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Article Title: Lincoln, Nebraska, and Prohibition: The Election of May 4, 1909
Full Citation: John Anderson, "Lincoln, Nebraska, and Prohibition: The Election of May 4, 1909," Nebraska History 70 (1989): 184-200.
URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1989Linc_Prohibition.pdf
Date: 5/15/2013
Article Summary: Lincoln's preoccupation with the prohibition issue quickened in the first decade of the twentieth century. In the 1890s efforts at statewide prohibition failed; in 1902 a progressive tax policy for Lincoln saloons was enacted; and in 1909, Lincoln became one of the "drys" for a period of two years. This article provides an analysis of the votes for and against prohibition by the various wards of the city.
Cataloging Information:
Names: Mrs F M Roads, Emil Dahl, Ashton C Shallenberger, Thomas Bonacum, William A Poynter, Mrs Frances B Heald, T F A Williams, Charles Metz, Edward Wallis Hoch, Dr Hattie Plum Williams, J Frank Hanly, Robert Malone, Donald L Love
Nebraska Place Names: Lincoln, Omaha, Hastings
Keywords: Bailey and Andrews saloon; Daily State Journal; Ladies Temperance Society; "drys"; Little Gold Dust Saloon; Civic League; "daylight saloon bill"; Nebraska Woman's Christian Temperance Union; Nebraska State Journal; Lincoln Daily Star; St Paul's Methodist Church [Lincoln]; First Congregational Church [Lincoln]; Anti- Saloon League; Lincoln Evening News; Nebraska State Capital; German-Russian
Photographs / Images: Lincoln, September 19, 1905, looking east from Eleventh Street down O Street; Little Gold Dust Saloon, 125 North Eleventh Street, Lincoln. Emil Dahl was proprietor; Nebraska Governor Ashton C Shallenberger; Thomas Bonacum, Bishop of Lincoln; Former Governor William A Poynter who died April 5, 1909; The Saloons' "Waterloo" [words to temperance song]; Indiana Governor J Frank Hanly; Dr Hattie Plum; Former Kansas Governor Edward Wallis Hoch; Donald L Love; Area in northwest Lincoln largely inhabited by German-Russians, Lincoln's most distinctive foreign group Lincoln, SepLember 19, 1905, looking east from EleuenLh Street down 0 Street. (NSHS-741-IS84)
LINCOLN, NEBRASKA, AND PROHIBITION: THE ELECTION OF MAY 4, 1909 By John Anderson
Armed with Bibles and hymn books, destination was &he saloon of Bailey Upon arrival the women situated about twenty Lincoln women, mem and Andrews, where they intended to themselves in the back of t.he saloon bers of the recently created Ladies lead the male clientele in prayer and among the billiard tables. The Da.ily Temperance Society, assembled at the song and to address them on the evils of State Journal reporter covering the millinery store of Mrs. F. M. Roads on drink and the virtues of temperance. event felt compelled to note the great the evening of February 17, 1874. They Forewarned of their visit, the pro respect accorded the Indie!'!, the were the vanguard of the Lincoln tem prietors of Bailey and Andrews adver unusual silence of the saloon patrons, perance movement, directed chiefly tised the meeting in the newspaper. and the peculiarity of hearing men not against the town's saloons, located Unsympathetic to the cause of tem known for hymn-singing raise their mostly within an area bounded by perance, the proprietors, and no doubt voices i.n song. After an hour of prayer, Ninth and Eleventh streets and Nand much of the saLoon clientele, saw in the song, and exhortation, the assembly P streets. On this evening the women's visit the potential for an evening's had taken all it could in respectful amusement and the opportunity to silence. The patrons began making increase the night's profits. In anticipa muted demands for their beer. The John Anderson earned a master's degree tion of the evening's activities, a large ladies moved to the front of the saloon in history {rom the UniueT'$ity ofNebraska in August J988. He is currently working on a crowd of men gathered at the along with the bulk of their audience. PhD at Ohio University in Athens. Ohio. establishment. The weight of the unusually large 184 Lincoln and Prohibition
crowd proved too great for the joists the community. Money wasted on attracted many as the only effective supporting the floor above the cellar. drink was money not spent at solution. A city election on May 4, 1909, Someone shouted a warning, but it legitimate local businesses on food, decided the issue by a close vote.2 Ne went unheeded by the temperance clothing, and household necessities. braska's capital joined the ranks of the workers, who thought it a trick to get Reports trumpeted that most arrests "drys" for the next two years. them outofthe saloon. Buttbe Ooor did consisted of drunken men (and a few However, prohibition was not the give way, settling several inches with a women). Many believed the saloon pa choice of all Lincoln. The pro dull thud. The women and a crowd tron voted as the saloon owners instruc hibitionists' attempt to impose their numbering approximately 300 rushed ted him, making a mockery of the preference produced a conflict in whicb in a panic for the single exit and the win democratic process. And many class, ethnicity, religion, and the dows. No one was seriously injured, but residents held that the brewers inter politics of reform played significant the proprietors of the unlucky fered in state and local politics to roles. 1 The city was not homogeneous. establishment found themselves with a defend their illegitimate interests and Some residents belonged to the busi sunken floor, several broken windows, oppose reforms. For Lincoln's tem ness and professional classes; others and only a few customers. perance forces the situation was a per occupied humbler working-class Unshaken, the forces of temperance nicious blight on the community positions. The majority of Lincolnites reorganized on the sidewalk and pro requiring decisive action. Prohibition were native-bom Americans of at least ceeded to the saloon across the street, where an understandably cautious barkeeper denied them entrance. Li.t11e Gold Dust Salooll.. 125 North E/euenlh Strl?et, Lincoln. Emil Dahl wasproprietor. (NSHS·DI3) Quick to adjust and committed to the cause, the ladies conducted their meet ing on the sidewalk. I The incident at Bailey and Andrews was only one skirmish in the long battle to control and eventually eliminate the distribution and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The temperance movement. in Lincoln was part of a broader slate and national movement that was an important element in local, st.ate. and national politics during the late ninet.eenth and early twentieth centuries. By the first decade of this century the movