignated representatives of church or religious denominations. synagogue members may vote, hold of- A three-day national conference is fice, and serve on committees. Mem- held annually in varying locations. bers receive a discount on purchases of Conferences have been held in eastern CSLA publications. The membership seaboard states, the Midwest, the Paci- year begins July 1; the fiscal year coin- fic Northwest, and the Southwest. Gen- cides with the calendar year. The orig- erally, they take place in late June on a inal constitution and bylaws have been college campus. revised by membership vote several CSLA business matters are handled times as the developing Association at- in a general membership meeting at tempts to be responsive to needs and which officers for the qoming year, interests of its members. chosen in a mail ballot, are announced and installed. Chapters Programming includes speakers, workshop sessions, seminars, and dis- Along with the growth in member- cussion groups. An important part of ship has come the establishment of every conference is that of exhibits pro- regional chapters. The first was the vided by publishers of religious ma- Delaware Valley Chapter formed in the terials and producers of library supplies greater Philadelphia area in 1970. Today and equipment. A block of time for there are 18 chapters and 5 affiliate browsing, with no conflicting activity, groups. (2) They extend from Florida to is set aside in the agenda. Often tours of British Columbia. from Texas to Mani- representative or unique libraries in the toba and Ontario, and include persons host city are among scheduled events. in the states of Alabama, Arkansas, An awards banquet is another feature of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, In- the annual conference. diana, Kansas, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, News Bulletin Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. Sidney August, librarian, Pedagog- chap;ers offer mutual learning and ical Library, Board of Education, Phila- fellowship opportunities within de- delphia, edited the Association's News fined geographic boundaries. Their Bulletin when it was first issued in the winter of 1967. The following year, its Publications name was changed to Church and Syna- gogue Libraries and Arthur W. Swarth- Publications are issued with particu- out, assistant librarian, West Virginia lar attention to the needs of the general Wesleyan College, Buckhannon, be- membership which is periodically sur- came editor. veyed. A Guide series includes manuals The present staff consists of William on setting up a library and promoting Gentz, the general editor, a book review its use. Recent Guides deal with formu- editor, and two columnists. Advertis- lating a policy and procedure manual ing and circulation are handled by the and the handling of archival materials. association's executive secretary. Basic instruction in cataloging, a subject The bulletin is published bimonthly heading list for church and synagogue as a membership service. Its contents libraries, and a greatly abridged Dewey feature articles on librarianship, pro- Decimal Classification schedule are files of outstanding congregational li- among the available titles. braries, bibliographies, book and Through joint publishing agreements media reviews, and association news. with The Seabury Press, three paper- "Potpourri," "Reader's Forum," and backs, more in depth than the Guide "Ideas" columns encourage members to series, have been printed. Written by share information and opinions. One Ruth S. Smith, the Association's first issue annually carries an index to arti- president, they are Cataloging Made cles arranged by author and subject. Easy: How to Organize Your Congrega- The bulletin is also available to tion's Library; Getting the Books Off the nonmembers. Subscriptions are sent Shelves: Making the Most of Your Congre- throughout the United States and gation's Library; and Running a Library: Canada, and to England, France, Israel, Managing the Congregation's Library with Poland, Wales, and West Germany. Care; Confidence, and Common Sense. The first bibliography issued by the Association was a listing of church and synagogue librarianship resources. Now in its third edition, this work is a compilation of known materials currently available for persons desiring information about congregational library manuals, periodicals, nonbook materials, furnishings, equipment, and so on. Other bibliographies include a suggested basic book list for church libraries and one related to bibliotherapy, CSLA Emblem. The emblem signifies "Helping Children Through Books." the interfaith. inspirational, and educa- Two tracts are designed for distribu- tional nature of the Association. It con- tion to individual members of the consists of an open book representing learn- gregation. One outlines ways the family ing, study and knowledge. The Star of and library can benefit each other; the Davrd representing Judaism is superim- other describes the partnership relation posed on one page and the Cross repre- between the library and religious edu- senting Christianity is on the other. All cators. William Gentz is publications are withm a circle inscribing with the director for the Association.* name of the association and the year of its founding. The logo was designed by an Augustinian monk, the late Rev. *For a list of publications and ordering infor- Father Henry Syvinski of Villanova Uni- mation, write to: CSLA, P.O. Box 1130, Bryn versity, Pa. Mawr, Pa. 19010. special libraries Standards ence to the Association she is representing. There is also a complimentary ex- The designation of a standards chair- change of exhibit space at the national person was among the first Executive conferences. Board positions created when CSLA In 1981 The American Theological Li- was fo&ded. brary Association and CSLA scheduled In its tenth anniversary year, CSLA a joint dinner during their annual con- published the first set of standards ferences which were held back-to-back formulated for church and synagogue li- in St. Louis. braries. Guidelines are presented for establishing goals and periodic self- Relationship with Library Schools evaluation of materials and services for beginning, developing, and established The first known correspondence congregational libraries. The standards course on "Church and Synagogue Li- evolved over a period of several years' brarianship" was begun in 1977 by the study and discussion. University of Utah Division of Continu- ing Education. To date, its instructors Participation in the Professional have been members of CSLA who are Library Community qualified not only as professional librarians but also as church pastors. Upon CSLA was a sponsor of National successful conclusion of 15 lessons and Library Week in 1969. The following an optional final examination, the stu- year, CSLA became a member of the dent receives a Certification of Comple- Council of National Library and Infor- tion and two Continuing Education mation Associations. The Executive Credits. Secretary and an appointed Executive CSLA grants full scholarships for this Board member regularly attend Council correspondence course to members se- meetings. lected from applicants to the Associa- CSLA entered the Library of Con- tion. Designated the Muriel Fuller gress' cataloging-in-publication pro- Scholarship, it was established in 1978 gram in 1974 and the International Stan- through funds contributed to honor the dard Book Number system in 1975. The memory of this former continuing edu- following year CSLA joined the Con- cation chairman of CSLA and officer of tinuing Library Education Network CLENE. (CLENE). Another notable contribution to The Association was represented at church and synagogue librarianship the White House Conference on Library is that of the University of Wiscon- and Information Services in 1979. A sin's Extension Division. Utilizing a CSLA position paper was accepted and unique instructional medium, the Divi- distributed to delegates and alternates sion's two-way audio delivery sys- prior to the Conference. It defined tem connects students throughout the church and synagogue libraries, ex- state with its Educational Telephone plaining that they are particularly rich Network. in resources that might not be found in Last fall, a course titled "Special Li- other libraries and should be consid- brary Management: Focus on the ered potentially valuable participants in Church1Congregational Library" was library and information network plans. offered. It consisted of four workshops In 1980, Special Libraries Association which had been offered at the national and CSLA arranged for an exchange of CSLA Conference. Workshop leaders representatives. Elizabeth Burton, a from Tennessee, Oregon, Ohio, and member of both Associations, alter- Georgia conducted the class sessions nately represents SLA and CSLA at using a special telephone hook-up. Uni- their respective annual conferences and versity personnel reported that the providesa written report of each confer- series was enthusiastically received and july 7983 they are planning to offer it again this Books." The award is presented to year, choosing topics and leaders from an individual or institution for a sig- the next CSLA Conference. nificant contribution to children's A growing number of other college literature. and public libraries across the country provide guidance in congregational li- The Future brarianship to persons in their areas. Learning opportunities may be in the In Church and Synagogue Libraries, form of evening sessions or one-day John F. Harvey conservatively estimates workshops sponsored by the library or that there are more than 25,000 congre- presented in cooperation with CSLA. gational libraries in the United States and that the number "is likely still to be Awards Program growing rapidly."* The book is a pio- neer anthology of 20 papers which describe the present state of develop- At CSLA's first conference, an awards program was initiated with the presen- ment and the future direction of Protes- tation of an honorary membership to tant, Catholic and Jewish congrega- Josephine H. Kyles, Metropolitan De- tional libraries. The introduction states: "Church and synagogue staff profes- troit Council of Churches, in recognition of her service as a religious educa- sionalism has lagged well behind that of tor. Three others have been awarded many other social institutions, and this honorary memberships: John F. Har- has had a negative influence on their vey, a founder; Ruth S. Smith, first libraries. Beyond the minister and or- president; and Joyce White, a former ganist, professional qualifications have executive secretary. An awards commit- not been sought. However, a slow im- tee receives nominations and makes provement has occurred in the staffing recommendations to the Executive area, and the libraries have profited Board to recognize achievements in li- from it." brarianship. Those endorsed by vote of Dr. Harvey once commented that the Board are announced at the annual "Persons working in the field have been conference. left to educate themselves. . . ." To The Outstanding Congregational Li- meet the need for training, he and brary Award is presented to the church others founded the Church and Syna- or synagogue library which has re- gogue Library Association. The constitution stresses this educational pur- sponded in creative and innovative pose. For fifteen years CSLA has ways to reach and serve members of the congregation andlor wider community. expressed in its publications and programs an ecumenical concern for qual- The Outstanding Congregational Li- ity service in religious libraries. brarian Award is given to the church or As John Cotton Dana, SLA's first synagogue librarian in recognition of president, predicted in May 1911: distinguished service to the membership andlor community through devo- "If churches and the library unite, the tion to the congregational library. efficiency of both will be greatly The Outstanding Contribution to Li- increased."** braries Award is given to the person or institution who has provided inspira- tion, guidance, and leadership or re- "Harvey, John F. ed. 1 Church andsynagogue sources to enrich the field of church or Libraries, Metuchen, N.J.. The Scarecrow synagogue librarianship. Press, Inc., 1980. The Helen Keating Ott Award was established in 1979 as a memorial to one **Dana, John CottonILibraries: Addresses of CSLA's leaders and author of the bib- and Essays. New York, H. W. Wilson Co., liography, "Helping Children Through 1916.

special libraries Appendix A. Chapters. Appendix B. Affiliates.

Alabama Church Library Council (Washington, D.C. Austin (Texas) Area area 1 Connecticut Church and Synagogue Librarians Fellow- Delaware Valley (Greater Philadelphia ship (Baltimore, Md, Area) Area) Northern Virginia Church and Synagogue Florida Library Council Greater Kansas City Area Church Library Association (Eastern On- Greater Richmond (Virginia) Area tario, Canada) Indiana Congregational Libraries Association of Maumee Valley (Toledo, Ohio Area) British Columbia (Canada) Metro Atlanta Mid-South (Memphis, Tennessee Area) New Mexico North Texas (Greater Dallas Area) Northeastern Ohio South Central Kansas Southwestern Michigan Southwest Pennsylvania Received for review May 18,1982. Manu- Tennessee Valley script accepted for publication Feb 7,1983.

Claudia Hannaford is a CSLA Coun- cillor to the Council of National Li- brary and Information Associations. A charter member of CSLA, she has served in many capacities on the Exec- utive Board. Foreign Correspondence

The Nigerian lnstitute of International Affairs Library Its Resources and Services John U. Obasi

NllA Library, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria

The Nigerian Institute of International Affairs Library plays a central role in supporting the Institute's research programs and goals toward the advancement of Nigerian foreign pdicy and international relations. The Library's holdings, special collections, and user services are described, as well as its cooperative activities with counter- part institutions in Africa and the world. Recommen- dations are offered for improvements in library service, collection development, and future programs.

HE Nigerian Institute of Interna- stitute was privately funded and re- tional Affairs (NIIA), at Victoria ceived financial assistance from both TIsland, Lagos, is widely recog- the federal and regional governments. nized for its role in African and interna- Foreign governments and foundations, tional affairs. The Institute was founded too, made handsome financial contri- in 1963 as an independent, nonpolitical butions to the Institute. For example, and nonprofit organization by a num- grants from the British Government ber of prominent Nigerians who in- went toward the construction and cluded the late Sir Abubakar Tafawa furnishing of the NIIA complex at Vic- Balewa, the first prime minister of inde- toria Island; the Conference Hall was pendent Nigeria; Sir Adetokunbo Ade- funded by West Germany, the marble mola, former chief justice of the federa- flooring was contributed by G. Cappa, tion; Chief Simeon 0.Adebo, Nigeria's .an Italian businessman in Lagos; and former permanent representative to the the American government made contri- United Nations; and Professor Kenneth butions toward library books and 0. Dike, former vice-chancellor of the equipment. Indeed the salaries of the University of Ibadan, to name only a early chief librarians and the research few. staff, as well as the maintenance of li- Until it was taken over by the federal brary services, were funded by grants military government in 1971 (1 ), the In- from the Ford Foundation (2).

278 Copyright 0 1983 Spec~alLibrar~es Assoc~ation special libraries Objectives of the Institute The arrival of Dr. Akinyemi at NIIA, the recruitment of more Nigerian social The charter which established the and political scientists of differing ideo- NIIA sets forth the aims and objectives logical perceptions to its Research of the organization as follows: Department, and the active involve- meit of Nigerian university intellec- To encourage and facilitate the tuals, civil and military personnel, and understanding of international af- other intelligentsia, to meet, debate, fairs and of the circumstances, con- analyze and propose what Nigeria's fu- ditions, and attitudes of foreign ture foreign policy ought to be, proved countries and their peoples; most welcome and necessary develop- To provide and maintain means ments. Through its many research of information upon international studies, seminars, conferences and dia- questions and promote the study logs with similar institutions overseas, and investigation of international the Institute made significant contribu- questions by means of conferences, tions toward improving foreign policy lectures, and discussions, and by and international relations, thereby ful- the preparation and publication of filling the aspirations of Prime Minister books, records, reports, or other- Balewa, one of its founding members: wise as may seem desirable so as to develop a body of informed opin- As an independent and non-political or- ions on world affairs; ganization it is my hope that this In- To establish branches of the In- stitute will by its study of international questions assist the Government of the stitute in Nigeria and to organize, day in its foreign policy-making. It is also maintain, and coordinate their ac- my hope that this Institute, with its great tivities so as to facilitate the study potentialities, will create in this country a and discussion of the objects afore- more interested, more informed, more said; and analytical and more active public (3). To establish contacts with other organizations with similar objects. Educational Training

The Role of NllA in Foreign Policy Although the Institute is not intended to serve as a teaching establishment, a Much has happened in Nigeria since further comvonent of its work in recent the early years of the Institute. Criticism years has been to train new recruits of Nigerian foreign policy during the to the Nigerian foreign service. NIIA civil war gave impetus to a review of offers an intensive six-to nine-month- NIIA services to determine how re- program toward a diploma in interna- search studies conducted by the In- tional relations and diplomacy. Appli- stitute could be used to imvrove the cants have tended to come from the country's international relations. Nigerian armed forces and civil service, The period also marked a new phase as well as from radio and television in the style of leadership and direction journalism. As the only institution of its of Nigerian foreign policy. The in- kind in black Africa, applicants from volvement of the superpowers in the other African countries may start to take Angolan conflict in 1975 became a test advantage of this training program once case for the new military regime under the reputation and the standard of its General Murtala to prove its total com- diploma is established. mitment to the African cause. The L~~~~~~~ and s~~~~~~~ "government abandoned the "softlv.,, softly" over-cautious approach to inter- While research continues to be the national issues that had been charac- major focus of NIIA activities, other teristic of Nigeria's foreign policy functions include organizing public lec- posture during the preceding 15 years. tures and seminars to promote the july 1983 study and understanding of interna- 1,082 serials and about 164,000 ephem- tional relations. With the active support eral materials including pamphlets, of the Library, the Institute also holds press clippings, unpubfished Sonfer- "Dialogues" with similar organizations ence and seminar papers, microfilms, overseas in which Nigerian business- and phonotapes which will form the men, writers, academics, and military nucleus of the proposed Foreign Policy personnel actively participate. Most Oral Documentation Collection (5). Its recently, such meetings have been held staff currently numbers nine profes- with China, Brazil, and with East Euro- sionals and four semi-professionals.

pean Socialist countries. Through these Todav.J, NIIA maintains one of the best activities, the Institute has put into collections of social science documents practice the ideals expressed by Sir and provides the best library facilities Ademola, Chairman of the Council, at in Nigeria for the study of international the Institute's Foundation Day Cere- politics and diplomacy. Its modem re- mony in September 1964: search library is housed in a facility The troubles of Asia and Europe, and of covering an area of 1,400 square feet the Americas are no longer "other peo- with shelving space to accommodate ples" troubles; they have become ours as 100,000 volumes. The Library Depart- well. All the nations, whether they are ment occupies the ground -and -first considered good or bad, are now our floors of the main building which also neighbours and all ideas dwell among us, houses the directorate, administration, as the variety of nations represented and research blocs. at this gathering vividly demonstrates. The Readers and Bibliographic Ser- Therefore, the NIIA hopes to work simul- vices on the ground floor has responsi- taneously on three levels-as a Nigerian bility for reference and circulation institute in Lagos, an African institute in Nigeria and a world institute in services. This section is planned to ac- Africa (4). commodate about eighty readers for study purposes. Adjacent to the refer- Publications ence and circulation section are two L-shaped buildings which serve as NIIA has become an important re- workspace for the library staff, stack search and publishing center for the room for lending materials, and a tem- study and interpretation of world porary office for the chief librarian, who events from an African perspective. has the title of Director of Library and Some of its major serial publications in- Documentation Services. This same clude: Survey of Nigerian Affairs, first bloc contains the Periodicals Receipt issued in 1975; The Nigerian Journal of and Processing Room. On the first floor international Affairs, which began pub- is the Press Library and the new Docu- lication in 1975; and the Nigerian Forum, mentation Services. There are study a factual and authoritative monthly carrels on this floor for up to 18 readers. aimed at the general reader who wants to keep abreast of current international Social Science Collections issues. Yet whatever achievements may be credited to the Institute would be The main stock of the Librarv's collec- impossible without the active support tions is in the social sciences, with em- of the Library and its staff. phasis on comparative government1 political science I administration, inter- The Library national law, international economics, economic development and planning in The NIIA Library started in 1964 with the Third World, military science, and a meagre collection of some 111 volumes disarmament and peace. In acquiring li- and 112 new journals and serials. By brary materials, preference has always 1982, it had experienced impressive been given to post-World War I1 publi- growth, with over 35,544 volumes, cations in the following order of prior-

special libraries ity: Nigeria, Africa, and the world time. But in the absence of a compre- (especially the Third World). hensive and informative national union The library has a good selection of catalog of periodical holdings and facili- basic materials on the United Nations ties for prompt photocopying, the Li- and other international organizations, brary must find a way of cooperating in addition to the ones for which the more fully with other libraries to mini- Institute has depository arrangements. mize this problem. The collection also includes important British and United States primary docu- Readers and Bibliographic Services ments on international affairs, such as Documents on American Foreign Policy, First and foremost, the Library exists published by the Council on Foreign to serve the needs of the organization's Relations; Public Papers of the Presidents staff, especially the research fellows and of the United States, Containing the Mes- registered members of the Institute. In sages, Public Speeches and Statements of addition to meeting the known requests the Presidents, 1928-1966; and United of its users, the Library notifies them of States Treaties and Other International the existence of information that is rele- Agreements, 1950-1971 (U.S. Govern- vant to their work through the publica- ment Printer). British sources include tion and circulation of a library bulletin Documents on International Affairs, of references to current literature and 1929-1961 (published by Oxford Uni- the accessions lists. On an international versity Press for the Royal Institute of level, the Library participates in coop- International Affairs), and Documents erative exchange programs to supply on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939. documents and information regularly to researchers investigating current de- Periodicals velopments in African and international affairs. Periodical literature is of particular The Readers and Bibliographic Ser- importance to the research activities of vices (RBS) section is the hub of the Li- the Institute. It is the most commonly brary Department's service to its clien- used collection and occupies more space tele. It has responsibility for lending than all the rest put together. items to approved readers, handling Periodicals are shelved alphabetically reference and bibliographic inquiries, by title on open access shelves, separate and referring readers to other sources of from other reference items on the information. The section is headed by a ground floor. All issues of a title are senior librarian assisted bv three other round together in bound or single vol- librarians of various ranks. umes, except for a selected number of RBS liaises with the other sections of the most recent issues which are ar- the Library Department, such as Tech- ranged on display racks in the Reading nical Services, which is responsible for Room. As new issues of a ~eriodical the acquisition and processing of publi- are received, they are quickly scanned cations and documents, library equip- for articles to be included in the ment, and other mechanical devices. It PERlODOC or in the Periodicals Card produces the card catalogs and acces- Index (6) maintained at the Readers' & sions lists. The Chief Librarian is in Bibliographic Services librarian's desk. charge of overall administration of the Since the Library has been in exis- ~e~artmentand is assisted by his tence for just over 18 years, some of the Deputy. serial holdings start from the 1960s. The nature, range, and quality of the Older files and first editions, which are user requests RBS receives far exceed often out-of-print, are in frequent de- those which other libraries in Nigeria mand but, unfortunately, are often lack- have to handle. In spite of the large ing. Attempts are made to fill serious number of special libraries in Nigeria, gaps and new titles are added all the none has the material resources or per-

july 1983 sonnel to provide comparable facilities Photocopies of these and additional and services to researchers. Although lists can be obtained on application to the NIIA's Library cannot be compared the Chief Librarian or head, Readers' to such centers as the Royal 1nstiGte of and Bibliographic Services Division. International Affairs (Chatham House), In 1979, the Library produced the first London, or the Council on F,oreign issue of its journal, PERIODOC: An In- Relation, New York, which have been dex to Current Periodical Articles at the in existence for seventy years, it is the NllA Library. Published fortnightly, it only special library in Nigeria to which carries short, indicative abstracts ar- researchers, scholars, and writers can ranged in broad subject and geograph- readily turn for virtually any inquiry ical order. Originally intended as a cur- bordering on international politics and rent awareness service to research staff foreign relations. On request, RBS staff and members of the Institute, the will conduct literature searches and vre- journal has proved to be popular and pare select reading lists and sudject useful to libraries overseas, as well. Is- bibliographies. This includes the prep- sues of the journal now contain articles aration and upkeep of comprehensive in French but their abstracts appear in subject indexes in all printed docu- English language. ments, books, reports, periodicals and Other special projects of RBS include other sources, and the holdings of regular exhibitions and book displays printed catalogs of other libraries with to highlight special events or occasions. similar subject interests. On the occasion of the World Confer- Based on an analysis of the most fre- ence on Apartheid in 1977, an exhibi- quent bibliographic and subject in- tion was mounted at the National Arts quiries received, the Library started Theatre to highlight the evils of producing reading lists and biblio- apartheid. The following year, during graphic compilations on the following the Nigerian-Soviet Dialogue in 1978, subjects during 1979-1981: Nigerian- the Library produced a display on French relations, African military capa- Nigerian-Soviet Relations, as well as a bilities and strategy; ECOWAS; energy special bibliography of relevant docu- resources in Africa; arms control and ments. economic development. The following guides have been issued in the NIIA Photocopy Service Bibliography Series: Nigeria and the World: A Selected This service also falls within the am- bit of RBS activities. For a fee, photo- Bibliography, 1976. copies can be supplied of most ma- United Nations Peacekeeping Role: terials held in the Library. For serials A Select Reading List, by Ferron and other documents which cannot be Okewole and Patrick Ugbomah, borrowed, the service is the only means 1979. by which a reader can obtain a copy of Afro-Chinese Relations: A Select the desired article. As a rule, photo- ~LadingList, by John U. Obasi, copies are supplied on a "first come, 1979. first served" basis but preference is Africa and Brazil: A Short Bibliog- given for urgently needed requests raphy on Their Relationships, by which can be dealt with immediately. John U. Obasi, 1981. The Senate in the U.S.A., Canada and Australia: A Comparative Bib- Press Librarv Service liography, by A. Olugboyega Banjo, 1979. The Press Library houses a unique Zimbabwe: The Road to Freedom: A collection of archival materials. It con- Select Bibliography, by R. T. Oko- tains over 151,000 press cuttings tore, 1980. gleaned from domestic and interna-

special libraries tional newspapers on many aspects of the library staff informed of activities of international affairs-politico-social, in the Section, the Press Librarian in- legal, economic, and military. How- cludes in her Monthly Report a list of ever, emphasis is placed on Nigerian, new subject indexes to documents and African, and Third World issues. The clippings added to the files. Since Library receives at least one major newspaper publishers do not appear to newspaper from each foreign country, appreciate the importance of producing as well as a subscription to the Swedish monthly or annual indexes to their Institute of International Affairs' "Ar- dailies, such resources in the NIIA Press chives 69 Clippings Service." This ser- Library are of inestimable value to re- vice provides press cuttings from a searchkrs.

The Press Library houses a unique collection of archival materials. Foreign press coverage of events in Nigeria and Africa is of particular relevance to research work at the Institute since it enables Nigerians to see themselves as others see them. wide selection of notable international Although there is no separate catalog papers. The monthly and annual cumu- of Press Library holdings, a Visible lative indexes which the Library re- Index is available. Removal of Press ceives are also extremely useful aids in Library items for use elsewhere in the the use of the clippings. Library, such as in the main Reference Foreign press coverage of events in Room, is permitted as long as the ma- Nigeria and Africa is of particular rele- terial being removed is signed for and vance to research work at the Institute all records of such temporary "loans" since it enables Nigerians to see them- destroyed as soon as the item is re- selves as others see them. The role of the turned to the issuing officer. press in international affairs, with particular reference to the Nigerian civil Documentation and Translation war, is highlighted in three studies Services by Dr. Akinyemi (7) and another by the Scandinavian Institute of African A new Documentation and Transla- Studies (8). tion Service was introduced in 1979 to The Library's newspaper cuttings are handle those documents from interna- filed chronologically in broad subject tional organizations with which the order. The Press Librarian maintains a Library has depository responsibility, special subject classification scheme such as the Economic Commission for which covers both subject location and Africa, Organization for African Unity, content. A detailed analysis and classi- and the World Bank. While repeated ap- fication of the clippings are planned plications to the Economic Community when adequate staff resources make it of West African States (ECOWAS) to possible. A cross-reference system links accept the NIIA Library as a depository articles to other relevant subjects in for its documents have so far been un- stock. The scheme is constantly revised successful, the post of ECOWAS Bibli- and made flexible enough to permit in- ographer was created for the Readers' sertion of new entries and to reflect any and Bibliographic Services. changes in the domestic and external The Documents Librarian works environment. To keep other members closely with the Press Library and RBS july 7983 Staff. His responsibilities include syste- African Affairs Collection matic searching of press cuttings and Development pamphlet files to identify, index, and annotate any items of information on Since independence, all the Nigerian Nigeria's foreign policy. In 1979, a bib- governments and national political par- liography of Nigeria's African Policy ties have regarded Africa as the corner- since 1960 was initiated, making exten- stone of Nigeria's foreign policy (9). The sive use of the documents in the sec- main objectives in the conduct of this tion. When completed, this work will policy has been: the maintenance of prove to be, by far, the most important good neighborly relations with all states research guide for Nigerianists, Afri- in general and with our immediate cans librarians, and other scholars of neighbors in particular; cooperation African affairs. with other African states to prevent Af- rica from becoming an area of crisis and User Policy world ideological conflict among the superpowers; to work zealously toward While the NIIA Library has always fostering African unity and to free all been willing to accommodate the re- African territories under foreign domi- quests of all inquirers who apply to nation; and the eradiation of all forms of use its resources, it is a special library racial discrimination. The Ministry of geared primarily toward the Institute's External Affairs, Department of African Research Department and the regis- Affairs is responsible for Nigeria's rela- tered members of the Institute. There tions with all Africans at governmental, are three categories of paid member- societal and individual levels. ship: In order to attain these objectives, it is imperative for the future of Nigerian 1) Full membership is open to citizens foreign relations that its journalists, of Nigeria; Full Members receive civil servants, members of parliament, all publications and lectures of the and above all, its policy and decision Institute free. makers must be well-briefed, not only 2) Associate Membership is open to at v-governmental level but also about the post-secondary stuclents who are social culture and the state of public permanent residents in Nigeria opinion in every African state. This and, in the opinion of the Council, requires meticulously planned acquisi- are likely to make adequate use of tion, storage, and retrieval of docu- the facilities. They are entitled to ments and data on African countries. receive the Institute's lectures free The NIIA Library already contains but have no voting rights. valuable research materials on a Corporate Membership confers full number of individual African coun- voting rights and a free subscrip- tries, and they form a useful base from tion to all Institute publications. which a special collection on African affairs could be developed. A well- Recommendations pointed and expandeda acquisitions policy is needed to collect the much Achievements and improvements in neglected non-book documents in the library services at NIIA have been quite form of pamphlets, reports, maps and noticeable and are a credit to those who other kinds of materials commonly have contributed toward this success. found in African literary markets. However, there still remain certain The Library, because of its special areas of service and stock provision nature, could play a vanguard role in a where further improvements and ex- campaign to establish in Nigeria a pansion would be desirable. These center par excellence for Africana publi- areas are in the main concerned with cations and documents of every view- special collections. point. A full-time librarian, appointed

special libraries to develop this service, is needed to im- lecturers on international affairs, or any prove the Library's coverage of French- of the dramatis personae during Ni- speaking African states and the Repub- geria's troubled years. lic of South Africa. Nigerian Television and Radio Newstalks Archival and Rare Book Collection These two national industries for At present, certain archival and rare mass communication have from time to documents are shelved together with time broadcast important programs in ordinary library material. A majority of the form of news talks and interviews these documents is found in the Press on topical international and national Library and is often undistinguishable issues. For some of the programs, the from other items. Research papers, NIIA Library has provided research books, and other publications by mem- assistance to the producers. Some bers of the Institute should be carefully assembled for bibliographic recording. of these interviews are vital primary sources which are unavailable in any These records and documents will pro- other form and would be lost forever to vide invaluable source material for-any scholars unless collected and preserved research work on the Institute itself. by libraries. Inevitablv. individual researchers in .I ' The NIIA Library would be a most the course of their work accumulate suitable repository for preserving these useful data and documents. It is documents. Arrangements should be strongly recommended that every con- made to acquire and preserve them as siderable collection held in these "pri- gifts from their authors and the corpora- vate libraries" should be obtained for tions, and when a donation is not pos- entry in the Library's catalog. The Chief sible, to try to secure films, phonotapes, Librarian and his sectional heads should try to locate all such collections, or transcripts of these programs. identify rare and out-of-print items dis- Cooperation with Other Libraries versed within the Institute. and with- draw them from general circulation, so Cooveration with other libraries in that they may be housed in the Docu- Lagos chiefly concerns interlibrary mentation and Translation Section. loan. Due to lack of adequate searching Important government reports, com- aids and the constant breakdown in missions of inquiry and tribunals, telephone services, inquiries for a loan communiqu6s by Nigerian and visiting often involve time-consuming journeys foreign heads of state and ministers, to a library in order to borrow or to con- treaties with other countries and inter- sult a document, only to find that the national organizations, debates of the particular document or serial is not in Nigerian Constituent Assembly, as well stock. as the Report of the Constitution Draft- Generally, interlibrary loan activities ing Committee containing the Draft have been one-sided; the NIIA Library Constitution are examples of docu- tends to lend more items than it is able ments which require special treatment to borrow from others. Until a na- in handling and preservation (10). tionally coordinated scheme of library The Library already holds British par- cooveration is established, the Chief liamentary debates (Hansard) on the ~iblrarianwill have to devise a better Nigerian civil war, as well as similar method for gaining access to library re- debates in Canada, the United States, sources within the Ministries of Ex- and Sierra Leone. Every attempt must ternal Affairs and Defense and those of be made to either buy or solicit the the Nigerian Institute of Social and Eco- donation of such dociments from ex- nomic Research, National Institute for ministers or commissioners, political Policy and Strategic Studies, relevant party leaders, writers and university university research institutes, and the legal depositories for United Nations, as Social Science Index, International In- European Economic Community (Yao- dex to Periodicals, Social Science Citation unde & Lome Convention) (11), and Index, PAIS -Public Affairs information ECOWAS official documents. Service, British Humanities Index, African Index and the International Bibliography Guides to Special Sources of the Social Sciences, to name only a and Collections few. These are essential reference tools for most literature searches within the The NIIA Library may decide in the social sciences. A good start has already future to publish a printed catalog of been made by transferring the Library's its collections but, for the present, it bibliographic and abstracting journals, could at a more modest cost undertake other libraries' accessions lists, and the compilation of narrative guides subject guides to periodicals to shelves to sources of information-whether in near the RBS librarian's desk. This books, periodicals, institutions or col- operation needs to be continued and lections-of data on various subjects in expanded to improve access to the Li- the Reference Room. The areas to be brary's RBS Section. highlighted might be the series of League of NationslUnited Nations doc- Domestic Binderies uments, yearbooks and annuals dealing with military affairs, disarmament and Since the number of items the Library peace, interregional organizations, lib- annually sends to commercial binders is eration movements, and other basic relatively small, an in-house binding source materials for research on any workshop would, at this time, be inad- aspect of the social sciences in Nigeria. visable for economic reasons. There are, Reliable reference works, especially nevertheless, substantial advantages to those for African sources and collections the Library and its readers if one were without any European or American to be set up in the future. The materials published equivalents, would be of im- sent out for binding are mainly peri- mense help to researchers, scholars, and odicals and report literature. These ef- students of African problems. fectively are out of circulation while The Library has an alphabetical Title they are at the commercial binder who Index to its periodical holdings but the may be several miles away from the Li- usefulness of this list could be further brary, while those documents within a enhanced by incorporating a Subject In- library's own bindery retain their avail- dex. The Library also has a selection of ability. On the average, it takes be- subject, foreign, national, and other tween 10-16 weeks for periodicals and bibliographies on various aspects of in- pamphlets to reappear on the shelves ternational politics and foreign policy. after they are sent to a commercial bind- These are shelved in the Quick Refer- ery. This is a long time for researchers to ence section of the Reading Room in have to wait, especially for a journal classified order. A descriptive bibliog- needed in connection with a study in raphy of these bibliographies, includ- hand. Anything that can be done to ing those forming part of another work shorten the turn-around time will be a or serial, could be compiled to publicize welcome improvement in library ser- their existence to a wider audience. vice for research staff and other users.

Searching Aids Telex and Direct Telephone Services The bibliographic and abstracting Reference and searching activities in journals held by the Library should be any library require prompt and imme- arranged to form a collection separate diate action, and this is especially true from the textual editions. The collection at NIIA. Good telex and telephone ser- should also include indexes to periodi- vices can immeasurably improve such cals published as separate works, such services. The Press Library and RBS

special libraries need access to direct telephone lines so officers are stationed at the entrance that inauiries can be received and an- door to take custody of users' personal swered in these two departments with- belongings and to search every person out first going through the operator, as who leaves the Library. This arrange- is the case at present. There is also a ment has worked reasonably well; how- need for the Library Department to ever, the service is being overstretched have its own telex service or to share and will need to be reassessed once the one freely with other departments with- library membership and the flow of out undue internal delays. Another ad- visitors increases. vantage of the telex over other quick forms of communication is that for in- Conclusion terlibrary loan requests, a written record of what is needed is provided at In 1981 the exercise of formal supervi- each terminal. sory authority of the Institute was transferred from the Ministry of External Affairs to the Executive Office of the Other Considerations President. A new library facility and the pur- It is hoped that this change will augur chase of new equipment is planned fol- well for the Institute, and that it will in lowing the proposed move of the In- no way impair the independence and stitute to the new Federal Capital at the nonpolitical character of the institu- Abuja. It would be advisable to con- tion and its Library. sider a Reference and Circulation Divi- The transfer is certain to bring about sion with adequate shelving area to increased workloads for the library accommodate the materials presently staff. For in the absence of any alterna- housed in RBS, in addition to the lend- tive or comparable library facilities else- ing documents which are now kept in where, the heavy information require- closed stocks. ments of the "President's men," e.g., Although any of the lending items the national security, foreign policy, can usually be obtained within a few and economic advisers, the special minutes by the library staff, experience Foreign Relations Committees of the has shown that most users prefer direct Senate and the House of Representa- access to the collection in order to tives, and other specialist functionaries browse and choose the books or docu- in the legislative and judicial arms, ments they want to borrow or purchase. will surely tax the Library's present Open-access facilities would also re- resources. duce the number of stack publications The imminent move to Abuja (though that have to be reshelved daily-a temporarily disadvantageous in view of necessary but monotonous routine per- possible staff losses) will give the Li- formed in every library. brary the opportunity to take stock of its The impending transfer to Abuja also existing facilities and resources and to gives the Library the opportunity to in- plan for needed changes in service to troduce some facilities that are pres- cope with future challenges. ently lacking or inadequate at Victoria Yet, continued improvement in the Island. Although the Library now has Library's holdings and services will carrels that can accommodate up to ten ultimately depend on the ability of the readers, the new facility should also in- Department to attract and retain suita- clude sound-proof booths to enable re- ble personnel at every level of service. It searchers to use typewriters, dictation will be necessary to have the freedom of machines, and tape recorders without action to constantly review and evaluate disturbing others. methods and services, and to be recep- Library security could also be im- tive to suggestions from users for improved through the provision of cloak- provements or for the introduction of rooms and lockers. At present, security new facilities. Literature Cited

1. Nigerian Institute of International Af- 8. Scandinavian Institute of African Stud- fairslDecree 35 of 1971. In: Laws of the ies I Africa Report on the Nigerian Civil Federal Republic of Nigeria and Subsidiary War: News, Attitudes and Background Legislation, 1971, pp. A159-69. (This De- Information. Uppsala, SIAS, 1978. cree was amended by Decree no. 14 of 9. Awak, Shehu I "Africa: the Cornerstone 1972, p. A439 and Decree no. 45 of 1977, of Nigeria's Foreign Policy: An Ad- pp. A217-9). dress."Nigeria (no. 3): 10-13 (Jan 1982). 2. Kluzek, Irene1 "The Library of the Ni- (Alhaji Awak is Nigeria's High Com- geria Institute of International Affairs." missioner in London). Nigerian Libraries 4 (no. 3): 76-78 (Dec 10. Obasi, John U. /"Primary Source Ma- 1968). (Miss Kluzek was Chief Librarian terials for Social Science Research in from 1966-72). Nigeria: Problems of Storage and Pres- 3. Nigerian Institute of International ervation." African Research and Docu- Affairs I Foundation Day Ceremony, Sep mentation (no. 24) 14-18 (1980). 26, 1964. Speech by the Rt. Hon. Prime 11. Yaounde, EEC-ACP Lome Convention. Minister, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. The European Community maintains 4. Nigerian Institute of International relations with the developing countries Affairs1 Foundation Day Ceremony, Sep through Associate membership. The 26, 1964. Speech by the Chairman, Sir Yaounde Convention of Association Adetokunbo Ademola. was first signed in 1963 and included 18 5. DeLancey, Mark1 "The Nigerian Insti- African states and Madagascar which tute of International Affairs." The Afri- were former French and Belgian colo- can Book Publishing Record, 7 (no. 2): 107 nies. Membership was enlarged to in- (1981). clude Commonwealth African coun- 6. Obasi, John U. I "Introducing Our New tries, the Carribean, and Pacific (ACP Information Service." Periodoc: An Index Lome Convention) states. to Current Periodical Articles at the NlIA Library 1 (no. 1): 3-4 Oct 15, 1979. 7. Akinyemi, A. Bolaji I "The American Press and the Nigerian Civil War." Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Received for review Sep 14, 1982. Revised Studies 13: 241-259 (Jul. 1971). manuscript accepted for publication Jan The British Press and the Ni- 18, 1983. gerian Civil War. African Affairs 71: 408-426 (Oct 1972). "Race and Foreign Policy: The South African and Rhodesian Press and the Nigerian Civil War." Nigerian John U. Obasi is currently assistant Journal of International Affairs 3 (nos. chief librarian, College of Technology, 1-2): 107-127 (1977). Oweni, Nigeria.

special libraries Name Authority Control in a Communication System Ca th y Ann EIias

Graduate Library School, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL C. James Fair

Standard Oil Company (Indiana), Chicago, IL

Many corporations are considering the use of electronic office systems for the storage, retrieval, and effective dissemination of large amounts of information. Because many people are involved in creating, indexing, and inputting data into these systems daily, a system for authority control must be implemented for effective information retrieval. This discussion examines how one company recognized the importance of authority control to maintain the effectiveness of its electronic office system.

UTHORITY control is the process same person but the variant forms of by which the same or related the name will scatter his works in the A names, phrases, or titles are card catalog. On the other hand, the brought together in a particular place in catalog entries for distinct people with the catalog. For every item that comes the same name may end up interfiled. into the library, each element of infor- To distinguish between two John J. mation that will be used as an access Smiths, for example, something, such point in the catalog has to be verified. A as birthdates, must be added to the en- library cataloger must check the form of tries. Similar difficulties also may occur the author's name, the title, and the with titles or subject headings (e.g., subject terms in some type of authority aeroplanes vs. airplanes). file. This is because several types of Since one of the purposes of the cata- problems may arise. log is to bring the same or related items Many times the form of an individual together and to separate unrelated ones, author's name will vary slightly from these distinctions must be made. There- one of his books to another, e.g., Smith, fore, librarians create subject, title, and John vs. Smith, John T. Both refer to the author authority files to help them maintain catalog integrity. Clearly, how the material on a particular topic or by a well the catalog functions as a finding particular author if good authority con- tool is directly related to how well au- trol is not implemented from the start. thority control has been implemented. Without authority control, the same The degree to which authority control problems associated with the card cata- is needed can vary from one library to log will occur in a computer system. another depending on two factors: the Items with variant forms of authors' purpose of the library and its size. For names, variant spellings of titles or sub- example, most patrons of a large aca- ject headings, or syntactical problems in demic library will use it for research. subject headings (such as homographs Consequently, the user will place great and synonyms) cannot be easily re- emphasis on being able to find all items trieved if the proper form of the access in the library on a particular topic; this point is not known. may be absolutely vital to his work. Thus, rigorous authority control is of the utmost importance when dealing with such an extensive collection. With- The degree to which authority out such control, retrieval of all relevant control is needed can vary from items on a single subject is impossible. one library to another depend- A small community library needs less ing on two factors: the purpose rigorous authority control than a large research library because its collection is of the library and its size. smaller and its purpose is different. Its users are likely to visit the library for pleasure reading or to gain general In addition to the difficulties already knowledge of particular subjects rather mentioned, users who search for infor- than for in-depth research. Authority mation on a computer system face a control is less crucial because the collec- new kind of problem. By combining tion is smaller (and easier to search) and fragments of information about an item retrieval of all relevant information is with Boolean operators, one will re- seldom necessary. trieve many items that match the search For many years authority control was key but are irrelevant to the given sub- primarily connected to developing ef- ject. fective methods for collecting the same This is not a problem when dealing or related material in the card catalog. with a small amount of material, but With the introduction of computers into once the amount of material in the sys- library services, new capabilities for re- tem becomes significant, serious prob- trieval became possible. By using com- lems can result. With rigorous authority puter systems, one no longer had to control, items are placed in specific worry about the order in which the categories, allowing them to be re- items were placed. They could be retrieved without a lot of extraneous ma- trieved by- individual words selected terial. Thus, authority control is just as from the title, subject words, author, important when using computer sys- date of publication, publisher, or com- tems to retrieve information as it is bination of these using Boolean opera- when using the card catalog. tors. New retrieval functions create added Having multiple access points has dimensions in the process of develop- made it easier to retrieve an item for ing good authority control. In addition which one does not have a complete to establishing the proper form of the bibliographic citation, because there data, fitting it into a variety of possible are many more ways, and combinations formats, and manipulating it with the of ways, to gain access to the work. But many capabilities of the system, coordi- even when items have many access nating the entire operation can be a dif- points, it still will be hard to retrieve all ficult task. special libraries Computer systems are now being Standard Oil Company (Indiana) used for information processing in the offices of large corporations. These are Standard Oil is a parent company basically communication systems de- concerned with the overall policy signed to facilitate the day-to-day office guidance, financing, coordination of work, to make the flow of information operations, staff services, performance faster, and thus make the whole opera- evaluations, and planning for its sub- tion more efficient. The capacities of sidiaries. Standard and its consolidated these systems vary, but typically they subsidiaries form a large integrated pe- are designed to create documents, store troleum, chemical, and minerals com- and retrieve them using Boolean opera- pany that conducts worldwide operators, and transmit them electronically to tions. other physical locations. These systems The Public and Government Affairs are quite powerful, and many compa- department at Standard Oil is responsi- nies may rely on them heavily in the ble for public and government relations future. Since they are new, the implica- activity worldwide. It is based in the tions of their use are not yet fully real- company's general office in Chicago, ized. with field offices scattered throughout In any system containing a large the United States and several foreign amount of material, authority control is countries, each reporting to the Chicago bound to become an issue. Just as the headquarters. added search capabilities of computer The Public and Government Affairs systems in library services caused new department has three main objectives: problems in the authority control pro- to gain public support for conditions cess, a communication system in an under which the business can continue office adds even more because many to be privately managed, fully competi- people are simultaneously creating, in- tive, and financially sound; to create dexing, and storing documents. The and maintain favorable public opinion more people who are involved in in- toward the company and its operations; putting data in uncontrolled ways, the and to counteract unfavorable public greater are the chances for variance opinion. among supposedly identical terms. The three major functions that the The amount and type of authority department performs for the company control that is needed again depends on are: to advise management on public two factors: how much actual informa- issues; to advise management on pub- tion the system is intended to contain, lic relations implications of corporate and how much emphasis is placed on activities before, during, and after an retrieving all material on a particular action is taken; and to identify, inter- subject. A large business has needs pret, and communicate corporate posi- similar to those of a research library- tions in order to create an environment the collection is large and a high per- of understanding between the corpora- centage of recall and precision is tion and the public. needed (1). Because of the added fea- In order to fulfill these objectives and tures of the communication systems, tasks in the most effective manner, the new methods for authority control must department is divided into five major be explored. How well the system func- sections: Government Affairs, Planning tions as a finding tool is directly related and Programs, Communication Serv- to the quality of authority control. ices, Operations, and Foreign Affairs. The Public and Government Affairs Each section performs a different but department of Standard Oil Company related function for the company (2). (Indiana) is one business organization Since the Public and Government Af- that is using an electronic office system fairs department has a number of area and discovering the need for proper au- and satellite offices, the task of keeping thority control. information flowing in a controlled july 1983 fashion can be difficult. However, it is A document can be retrieved by important that department members in searching an individual's mail log using different locations have simultaneous Boolean operators, or by directly calling access to the same information in order it up from the database by the docu- to respond with a single policy statement number. One can use the elec- ment to media queries concerning com- tronic mail function to send messages, pany positions; inconsistent responses send notes, and mail documents. The might appear to be an attempt to mis- message feature is quite simple. One lead the public. To improve the flow can call up the message format, type a of information, the department has short message, and hit the enter button adopted the Electronic Office System. to send it to anyone on the system at any location. The message will arrive almost instantly. The Electronic Office System The note feature works somewhat differently. One can call up the note for- The Electronic Office System, is a mat, type the note, and send it. A mes- communication system marketed under sage will appear on the receiver's CRT the name "PROFS" by IBM. Developed screen indicating that a note has been by IBM with the help of Standard's sent. All notes sent to a particular per- Tulsa Research Center, the main com- son are collected and indexed in a per- puters for the system are located in sonal computer file called the "in- Tulsa. More than 10 of Standard's basket." If the recipient of the note is Public and Government Affairs offices not logged on, the note will be stored throughout North America have groups and saved in this file. of terminals connected to these com- The mail document feature is valu- puters via communications lines. able for formal communications. After Document creation, storage, retrieval an important document or letter is using Boolean operators, and dissemi- created on the system, one can elec- nation by electronic mail are among the tronically mail it to another location by many functions that can be performed using this feature. Once the document on the system. Because the department is mailed, it cannot be called up from is chiefly responsible for writing and the database and changed by another disseminating information, document user; thus, there is no danger that creation is one of the more heavily used someone may accidently or purposely functions. The ability to create special change the information in an important formats is one of the more valuable fea- document. tures of this function. For example, a news release is formatted differently Corporate Media Relations from a report written in response to an inquiry from the media. Using the Corporate Media Relations, a divi- system, one can create special formats, sion of Communication Services, uses for media queries or news releases, that the Electronic Office System exten- can be called up when needed to facili- sively. The primary role of the Media tate the process of dissemination. Relations staff is to gather, record, and Once a document is created, it can be disseminate relevant news to the com- dated, assigned a specific document pany and the general public. For the number, subject indexed in the author's most part, Media Relations deals with mail log*, and stored in the database by the news media on a one-to-one basis. using the document storage function. Its functions include: 1) answering questions from representatives of magazines, the press, TV, and radio, and recording and indexing the re- *A mail log is an index of all documents writ- sponses online; 2) creating, indexing, ten by a particular person. and disseminating news releases about special libraries internal corporate developments on the The Electronic Office System facil- system; and 3) collecting, collating, and itates this process through-the use of a disseminating current news that might special format called "media query." All affect Standard's position politically or one has to do is call up this format on economically. the CRT and fill in the appropriate in- The overall goals of Media Relations formation (see Figure 1). The format are to: 1) develop national media rela- also allows index terms to be added. tionships that foster fair treatment of Once the media query is completed, the company; 2) represent the company it is stored in the database and indexed to the national media; 3) disseminate in a mail log called "chimedia," an acro- information to the Public and Govem- nym for Chicago media. All media ment Affairs field offices, and serve as queries are indexed here, and, at the their resource for corporate informa- same time, appear in the in-baskets of tion; 4) monitor press coverage of the personnel in the Chicago office and the company in order to serve as a resource company's field offices. The name of the for management; and 5) coordinate person who created the document is the approval and distribution of press automatically placed in the subject in- statements that have corporate signifi- dex so that one can conduct a search cance (3). using his name.

The Media Query File Variant Entry Problems

The Corporate Media Relations group In the Chicago office, three profes- in Chicago receives an average of 12 sionals handle most of the media quer- telephone calls a day from reporters ies. After six months of creating, index- who have questions about company ing, and storing these queries on the activities and policies. To avoid image system, certain retrieval problems be- and accuracy problems, each staff mem- gan to develop because of a lack of a ber must know and disseminate the name authority control. Since no au- same information on a particular issue thority control system had been created, when questioned by different media each staff member indexed the names representatives. After each telephone of the various media in whatever fash- conversation with the media, the staff ion was easiest at the time. This re- must write down what was asked and sulted in an online index with many how it was answered. variant forms of the same name. Be-

Figure 1. Sample Media Query.

MEDIA QoERY I Reporter: Dick Schaffer Date: 07 17 81 Media: Wall Street Journal, Tint: 12:17 p.m. Boston I Status: .Pending I Phone: (212) 889-9402 uestions: geporter, who writes a technolcqy column for the Journal, called to talk to John J. Gilman at Naperville. Reporter, who is based in Boston, says that Gilman, who is identified as manager of corporate research, has done a paper published in the magazine, Industrial Research 6 Development. In that paper, which he said was generally a discussion of corporate creativity, Gilman seems to have concluded that the larger the corporation, the less creative it was. According to the reporter, Gilman took the number of patents issued and related them to the sales or revenues or assets or something. At any rate, I attempted to call Gilman; found him out of town until Monday and left word. The reporter said he didn't have to talk to him today; he could put the column item off until next week. Uowever, he persisted in wanting to talk to Gilman . july 7983 cause of the inherently creative nature Indexing the names of radio and TV of individuals, a single staff member stations created the most problems of would often index the same entry in all, for without any authority control a several different ways, further com- specific or correct form of the name did pounding the problem. not exist. Besides the problem of variant For example, three staff members had forms of the same name, many of the chosen 20 different ways to input the headings did not contain enough infor- heading for the Wall Street Journal. A mation to allow the searcher to retrieve sample of these variant entries includes: or even correctly identify them. Some of Wall Street Journal; Wall Street Jnl; Wall the forms of the headings created online St. Journal; WSJ; Wall St. Jnl; Wall Street for TV stations included: the call letters Journal, Chicago; Wall Street Journal- only; the call letters and the channel; the Chi. city and the channel; the call letters and Normally, if a staff member wanted to the city. retrieve all documents relative to tele- The following example of incomplete phone conversations a particular pro- headings was taken from the media fessional had with reporters from the query index: Channel 4-Detroit; St. Wall Street Journal, a Boolean search Louis, Channel 4; Channel 4. The prob- would be performed using the name of lem with the first two headings is that the professional (Thompson) and the Channel 4 in Detroit is NBC and in St. medium (Wall Street Journal). Unfortu- Louis, CBS. This information is impor- nately, the searcher would not succeed tant and must be part of the heading. in retrieving all pertinent documents if The third heading, Channel 4, does not Thompson had input Wall Street Journal contain enough information to correctly in several different ways. Figure 2 identify the station. shows a typical example of a name The next example illustrates the heading indexed two different ways by problem of incomplete headings com- the same individual on the same day, pounded by the use of variant forms: one right after the other. ABC Channel 7; ABC-TV; ABC-TV

Figure 2. Print-out of Chimedia Mail Log Showing Variant Forms of the Same Name Entry.*

CRDh NuMbth FIL Aulhuk Ab&tSStE (5) El PL AilId& SUBJECT 81201CTTOObi MEVkHGl kK 'MEDIA UuthV MUNCI 36 WALLIAML* tOnlUNLg 07 20 b1202CTT0035 TAYk IEN MEDIA UUERV JUUV KLtlNMAh* MCNtlL--LtnkEk REPDG 91ZO2iTlOO3a THOMPSUN MEDIA OUthV DIAhE DAVIES' OIL UAILV* 07 21 81. 81202CTT0044 THOMPSON MEDIA OUthV RIU ~~~cnch*auslmtss WLEK* 07 21 U1203CTTOC41 THD*IPSOh MtDlA WEkV FLDVD ffiRRISg Ar - NVC* 07 22 bl* 8120bCT1004e THCIMPSUI* AYV SM~TH~NG~RUT~IE~'AbC-1V htTWURK -- kVC' 0 1HDMPSuh ltS&v ATLASg CnlCAGD IhlabNt 07 22 tl' THDMPSJh dkkhv TkUkhlUk* C~LCALAJTelaUht' 07 22 bl. ?now- wk PAUL 6lGC17 * *ALL STnErT AMJ~~AC~07 it hl* ?El-??*a5J - CHI1 G? 22 b I* * ME IE*b AhK RIG* MtLCHthg crusl~asrtt~' 07 22 51. MEVEkblkK JOhh URuurlhnT* WALL Slhttl JOUR~AL. CANhbP' 57

*The subject section has been omitted for purposes of space. 294 special libraries network-NYC; Channel 7; ABC TV After several days, a reporter from a network; ABC-Channel 7. With this different newspaper calls a different many variants, serious problems may member of the Media Relations staff occur when trying to retrieve items. asking for the latest price of gasoline Because some members of the depart- and the company's views on the short- ment retrieve queries by "anding" to- age. Since this Media Relations staff gether the name of the specific media member knows that another member of group with their own names, a system the group has been answering similar of name authority control was needed.* questions from the Wall Street Journal, he conducts a search using the other Problems Resulting from Ineffective staff member's name and "Wall Street Name Authority Control Journal." However, the latest query filed about the Wall Street Journal was Because the chimedia file serves as a indexed incorrectly under "WSJ"; primary source for Media Relations and therefore, the latest price and shortage field personnel when they respond to information is not retrieved, and the re- reporters, the inability to rapidly and porter is provided with incorrect in- accurately retrieve media queries can be formation that conflicts with that re- both embarrassing and costly. Atten- cently given to another reporter. tion to authority control procedures is When the conflicting figures began to fairly simple during slow business peri- appear in various publications, the ods; during such slow periods, errors in public will assume that the company is input can more easily be spotted be- unable to provide a single answer. cause there are fewer items being fed Media Relations will appear to be disor- into the system. Maintaining prop& au- ganized and could lose credibility with thority control becomes difficult-but the press. The company's image with its even more important-under the time service station dealers could also be pressure that develops during a "media damaged, if they read in the paper that crisis." Such a crisis might be a Mideast the wholesale price of gasoline is much oil supply cutoff that forces up the price less than the price they are paying. of crude oil and, eventually, gasoline. Such inconsistencies, which can Under such circumstances, offices of create obvious and severe problems, Standard Oil could receive a multitude can be avoided only through accurate of queries about the price of gasoline- authority control. Obviously, the use- had it increased, and why. Under such fulness of the Electronic Office System high-pressure conditions, considerably is significantly diminished for the more information is being input, up- Media Relations section if such control dated, and disseminated. is not maintained. Let us assume that during this period Developing a Name Authority a reporter from the Wall Street \ournal Control System calls every day for several days, each time asking to know the current price of gasoline and the company's views on The first step in developing a name the shortage. The same member of the authority control system was to gen- Media Relations staff handles each call erate a printout of the chimedia mail log and files a query in each instance. index. Fortunately, when this was done However, the staff member is inconsis- the system was quite new and only 23 tent in the way he indexes "Wall Street pages of index terms had been input. Journal," sometimes listing it as "WSJ" The next step was to make a collocated or "Wall St. Journ." list of the names of the media groups and their variants. After the names and *Subject authority control is also an impor- their variants were collocated, a tenta- tant issue but is not discussed in this paper tive media query authority list was because it must be handled differently. created. The list was 12 pages long. july 1983 It became apparent that an authority services are now in greater demand, control list would never do because the outside, as well as inside, the tradi- department members were under con- tional setting of the library. Librarians siderable pressure and did not have are using the latest advances in infor- time between telephone calls and office mation technology-computers, data- work to check a media query authority bases, COM, microforms, and so on list before inputting data. It also was -to make the dissemination of infor- anticipated that when the field offices mation as fast and effective as possible. started to send their documents to the Yet, despite all these technological Chicago office, the number of variants developments, librarians still must would continue to multiply. verfonk the same basic tasks, such as After a careful analysis, it became cataloging, albeit in new ways. There clear that the names of the different always will be a need for authority con- media groups indexed fell into five cate- trol, whether filing is done in the card gories: TV, newspapers, radio, maga- catalog or on a computer terminal. zines, and news services. The solution was to create a special form heading Literature Cited with rules for each of the categories. This information was sent to the per- See Lancaster, W. F.1 The Measurement sonnel in Media Relations. Once the and Evaluation of Library Services. patterns were learned, the headings Washington, Information Resources could be input easily without checking Press, 1977. a long list. For example, the TV stations The material in this section is from an unpublished corporate paper, "An Intro- were handled as follows: duction to the Public and Govemment A. For specific network shows (other than Affairs Department of the Standard Oil the news) and syndicated shows, just write Company (Indiana)." Some changes have the name of the show, followed by the net- been made. work if it is not a well-known show. Exam- The material describing the goals of Cor- ple: 60 Minutes, or show name, network. porate Media Relations was taken from "Standard Oil Company (Indiana): As- B. If it is network news just write the call sessment of Electronic Office System letters. Example: CBS-TV. Benefits within Public and Govemment C. If it is a local station write the call letters, Affairs," June, 1982, by Cresap, McCor- channel, and location, plus the name of the mick, and Paget, Inc., Management Con- show if it is other than news. Example: sultants, 30 N. LaSalle St., Chicago, Ill. WBBM-TV Channel 2, Chicago, show name. Baughman, James C. /"A Structural Analysis of the Literature of Sociology." So far this system of authority control The Library Quarterly 44: 293 (Oct 1974). has worked well, and retrieval has been much less of a problem since its implementation. Received for review Oct 4, 1982. Manu- script accepted for publication Apu 4, Conclusion 1983.

Technological developments in mass communications in the twentieth cen- Cathy Ann Elias recently completed tury have made our society media- her MA in library science at the Uni- oriented. These developments have led versity of Chicago, where she now is to an information explosion; each year, completing her doctorate in musicol- more white collar workers are needed to ogy. She served as a summer intern manage the flow of data. Although the past two years at Standard Oil "providing effective access to recorded Company (Indiana). C. James Fair is a knowledge has always represented the Senior Media Relations Representa- primary business of the librarian" (4), tive for Standard Oil Company librarians' skills in performing these (Indiana) in Chicago.

special libraries On the Scene

This month begins the year-long cele- bration of our Association's 75th Anni- versary. Many activities are planned during the coming months, with the culmination occuring during the New York Conference. One of the highlights is a series of four consecutive papers published in Special Libraries starting with this issue, all concerned with our anniversary. This first one is by our Association President, Pat Molholt, and is in a sense a dedication, or maybe even a rededica- tion. The second ~iece(October 1983) will be a "thumbnail sketch" of the Associa- tion's 75-year history written by Robert V. Williams and Martha Jane K. Zachert. The third (in January :984) will concern various long-range planning priorities which are now under consideration Association-wide. This discussion will be The Anniversary Committee hopes handled by Vivian Arterberry. And the these articles will, among other things, final paper (April 1984) will be a "blue set the stage for one aspect of our cele- sky" presentation on developments that bration and that as many members as will probably (or maybe hopefully) shape possible will be in New York to partake in the future of the Association. One of the climax, the 75th Annual Conference SLA's past presidents, Joe Dagnese, has (. . . omega). prepared a striking review of topics that must be addressed during the post-I 984 Robert G. Krupp, Chairman Conference period. 75th Anniversary Committee

july 7983 75 Years of Service Reconsider. . . Redefine. . . Reconfirm Pat Molholt President, Special Libraries Association

N THIS AGE of rolling five-year fact, the entire year leading to that event plans and budgets that gyrate will be filled with Chapter events com- I around spiraling inflation, one can memorating the anniversary. be sure there is very little around us that The opportunity to reflect, however, is static. This century has seen dramatic must not be ignored. We need to recon- change in the areas of manufacturing, sider our past, with its accomplish- transportation, and communication; all ments and its hard lessons, and apply of this change has rippled out to touch the perspective history affords to the every aspect of our lives. task of redefining our objectives; and To survive change, particularly that we must reconfirm our goals, stimulat- which strikes deep at the roots, is a Dar- ing our imaginations to create chal- winian accomplishment. To expand lenges that will tax our abilities. We and to thrive in the face of it, is to earn have a responsibility to look ahead and special recognition and applause. to move the Association toward en- July 2, 1983, marks not only the sur- hanced effectiveness in the coming vival but the significant and continuing years. Congratulation and planning can growth of Special Libraries Association wait while we recall, for an instant, as it observes the 75th Anniversary of where we have been. its founding. We, its current members, deserve a moment of self-congratulation, a surge of pride; we can enjoy the Reconsider. . . good feeling that comes at this mile- Reviewing the past is a continuous stone in our history. There will be am- process. The formal chronicling of the ple time at our 75th Anniversary Con- Special Libraries Association has been ference in New York to celebrate our done by others, notably Mitchell (1 ) and sense of joy and our feelings of pride. In McKenna (2), and the second in this series of articles will focus on our history. I want to go beyond the record of Pat Molholt is Associate Director of Li- who, when, and what, to reflect on the braries, Rensselaer Polytechnic In- broader concept of our profession and stitute, Troy, New York 12181. how it has, or has not, changed.

298 Copyr~ghtD 1983 Special L~brar~esAssoc~at~on special libraries There is little argument that informa- ernment ordered Dresser Industries in tion, the raw material of our profession, this country to "end all technical com- has evolved in nature and scope. What munications with its French subsidiary is collected today was frequently ig- . . . and somebody flipped the nored or discarded in the past, as many switch"(3). The almost immediate re- of us have occasion to regret. Our meth- sult was to paralyze Dresser-France. ods of handling information, the tech- And what, amidst all this, has hap- niques of storage, transmission, access pened to our profession? It is nearly un- and dissemination, have been con- changed. Heretical? Not at all. When vulsed by the computer. This revolu- one considers the basic tenets of the tion, with its attendant complexities profession, set forth long before the and frustrations, has transformed our Association began, one finds the princi- profession in this century as nothing ples of acquiring, organizing, preserv- else has. We are now capable of sharing ing, and making information available, collections more effectively through on- still hold. It took the Association until line public access catalogs and 1958 to formulate "professional stan- computer-based interlibrary loan sys- dards" dealing with certification. On tems, of ordering material electronically the occasion of the Association's 50th from a range of vendors, and of examin- Anniversary in 1959, Elizabeth Owens, ing collection-use patterns with auto- a past president, challenged the Asso- mated circulation systems. Looking ciation to develop "work standards," by even modestly ahead, we can foresee which she meant codifying practices for radical changes in these and other areas acquiring, organizing, and preserving with the development of electronic pub- information. lishing and "production-on-demand." To be sure, our methods have Among other consequences, the effect changed; our technology has grown. will be to decrease our concern about Along with lawyers, scientists and

Among other consequences, the effect of electronic publishing and "production-on-demand" will be to decrease our concern about copyright and copying fees. Increasingly, the royalties will be built into the cost of accessing the material. For-profit and not-for-profit distinctions will also concern us less. All will pay, regardless of status. copyright and copying fees. Increas- other professionals, we use computers, ingly, the royalties will be built into the lasers, and satellites. Like them, we find cost of accessing the material. For-profit it necessary to improve productivity by and not-for-profit distinctions will also acquiring and processing information concern us less. All will pay, regardless at increasing rates. Elizabeth Owens of status. can be pleased, however; the standards The computer revolution also under- have been developed, and most of them lies another change-that of informa- enhance rather than interfere with our tion as an economic entity, bought, work. More importantly, let those who sold, traded, or embargoed. Without have been subject to the question "Is access to an ever-growing and current librarianship a profession?" take heart. supply of information, some industries It is the function, the substance, and the here and abroad would simply collapse. canons of ethics that make a profession, This reality was dramatically demon- not the gadgets, or the specific "work strated last August when the U.S. Gov- standards." Redefine. . . tween associations and between disciplines. This Association can point to In redefining our mission, we must some notable collaborative efforts, but ask whether we are using change ap- they are not pervasive enough.* We can propriately. Are we doing all we can to also point to conference and chapter make use of the opportunities facing programming, featuring prominent in- us? To the extent we are not, I suspect dividuals from other disciplines. How- self-imposed isolation is a principal rea- ever, it is curious and disturbing to note son. We do not always exchange ideas the lack of participation by librarians in as freely within our profession as we programs outside our profession. The might, nor do we envisage solutions best way to affirm and assert our profes- with sufficient breadth and openness. sional status is by demonstrating As a result, there is unwarranted com- unique competence and letting our con- petition over labels such as "informa- tributions speak for us. tion specialist" or "information manager. " There is also a certain fear of explor- I urge that we stop issuing ing or experimenting-an attitude that complaints of being left out or "we've always done it this way." In the ignored and, instead, take industrial world, this is referred to as steps to be at the core in solv- the "not invented here" syndrome. The nemesis in this battle to defend paro- ing the information handling chialism has been automation. It has problems facing the organiza- forced the doors to compliance and co- tions we serve. operation in areas we were too stub- born to consider before. Economic If the chanee" of ideas remains limited stringency, the other stick-wielder in primarily to our own profession and we this arena, is equally difficult to ignore continue to learn more from others than if somewhat easier to manipulate. we teach them, our isolation will be Willful or not, isolation expresses re- reinforced. The loss will not be ours luctance to assume a more instrumental alone. Ours is a vitally needed profes- role in shaping the change that sur- sion, particularly now when the ability rounds us, a reluctance to push rather to deal mechanically with information than be pushed. I urge that we stop is- is threatening to hide the fact that ac- suing complaints of being left out or ig- cess and use are still human, intellectual nored, and instead, take steps to be at operations. the core in solving the information Technological innovations have handling problems facing the organiza- changed the way we acquire, process, tions we serve. Often that will mean store, access, transmit, and use infor- moving out of the library and into the mation. Putting 50,000 images on a laboratories and offices of those seeking video disc is, however, an empty tech- information. In many organizations, nical achievement if there is no effective computer networks have made collec- means to retrieve the one image needed tion access available in these same of- to solve a problem. Our users confront fices and laboratories. We need to fol- an avalanche of information with tools low that information outward and make our skills as,accessible as our collections * Examples of such efforts include the "Min- have become. nesota MemolTransfer, "a joint SLAlASlS While many of our boundaries are Newsletter; joint continuing education being redefined by changes in courses with the Medical Library Association; technology-what form our collections and joint programs with the International take, how we process and store them- Federation of Library Associations and Institu- we must recognize that technology also tions and SENTOKYO at the SLA Hawaiian erodes the legitimacy of boundaries be- Conference in 1979. special libraries and habits barely adequate to the The Association was formed around a printed-card catalog era. Yet it is their need to communicate and to share, as access to the information they need on our motto states, for the purpose of which our budgets, gadgets, and, ulti- putting knowledge to work. If we view mately, our jobs depend. There is much the Association as a gateway rather than work to be done, including basic and an enclosure, if we eschew boundaries applied research before these problems that have no real purpose, we can better are solved, and it must not be left en- serve our needs which are, in fact, not tirely to others. ours but those of our users. If, within the information society, we assert for Reconfirm . . . our Association and for our profession the pivotal role to which it aspires and Doubt and criticism are normal as- of which it is capable, and if we are pects of examination and definition, in- prepared to carry the responsibility this strumental steps in moving forward. role entails, we will do more for our pro- But, progress is fueled by confidence, as fession and our image than anything we well as by challenge. It remains then, to have attempted in the first 75 years. reconfirm the goals of the Association and of the profession so that we can confidently proceed. Human change is far slower than technological change. The challenge, to Literature Cited our abilities and our imaginations, is to meld the two areas of change and so Mitchell Alma ClarvoeiSpeciaI Libraries harness the "information explosion." Association: Its First Fifty Years-1909- Joseph Becker, a futurist with a good 1959. New York, Special Libraries Asso- track record in our profession, offers a ciation, 1959. similar challenge: "In this new informa- McKenna, Frank E.I"Specia1 Libraries tion society, special librarians are and the Special Libraries Association." destined to play an increasingly greater In Encyclopedia of Library and Informa- role in shaping and establishing new tion Science vol. 28, Allen Kent et al. eds. New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1980. information connections among libra- "Waging a Trade War Over Data." New ries, information centers, and people" York Times, Mar 13, 1983, p. F1. (4). These information connections Becker Joseph1"How to Integrate and must incorporate both the technological Manage New Technology in the Li- and human aspects of information brary." Special Libraries 74 (no. 1):l-6 transfer. (Jan 1983).

july 7983 Combining Study and Pleasure: in Britain Thomas P. Slavens

Both students and professional librarians wonderful place to spend the summer. may do well to plan continuing education The College of Librarianship Wales is not programs in Britain during July and August. only the largest library school in Britain; it is My wife, who is a school librarian, and I also international. Within five years after its have participated for two summers in the opening in 1964, the School had more over- program offered by the International Grad- seas students than all the other British li- uate Summer School in Librarianship and brary schools combined. Information Science. Perhaps others will be Another striking aspect of the School is its induced to plan similar trips after learning spacious facilities, which include a library about the benefits of our summers there. science library, (with a staff of over thirty), The International Graduate Summer a media services unit, a lecture theater, an School (IGSS) is sponsored by the College of academic building, a research center, an ex- Librarianship Wales and the Graduate hibition and design center, a children's School of Library nd Information Sciences of literature center, a social center, and halls of the University of Pittsburgh to further study residence. and promote interest in the international All student rooms are singles and modem and comparative aspects of the profession. with maid service. Meals are served in the Begun in 1973, IGSS has since become an dining room of the social center. Within annual event. While the School offers walking distance are a number of important courses for graduate library science stu- libraries, including the National Library of dents, the major corpus of the participants Wales and the libraries of the University are professional librarians from more than College of Wales, where Prince Charles 30 countries who come to enlarge their studied. knowledge or to update their professional In addition to furnishing room and board, competence in an international atmosphere. the tuition also includes travel expenses and Instruction is given in English. Courses may most meals for a study tour. The tour pro- be audited or taken for graduate academic vides an inside look at some of Britain's credit, received from the College of Librar- more interesting libraries and information ianship Wales or the University of Pitts- centers and also allows a great deal of free burgh. Many schools in Canada and the time for people who normally are not at- United States accept these courses for grad- tracted to tours. uate credit. With the availability of low-cost flights to Visiting the Historic Libraries Britain, it is not expensive to get to London or Manchester and then by train to Aber- On the first day of our tour, we were led ystwvth where the School is located. Upon by the staff of the IGSS into what seemed - < arriving, one has the impression of having like every nook and cranny of the British entered an enchanted fairvland. The ruins of Museum Library. After walking through the the castle, the mysterious monument rising stacks and the technical service depart- above the small city, the University College ments, one of the participants frantically of Wales, the architecture, the busy shops, told the tour director that she had left two the promenade, and, perhaps most impor- books in the stacks somewhere and wanted tant, the seemingly endless sea and shore to get back to find them. He informed us combine to make Aberystwyth one of Brit- that the library recently transferred 90 miles ain's most popular seaside resorts and a of books to another location; he was du-

Copyr~ght0 1983 Spec~alL~brar~es Assocat~on 302 special libraries bious, therefore, about her ability to find of the better speakers we encountered on the the two books. They will probably appear in study tour of English libraries. One of the the Catalogue as gifts to that collection! keys to his success in captivating us was that The next day, we visited the library of the quite early in the speech he modestly indi- London Borough of Camden, which is cated that he had made a misake in setting located within a stone's throw of Dickens' up the library by constructing a classifica~ House (if you have a small stone and are tion scheme based on several others. very strong). We asked which authors During the afternoon, we visited the Brit- are most widely read there. Apparently, ish Lending Library Division at Boston Spa. they are the same ones read in-kmerica: In the warehouses are books which are Agatha Christie, Harold Robbins, and, loaned to institutions throughout the world. of course, Barbara Cartland. Neither Dick- It is an efficient operation-a book can be ens, Chaucer, Shakespeare, or Milton were checked out, wrapped, and mailed in a mentioned. matter of minutes. We were warned to stand On our visit to the library of the Bank of back from the machines lest we find our- England we were greeted at the front door selves in a box of books on its way to Aus- by two elegantly dressed guards. They were tralia. It would be a cheap way to take a long resplendent in their costumes but would trip, and one would have some good read- have been unprepared to ward off a bank ing en route. robber or anyone else more vicious than a Soon after, we visited the John Rylands wayward tourist. The librarian invited the Library in Manchester. This "British Mu- IGSS participants into his office where we seum of the North" houses a magnificent were served tea and biscuits. This library collection of rare books. We also visited holds many of the standard reference works Cheetham's Library, which is reported to be which would be in any major library in the the oldest public library in the world. English-speaking world. It also contains a Back in Aberystwyth, we made several in- great many financial records as well as rare dividual excursions to such places as Bath, books. We were shown a first folio of Shake- Salisbury, and Stonehenge. We also went speare, a copy of Johnson's Dictiona y , and with the IGSS tour to Haye-on-Wye, a small other rarities. town which has book stores filled with The Bank also has a museum which con- hundreds of thousands of used books on tains, among other oddities, the tally sticks most subjects. The owner, who calls himself used for centuries in England, and a letter a King and claims to be withdrawing from from George and Martha Washington, the United Kingdom, owns a medieval cas- which reportedly is the only extant letter tle which he is restoring. He invited us to signed by both. In this epistle, which is lunch at his home, and we spent the after- dated during the period of the War of Amer- noon visiting many of his buildings filled ican Independence, they ask for the interest with used books. on the principal of the money they had In brief. the International Graduate Sum- deposited in the Bank of England. I doubt if mer School is a highly recommended way to George led the charge at Yorktown with the spend a summer. The curriculum is varied words, "Keep your money in the Bank of enough to meet the needs of most librarians. England, boys"! Inquiries about the school, which normally The next day we left London for Oxford closes immediately before the meeting of the where we were entertained by Blackwells. International Federation of Library Asso- After a tour of this huge jobber's operation, ciations, should be sent to Frank Hogg, with the computers winking and blinking as Director, International Graduate School, they recorded transactions with libraries College of Librarianship Wales, Aberyst- throughout the world, we were entertained wyth, Wales, Great Britain. by the firm for dinner. The wine flowed like water, the staff was much in evidence, and the food was delicious. Thomas P. Slauens In a few days we were in York, where we Professor, School of Libra y Science were addressed by the University Librarian. The University of An energetic, personable man, he was one Michigan, Ann Arbor

july 1983 CALL FOR PAPERS Special Libraries Association 75th Annual Conference June 9-14, 1984, New York, New York

"Information in the Electronic Revolution"

In President Janet Rigney's inaugural ad- Papers Sessions. Very specific papers will be dress, delivered at the Detroit Conference, referred to the appropriate Divisions. she spoke about the necessity of keeping up To have a paper considered, the following "with the electronic revolution going on in guidelines must be met: our information world. . . ." This statement 1. A 250-500 word abstract, submitted effectively combines various aspects of pre- with the form below. which accuratelv vious conference topics and allows the pos- conveys the scope of the paper, its sibility of focusing on the effects of the new depth, conclusions, and the way it con- technology, on the removal of barriers to in- tributes to the Conference theme, or formation, on the realities of the eighties, the history of SLA, must be submitted and on strategies for formulating change. by October 14, 1983. Full text of the Almost any area of the information field is paper is due April 2,1984. now involved with the electronic explosion, 2. Papers must not have been presented and this broad theme gives those who sub- previously to any national or intema- mit papers a great deal of leeway. tional group or have been previously The Association's 75th anniversary will be submitted for evaluations. celebrated during the New York Confer- 3. Papers will be accepted only if the au- ence, and some contributors may wish to thor expects to be present and only if focus on the history and development of the abstract has been submitted for SLA. evaluation. You are invited to submit any paper All papers are the property of Special Li- which illustrates the Conference theme or braries Association and will be considered which focuses on SLA's history. General for publication in Special Libraries. papers will be presented at the Contributed

r------I I I I To: I I j Fred Roper Name: I j School of Library Science Organization: I I Manning Hall 026-A I I Mailing Address: I ! University of North Carolina I I Chapel ill, NC 27514 I ! I

I Telephone : ! Attached is an abstract Tentative Title: I of my proposed paper ! for the 1984 SLA I Conference.

304 special libraries Scholarship Fund Contributions Received Jan-Dec 1982

H. W. Wilson Foundation $ 5,000.00 Anonymous Trust Income 4.687.44 Standard Oil of California 300.00 Texas Chapter 200.00 Heart of America Chapter 185.00 San Andreas Chapter 141.00 Barbara J. Armstrong 50.00 Martha J. Bailey 50.00 South Atlantic Chapter (in memory of Charles Bauer) 50.00 Evelyn Butler (in memory of Isabelle Bronk) 50.00 Margaret C. Dorfman 50.00 Nuclear Science Division (in memory of Ruth Perks) 50.00 Cleveland Chapter (in memory of Jesse H. Shera and James V. Jones) 50.00 Carolyn S. Kirby 45.00 Alice C. Kingery 40.00 Judy Field (in memory of Charles Bauer) 25.00 Patrick Bova 25.00 Eileen C. Donahue 25.00 Virginia L. Duncan 25.00 Ruth Fromkes 25.00 Harry C. Hall 25.00 Ellen Todd Hanks 25.00 Katharine 0. D. Lockett 25.00 Vilia H. Ma 25.00 Anita Newel1 25.00 Ruth E. Reed 25.00 Cecily Surace 25.00 Martha J. Zachert 25.00 Total other contributions under $25.00 1,354.32

Total $12,627.76

Special Programs Fund Contributions Received Jan-Dec 1982 Joseph Dagnese Mrs. W. F. Fitzgerald Doris Schild David R. Bender Total other contributions under $25.00

Total $350.35

Audit Report January 1, 1982-December 31, 1982

To the Board of Directors In our opinion, the financial statements re- Special Libraries Association, Inc. ferred to above present fairly the financial position of Special Libraries Association, Inc.; as of We have examined the statement of assets, lia- December 31, 1982, and its revenues, expenses bilities and fund balances of Special Libraries and changes in fund balances and changes in Association, Inc., as of December 31, 1982, and financial position for the year then ended, in con- the related statements of revenues, expenses and formity with generally accepted accounting prin- changes in fund balances and changes in financial ciples applied on a basis consistent with that of position for the year then ended. Our examina- the preceding year. tion was made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and, accordingly, in- Weber, Lipshie & Co. cluded such tests of the accounting records and Certified Public Accountants such other auditing procedures as we considered March 11, 1983 necessary in the circumstances. New York, New York

JU~Y7983 Total Nonserial Special Building All General Publications Scholarship Programs Fund c*, Funds Fund Fund Fund Fund (Note 5) 0 - - 0, V) Revenues -I Dues and fees Subscriptions and advertising 5 Net receipts from conference, less allocation below Net receipts from education program Net receipts from mailing list service program Interest, dividends and net loss on sales of investments Sales of nonserial publications Gifts Miscellaneous Recovery of unrealized loss on short-term marketable securities

Costs and expenses Allotment of funds to sub-units Salaries, wages and benefits (Note 1) Office services and occupancy costs Professional fees and services Travel and entertainment Member services and promotion Costs of periodical publications sold, including allocation below Costs of nonserial publications Scholarships and stipends Miscellaneous Depreciation Allocation of above expenses to Costs of periodical publications Conference Other funds and programs

Excess (defiaency) of revenues over expenses before provision for income taxes ~rovision~forincome taxes (Note 1) Excess (defiaency) of revenues over expenses Fund balances-beginning Fund transfers Fund balances-end

See accompanying notes to financial statements. Total Nonserial Special Building Aii Generai Pubiications Schoiarship Programs Fund

\ Funds Fund Fund Fund Fund (Note 5) c ' ? Funds provided Operations Excess (deficiency) of revenues over expenses Charge not affecting working capital Depreciation Funds provided by (applied to) operations Decrease in other assets Transfer to Special Programs Fund Transfer to Building Fund

Funds applied Purchases of furniture and fixtures lncrease in marketable securities

Increase (decrease) in working capital

The changes in working capital were represented by an increase (decrease) in: Current assets Cash Marketable securities Accounts receivable Interfund receivable (payable) Inventory of nonserial publications and insignia Prepaid expenses

Current liabilities Subscriptions, dues, fees and contributions received in advance Accounts payable-trade Withheld taxes and accrued expenses payable Income taxes payable b.l 0 Increase (decrease) in working capital See accompanying notes to financial statements Total Nonserial Special Building All General Publications Scholarship Programs Fund Funds Fund Fund Fund Fund (Note 5) ASSETS - - Current assets Cash (Note 2) Marketable securities, at cost (Notes 1 and 3) Accounts receivable, net of provision for doubtful accounts of $3,300 in General Fund, $900 in Nonserial Publications Fund Interfund receivable (payable) Inventory of nonserial publications and insignia (Note 1) Prepaid expenses Total current assets

Marketable securities, at cost (Notes 1 and 3)

Furniture and fixtures at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $49,463 (Note 1)

Other assets

LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCES

Current liabilities Subscriptions, dues, fees and contributions received in advance (Note 1) Accounts payable- trade Withheld taxes and accrued expenses payable Income taxes payable (Note 1) Total current liabilities B Lease commitment (Note 4) Fund balances d 3 2' See accompanying notes to financial statements. Notes to Financial Statements

Summary of Significant Account- Pensions ing Policies The Association has a contributory The accounting policies that affect the group annuity defined contribution re- significant elements of the Associa- tirement program with an insurance tion's financial statements are sum- company covering substantially all marized below. qualified employees. There is no un- funded past service cost to be paid by the Association. Pension expense for Operations the year was approximately $16,500. The Association encourages and pro- motes the utilization of knowledge Donated Services through the collection, organization A significant amount of the Associa- and dissemination of information. It is tion's functions are conducted by un- an association of individuals and orga- paid volunteer officers and committees. nizations with educational, scientific The value of this contributed time is not and technical interests in library and in- reflected in the accompanying financial formation science and technology. statements because it is not susceptible to objective measurement or valuation. Marketable Securities The marketable securities of the General lncome Taxes and Scholarship Funds are combined The provision for income taxes is based and managed as one fund for investment on unrelated business income, which purposes, with participating percent- consists of net advertising income and ages in income and gains and losses net mailing list service income. The As- based on respective participation ac- sociation's remaining activities are ex- counts at the end of the year. Marketable empt from Federal income taxes under securities reflected as current assets are Section 501 of the Internal Revenue valued at the lower of cost or market and Code. those reflected as noncurrent assets are valued at cost. It is the Association's in- Cash tention not to utilize the noncurrent por- The Association's total cash assets in- tion of these assets in the normal course clude $639,357 in savings accounts, of of operations. which $35,589 is in time deposit accounts which have maturity dates in Inventory April 1985 and July 1986 and are subject Inventory of nonserial publications aild to interest penalties upon early with- insignia is stated at the lower of average drawal. cost or market. Marketable Securities Depreciation See Table 1 on next page. Depreciation of furniture and fixtures is provided on the straight-line and accel- Lease Commitment erated basis at various rates calculated to extinguish the book values of the re- The Association occupies offices under spective assets over their estimated use- a noncancellable operating lease which ful lives. expires in 1987. The lease provides for minimum annual rentals of $24,000, plus certain taxes and maintenance costs. Subscriptions, Dues and Fees Except for subscriptions to the period- Building Fund icals Specialist and Special Libraries, membership in the Association is based In October 1981, the Board of Directors on either a December 31 or June 30 of the Association authorized the estab- year. Dues, fees and subscriptions are lishment of the Building Fund, effective credited to income as earned. January 1982. july 1983 Table 1. Marketable Securities Net Appreciation In Market Cost Market Value

Current assets Cash $ 24,441 $ 24,441 Common stocks 1 64,848 187,912 $ 23,064

Noncurrent assets US. Government obligations $ 39,550 $ 42,687 Corporate bonds 39,625 27,400

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special libraries Reviews

Map classification: A Comparison of in LC (on p. 20, G8200 F81 should be Schemes with Special Reference to the Con- G8201.F81, and so forth), and the diagram tinent of Africa, by Christopher E. Merrett. on p. 25 could have used a professional (Occasional Papers, University of Illinois printing approach rather than an amateur Graduate School of Library and Information pencil shading. Science, no. 154). Champaign, Ill., Univer- It is in his conclusions that Merrett's ideas sity of Illinois, 1982. 31p. (pbk.) are most divergent from those of the U.S. map library community. Most map librar- This slender volume begins well, with an ians believe that LC classification is the explication of the functions of classification best system, not only because it provides, as (noting that its two functions, information a general rule, the best compromise between retrieval and filing arrangement, may precision of notation and ease and speed of conflict), some good diagrams of Africa application but because LC is the standard comparing the way different schemes used bv the national librarv of the United classify the geographic areas of that conti- States; in these days of networking, it is just nent, and a well-organized approach to the common sense to use LC classification. Mer- analysis of different methods of map classi- rett, however, opts for the Universal fication. It also ends well, with appendices Decimal Classification as consistently pro- and references. In between, there are viding precise terminology with notation for serious weaknesses. thematic content. This may well be so, but When discussing the International Geo- given the choice between classing a map of graphical Union classification, Merrett notes Table Mountain, South Africa, as 912 that it may not be relevant to a general map (6871)"197"(084.33) and G8512.C2, most will collection; however, he does not give the probably take the latter (the LC notation), reason, which is that the majority of maps particularly since classification is not meant published are of political areas; thus, the to carry the whole show on its shoulders, IGU scheme-based as it is upon geo- but rather, should serve as a complement to graphic areas -is not relevant to the facts of cataloging. Merrett states that there is no publishing or of map collections. reason why a map librarian shouldn't take The author scores a few telling blows two systems and make a hybrid. This map against Library of Congress classification: librarian really must protest such a sugges- e.g., towns go directly under country tion, since it is one that U.S. map collections (except in North America) instead of ad- that followed it in the past eighty years have ministrative district, and "topography yet come to rue. again functions as the default class" (p. 15). Overall, this is a stimulating work, but it His discussion of Boggs and Lewis, of Par- is certainly not attuned to the theoretical and sons, and of the American Geographical philosophical realities of library life in the Society systems also points out some prob- United States. lems. What he terms the University of Washington system is actually titling, and by no means originated at that institution. Mary Larsgaard The most fascinating part of this work is a Arthur Lakes Library comparison of the schemes in practice. Un- Colorado School of Mines fortunately, this is marred by errors, at least Golden, Colo. The Management of Serials Automation: the Library of Congress's plans to identify Current Technology and Strategies for and support national networking are Future Planning, edited by Peter Gellatly. reviewed. (A monographic supplement to The Serials Of interest to the special library are the Librarian, v.6, 1981182). New York, The papers: "Cataloging in the Time of Change" Haworth Press, 1982. 325p. $45.00. ISBN by Mary Ellen Soper in which she discusses 0-917724-37-2.B37. the decisions a library must face using the new AACR2 rules and the possibility of "Controlling serials is like nailing Jello to automated cataloging; "The OCLC Serials the wall," writes Anne Marie Allison, one of Control Subsystem" by Pauline F. Micciche, the contributing authors in this new mono- an examination of the OCLC system; and an graphic supplement to The Serials Li- article by H. Kirk Memott, K. Paul Jorden brarian. Automation can surely be the firm- and John R. Taylor entitled, "On-line Serials ing agent if not the nail in serials control. at Brigham Young University" in which This collection of papers discusses topics they show the progression from a manual critical to serials librarians in adapting to the check-in system to a sophisticated, auto- new technology of automation. The first of- mated serials system. fering is Allison's excellent survey and Writing from the perspective of a librarian selected bibliography. The next group of working in a small company library, this re- papers discusses a number of automated viewer would have liked to see a few articles serials systems: the University of Cali- discussing a small library's solutions to the fornia's several stages of automation; North- serials dilemma; the book's focus is on the western University's Luis System (an online large university operation. public system); the conversion of serials This collection of papers not only allows holdings to both machine-readable format the reader to see how the larger libraries are and an online system; and a cooperative coping with serials control but also to peek serials data conversion project. into the future of the smaller libraries as they Various aspects of automated cataloging convert the knowledge acquired to their are discussed: the effects of AACR2 on own uses. serials cataloging, the advantages and disadvantages of shared-cataloging, and a call Susan Jackson for revised bibliographical and cataloging Company Library standards. The networking systems of Pacific Power & Light Company OCLC, RLG, and WLN are analyzed, and Portland, OR

International and National Library and In the second section, the author de- Information Semices: A Review of Some scribes in more detail national library devel- Recent Developments, by George Chandler opments in some 50 countries and regions. (Recent Advances in Librarianship and This section is arranged by geographical re- Information Science, vol. 2). New York, gion: the Americas, Western and Eastern Pergamon Press, 1982. 230 illus. $20.00. Europe, North Africa and the Arab World, LC 81-13768; ISBN 008-025-7933. Asia and Oceania. For each country or region, information on the following subjects This work carries a somewhat misleading is given: authority and legislation, national title since it focuses on national libraries and collections, international collections, lend- international cooperation rather than on in- ing services, information serivces, coordi- ternational information services and infor- nation roles, international roles (including mation retrieval systems. The book consists international cooperation), research devel- of three sections. The first deals with inter- opment, national bibliographical services, governmental organizations. The author and automation projects. traces the developments within UNESCO The third section provides information and its older NATIS and UNISIST programs, about recent Conferences of Directors of which have been replaced by the General National Libraries and their involvement in Information Program, IFLA, FID, and other international bibliographical cooperation. international organizations. In Chapter 10, Chandler summarizes the re-

special libraries sults of a survey conducted in 1978 on the The author has not always used the most role of national libraries in national and in- recent sources available, e.g., both a de- ternational systems. Some interesting statis- scription of Euronet in Western Europe tical data are included. For example, we and the new Staatsbibliothek Preussischer learn that 30% of the 48 national libraries Kulturbesitz (State Library) in Berlin-a that responded to the survey questionnaire landmark in library building-are not men- act as national centers for foreign inter- tioned, while smaller mistakes such as library lending and borrowing, but only half "F121, F122 . . . F128" for "FlZ2 . . . FlZ8 of them process more than 90% of all (German subject-oriented specialized infor- requests; 15% of the national libraries con- mation centers) could have been prevented. trol all libraries in their respective countries! However, the text is useful and is accom- The book also contains two valuable ap- panied by many reproductions of original pendices: Appendix I gives details of the documents produced by the nations in- resolutions of the 1979 International Confer- volved in international library cooperation ence of Directors of National Libraries held and development. in Canberra, Australia. Appendix I1 con- Johan Van Halm tains the results of the survey questionnaire Van Halm & Associates discussed in the text. Amersfoort, Netherlands

Women and Library Management: Theo- Articles by Alma Baron, on understanding ries, Skills and Values, by Darlene E. Wein- the management structure, Andrea Dragon, gand, ed. Ann Arbor, Mich., The Pierian on leadership, and Peggy Sullivan, on li- Press, 1982. 124p. $16.95. LC 82-60743; ISBN brary associations, fall into this category. 0-87650-142-0. One article by Kathryn Clarenback, a professor of political science, supports differ- The scarcity of women managers is no- ences between men and women managers where more evident than in the library pro; and encourages women to "recognize as as- fession. What is it that has kept women out sets those attributes we have been assigned of the managerial ranks? Is it a lack of educa- and make the most of them." Although she tion, societal or familial demands, or sex asserted that there are and should be differ- discrimination? Women and Library Manage- ences between male and female managers, ment: Theories, Skills and Values is one of a the actions Clarenback advocates for effec- number of recent books and articles which tive management are applicable to men, as tries to explain this situation and to offer well to as to women. Perhaps, as was sug- constructive, practical suggestions for gested by several of the authors, men anyone wishing to become a manager. already understand the management struc- This book is the proceedings of a con- ture, are leaders and are active in library ference, "Women and Library Manage- associations. Those men who do not fit this ment," held at the University of Wisconsin description, however, could benefit by a in 1981. The speakers were from various dis- reading of these articles. ci~lines,as well as librarv science. Their Good practical information is included in dkerse backgrounds broaden the appeal of the chapters on conducting effective meet- this book bevond librarianshiv. ings and in those on publishing (again, non- The confbence focused o< three main gender related). Although the article by topics: leadership, professional participa- Nancy Melin, "Publishing-How Does it tion, and publishing-all subjects which Work? . . ." seems womewhat simplistic, it should concern women who wish to move is encouraging and should help some fledg- into management. In addition, the topics of ling writers get started. personal growth, conducting meetings, men One of the most readable articles, Peter and women in the workplace, and women as Hamon, an anthropologist and librarian, managers were addressed. gives a history of men and women working By far the most interesting and helpful ar- and living together and shows how things ticles are those which do not distinguish have changed or not changed through the what women should do to become good centuries. managers, but rather, what anyone, male or It is refreshing to read articles which rec- female, should do to move into management ognize that there are differences between and be effective. men and women but which do not advocate an embrace of the male model for all female Despite these few problems, Women and managers. The articles would have been Management: Theories, Skills and Values more readable had they been published as should appeal to men, as well as women; to written papers rather than as oral presenta- librarians, as well as nonlibrarians: and to tions. The anecdotes and jokes are fine for professionals, as well as managers. It should oral presentations, but in most cases they do appeal not only to those who plan to pursue not transfer well to a written format. a management career but also to anyone Another criticism is that the credentials of who wishes to attain a higher level of visi- the individual presenters are not given with bility and professionalism in his or her 'each article; they are collected alphabeti- career. cally, at the end of the book. Readers are likely to discover this only after reading the Gloria J. Zamora entire collection, all the while wondering Technical Library who these people are and what qualified Sandia National Laboratories them to speak at such a conference. Albuquerque, N.M.

Censorship in the Eighties, Charles H. cal issues are related to the contemporary Busha, ed. Drexel Library Quarterly 18 (no. wave of oppression in checklist-based re- 1). Philadelphia, Drexel University, 1982. search, a frequently used method designed 108p. $6.00. ISSN 0012-6160. to obtain measures of self-censorship among librarians. "Toward an Intellectual Freedom The American Library Association re- Theory for Users of Libraries" by David K. ported that incidences -of censorship in- Beminghausen (University of Minnesota) creased 500 percent in the second half of explores in depth the theoretical founda- 1981. Censorship, in any form, represents a tions for maintaining intellectual freedom lack of trust in the judgment and discrimina- for library users. tion of the individual. The passage of time, When ideas conflict with community perhaps, provides the best perspective for standards, those ideas are frequently cen- sorting the wheat from the chaff. sored. The battle lines are drawn. The con- In the meantime, this work provides li- flict between ideas and ideals can polarize brarians, publishers, educators and other an entire community. In her contribution, interested citizens with a cogent and suc- Eleanore H. Richardson (Limestone College, cinct presentation on several facets of a com- Gaffney, S.C.) deals with selected facets of plex, kaleidoscopic phenomenon. the emotionally charged, controversial sub- According to the editor's statement, the ject, "Textbook Censorship and Intolerance seven papers assembled "provide a forum in in the Classroom." which several persons who have committed Eli M. Oboler (Idaho State University) ad- themselves to defending principles of intel- dresses free speech in a global context and lectual freedom . . . speak out on important approaches the topic of how intellectual issues related to current censorship prob- freedom fares in various nations in "Inter- lems such as textbook censorship and self- national Aspects of Intellectual Freedom." censorship by librarians." Each of the six papers has been thor- "You Shall Know the Truth': The New oughly documented with references and Christian Right and Censorship" by Charles citations. The volume concludes with an ex- W. Murray, Jr. (Worcester Public Library, cellent bibliography by Editor Charles H. Mass.) and L.B. Woods (University of Rhode Busha (Liberty, S.C.). It spans the years Island) documents such religious groups 197CL1981 and is titled "Censorship and In- and political action associations as the Na- tellectual Freedom." tional Christian Action Coalition, the Coali- This is a convenient, handy little volume tion for Better Television, and the Moral to have around. It addresses an important Majority. Bruce A. Shuman (Queens Col- and socially significant issue which won't lege, CUNY) delves further into the latter's go away. tactics and political goals in his essay, "The Vivian D. Hewitt Moral Majority and Popular Issues." Carnegie Endowment for Judith Serebnick (Indiana University, International Peace Bloomington) examines how popular politi- New York, N.Y.

special libraries Documents to Manage By, by Leslie H. ings, diagrams, illustrations, charts, check- Matthies. Stamford, Conn., Office Publica- lists, and understandable examples. These tions, Inc., 1982. 193p. $14.00. LC 82-81937; are followed by two brief chapters listing ISBN 0-911054-06-5. common errors in documentation and the qualifications desirable for the developers of This practical and plainly written book is documents. designed to be immediately useful man- The book concludes with a page of "Rec- agers at all levels: corporate or small busi- ommended Reading," citing only six titles ness, nonprofit, government, federal, state, from among the hundreds currently avail- and local. The author, a practicing systems able on the subject of management-a par- manager for nearly a quarter of a century, is simony particularly delightful to this bib- the director of the Management Research liographer's sated eye. It is not surprising Society. He has conducted countless semi- that two of the six are by Mr. Matthies: nars, workshops, and classes for manage- Management Systems (Wiley, 1976) and The ment executives. New Playscript Procedure (Office Publica- Advertised as "the only book of its kind" tions, Inc., 1977). The American Manage- (a not entirely original claim among ment Association's excellent Classics in publishers), its thesis is to enhance efficient, Management, edited by Harwood Merrill; effective management by the use of "docu- Henri Fayol's masterpiece, General and In- ments," classified into six rather familiar dustrial Management; Management Plus, by categories: organization charts, job descrip- Richard Le Tourneau; and Discipline or Dis- tions, management principles (policy state- aster, by Magoon and Richards, complete ments), action documents (procedures), this rather unusual list. An index is pro- "approval authority" (assignment of re- vided. sponsibility), and communications. An introduction comments on the sad Charlotte Georgi state of the "Documental Crazy Quilt." It is Graduate School of followed by six succinct chapters on each of Management Library the categories, replete with lively line draw- UCLA

The Microform Connection: A Basic Guide the collection. In Part 3, the physical setting for Libraries, by Ralph J. Folcarelli, Arthur and staffing and financing factors are dis- C. Tannenbaum, and Ralph C. Ferragamo. cussed, including a lengthy account of COM New York, R.R. Bowker Co., 1982. 210p. (Computer Output Microfilm) catalogs. $35. ISBN 0-8352-1475-3. Part 4, "Recommendations and the Future," is the shortest and weakest of the chapters. This work is intended to provide a guide Consisting mainly of comments drawn from for establishing a microform collection with the literature of the seventies, it offers related services in small-or medium-sized limited implications for the future. libraries. The authors have included suffi- The authors have included about 270 cient information to enable a librarian to references in their bibliography, and with plan, select, and acquire microforms, and to the exception of a very few from 1980-1981, become aware of the environment and almost all of the references are drawn from maintenance involved in setting up the the period of the seventies, a time of devel- collection. opment of high technology in the industry. Divided into four parts followed by a glos- However, some of the references can be con- sary, bibliography, two appendices, and an sidered to be of historic interest rather than index, the book also includes a list of micro- high priority reading for today's librarian publishers and a list of organizations with who has limited time for reading and plan- micrographics interests. Part 1discusses the ning. A more selective list of references with impact of microforms on the library, reasons a brief annotation for each would reduce the for establishing micrographics services, and need to select from such a long list. Notes at the basics of software and hardware. Part 2 the end of chapters are pertinent and useful covers selections, acquisition of micro- in most cases. The language is nontechnical, forms, and how to organize and maintain and the layout is excellent. july 1983 The book will not take the place of discus- Special Libraries Association has been sions with representatives of local manufac- omitted as a valuable source of information turers, reading current trade journals such on micrograhics in business, banking, as Journal of Micrographics and others that industry, and government libraries. cover office procedures, or visits to the This book is recommended for the novice, manufacturers and dealers exhibits. More for use in library schools, and as a re- emphasis could have been placed on the view and guide for librarians at the early importance and use of standards. More and intermediate stages of planning and information could have been given on how organizing the micrographics collection. to prevent pitfalls of purchasing; for example, the use of cartridge and cassette. Credit ,for assistance in preparing the Loretta J. Kiersky book is given to a number of librarians in Information Center university and public libraries, as well as to Airco, Inc. members of the industry. Unfortunately, Murray Hill, N. J.

The Future of Information Brokers in Brokers described, except perhaps in Europe by Stem, DorC and Degoul on behalf France, appear to be unrepresentative and of ANVAR. Paris, CIBD [Centre d'Infor- the treatment of brokerage in the various mation des Banques de DonnCes], 1982. countries is extremely inconsistent. In addi- 227 p. $65.00 (Can.) Available from Espial tion, there are contradictory statements; we Productions, Box 624, Station K, Toronto, are told that the price of a service does not Canada M4P 2H1. affect its use but that brokers lose clients when their prices rise. North American readers interested in the It is not only the dearth of information on state of information brokerage in Europe this subject that makes one wish this report have few sources of information-a fact that offered more. The European situation, with makes the deficiencies of this work all the governments eager to emulate American more regrettable. progress by assisting the information in- The problems begin with an inadequate dustry, is interesting and deserves study. definition of information broker: "organisa- Clearly, the authors understood their sub- tions whose principal activity is the dis- ject and make a number of valuable com- semination of information to a large number ments. They point out, for instance, that of users, including small firms, large com- while brokers expected to serve smaller panies and other organisations". At times it businesses with inadequate access to infor- appears that the authors have equated the mation, they discovered that their clients use of online database searching with infor- were primarily larger firms in which the mation brokerage, while at other times one managers had a better understanding of the wonders if they are not describing academic need for that information. and special library reference services. In Many of the recommendations are in- common with American works on the same teresting, as well: for example, governments subject, the authors erroneously accept a should finance customers, rather than variety of library-related services, such as brokers, with vouchers which would leave indexing, cataloging and software design, as the customer free to choose which broker to being part of information brokerage. patronize. Confusion reigns. What, for example, is Perhaps the authors will return to this the difference between "few," "not often," subject to give it its due. In the meantime, "seldom," "1 or 2 per country," "rare," and the wealth of detail in this report, including "very rare," all in the same table? Terms are long lists of names and addresses of brokers, hardly ever defined. Few paragraphs escape give those interested in the field a place to without typographical and grammatical er- start. rors, many of which pass from beinq merely annoying to being seriously confusion. Bibliographical citations, if they are given at Susan Klement all, are incomplete. In fact, the authors do Information Resources not give us even their own first names. Toronto, Ont.

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special libraries SERVING THE OLOER ADULT RELIGIOUS BOOKS 1876-1962- A Guide to Library Programs and Information Sources Thls sourcebook provldes comprehens~veaccess to every tltle pertalning to By Betty J Turock The rise 01 the aglng population In this country means any area of rel~g~onand the related areas of philosophy published or that servlces and lnformatlon for the older adult are lncreasinalv lmoortant d~strlbutedin the Un~tedStates lrom the lnceotlon of L~brarvof Conaress Th~sIS the f~rstbook to offer a comprehens~veovervlew of t6e1nformatlon La's og ng to tne present More than 130 0001 tles are classlfled~nderiome needs of older adults, and of how ltbrarlans and allled professionals can 29 000 L~brarr01 Conaress sub~ectheadmas - In tne Mam Index with each meet these needs A volume In Bowker s Serving Specla1 Populatrons Serles t~tlereceivinia fully &aloged entry. ISBN 0.8352-1487-7 277 pp January 1983 $29 95 ISBN 0-8352-1602-0. 4.700 pp June 1983 $195.00, the 4-vol set WOMEN RELIGIOUS HISTORY SOURCES PUBLISHERS WEEKLY YEARBOOK A Guide to Repositories in the United States News, Analyses and Trends in the Book Industry; First Edition 1983 Ed~tedby S~sterEvangelme Thomas, w~ththe assistance of Joyce L Whlte A blend of statlstlcs, reports from the fleld, summartes of major events, and and LOISWachtel Th~sgulde to the arch~valand manuscript repositories of Interpretwe essays, all 01 whlch are orlglnal to thls volume Here are Catholic, Ep~scopaland Orthodox sisterhwds and Lutheran. Mennon~teand statlsttcscoverlngevery aspect of the book busmess reports on the clmate Method~stdeaconesses IS the result of a four-year natlonal survey lunded by lor sales arttcles coverlna evervth~nafrom meraers to electronc oubhsh- the Nat~onalEndowment tor the Humanit~esand the Nat~onalHlstortcal ng-wtth n-depth coveraie on C nalstry lnsdirs can provlde Cbmp~~ea Publ~cat~onsand Records Commlsslon The gu~deis arranged alphabetically dno eo tea ov the staft 01 PUBLISHERS WEE!(LY In collawrat~onwith tne by state w~thalphabet~cal sublistlngs by clty and congregatlon/communlty Bwk DIVISIO~. R.R. Bowker. name ISBN 0-8352-1689.6 Approx 300 pp. May 1983. $39.95/hardcover ISBN 0-8352-1681-0 329 pp. March 1983. $65.00 ISBN 0-8352-1691-8. $29.95/paperback Soecial offer! 20% on throuph June 15. 1983 BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS BOOKS 1876-1982 Offer~nga comprehens~ve, retrospective coverage for the ftrst tune, th~s volume prov~desaccess to the entlre l~teratureof busmess and economics More than 150 000 t~tlesare l~stedunder some 50.W L~braryof Congress subject headmgs In the maln Subject Index-wlth coverage extendmg from the lnceptlon of L~brary01 Congress catalog~ngto the present ISBN 0-8352.1614-4 5.245 pp August 1983 $195 00 the 4-vol set standard references updati7'an offering coverage of vital new areas for library

THE BOWKER ANNUAL OF LIBRARY AN0 BOOK TRADE INFORMATION 1983 28th Edition Complied and ed~tedbv Joanne O'Hare. Consultina editor, Frank L. Schlck Sponsorea oy tne ~oicI of hat onal Llorary and ~hormat~onAssoc~at~ons nc F na 0.1 now recent ledera1 eq slat on allecls brarr lund~nqand oook THE PRINTWORLO OIRECTORY OF o~yng amover now hrar esare~s~ngnewtecnno~ogy6ee~aoreast o! CONTEMPORARY PRINTS AN0 PRICES 1983/84 trenos n p-ol~shng and tne nformatlon na.strles aeterm ne tne Ed~led by Selma Sm~th Publ~shedby Printworld. Inc.. and d~str~buted est~mateddollars~ze of the l~brarymarket by segment pred~ctnextyear s exclus~velyto I~braries,bwkstores, and academics by R.R Bowker The spendmg and buy~ngtrends and much more w~ththls annual contalnlng unlque, up-to-date volume llsts more than 10.000 valuable prlnts by 825 leature articles, surveys tables, charts statlstlcs, names addresses, and establ~shedand new artlsts (200 more artists than the prevlous edlt~on) news storles by experts In the f~eld Art~sts'entrles l~stbiographical facts, Including current mailing address. ISBN 0-8352-1680.2 704 pp May 1983 $55 00 Pr~ntsare ltsled w~thmlormal~on on where to order them, when they were prmted the~rcolor, sue. number printed, and origlnal and current prlces. BIOGRAPHICAL BOOKS 1876-1949 ISBN 0-943636-01-2. Approx. 450 pp. April 1983 $49.95/paper Thls unprecedented blbl~ographycaptures In a single source virtually every b~oaraohv.autobloara~hv collective bloaraohv. ~ournal.diarv. letter collec- WHO WAS WHO ON SCREEN Third Edition r on o odrapn ca ;Imo;lary ano directory p"oi~sned or o~siribdteoIn the Comp lea Sy Eve yn Mac< Trt, tt Tn s olograpn.cal olrectory IS a col ectlon 01 bn re0 Slates slnce tne nceptlon ol Llorary of Congress catalog ng to 1949 ober 1000 000tactson 13 0001 lm personal~tes whod ed oetween the years More tnan 39.000 tdles are class~t~eo"noer some 15 000 personal name 1905 an0 1981 Each of the entr es-not ldst f,lm stars b~tcharacter actors neaalngs and 8 000 LC subject headmgs In the Ma n ndex whde a separate anlma s stuntmen, screen wr ters setdes~gnersetc wno have at east one Vocatlon lndex provldes access to some 10.000 personal names Amer~canfllm credlt-awes a clear readable bloaraDhv lnclud~naDosltlons ISBN 0-8352-$33-9 Approx 1,824 pp May 1983 $110 00 he a t, tn n tne mov e lidustry, awaras, an0 a yeaXy-year 1st oia,~screen cred~tsTnetn ra eo~tlonInc uaesaoorox matelv 4.000add1t1onalentriesnot LIBRARY AUTOMATION: Issues and Aoolications. . listed In the second edit~on. By Dennls Reynolos Emphasmg planning, buymg. Instal lng ana ma n- ISBN 0-8352-15784 800 pp March 1983. $65 00 la nmg cost.el18c~entaLtomat on th~vohe IS essent~allor understand#nq the place of automation In today's library, for making the correct hardware and software purchasing decisions, and for makmg the most of automated R.R. Bowker Cumpamy systems by proper tralnlng and management ISBN 0-8352-1489-3 Approx 304 pp September 1983 $35.00 Order Dept.. P.O. Box 1807. Ann Arbor. MI 48106 - or call our Toll Free number: 1-800-521-8110

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38A special libraries Announcing a major new project in economics THE MALTHUS LIBRARY COLLECTION

Pergamon Press is proud to announce the culmination of a major new project in its History of Economics series - the Malthus Library Collection. Published in conjunction with its subsidiary, Microforms International Marketing Corporation (MIMC), this Collection covers more than 2,000 monographs held in the Malthus Library at Jesus College, Cambridge University. Pergamon is making available to scholars and librarians around the world both microfiche and hard copy reproductions of these monographs. The Malthus Library Collection has four segments: The Malthus Library Catalogue Published for the first time, this full listing of the works now at Jesus College from Malthus' private library is an invaluable aid to the scholarly antecedents to this great thinker's theories. The volume is introduced by the world's leading Malthus scholars. $19.50. Microfiche editions Microfiche editions of all volumes in the Malthus Library may be ordered individually. In addition, Ryozaburo Minami, the doyen of Malthus scholars, has recommended a selection of titles from the collection which may be ordered as a group. Books on demand Hardcover and softcover reproductions of any book in the library, as well as the group selected by Professor Minami, may also be ordered. Malthus' References to the Essay on Population Over 100 monographs Malthus used to substantiate his principle of population, whether found in his library or not, are included in this microfiche collection. The collection includes comprehensive bibliographical guides for each monograph, and is micropublished in two segments, the first is now available. Pergamon has been filming the entire Malthus Library at Jesus College since the beginning of 1982, but will give priority to those items not yet filmed but requested by librarians and scholars.

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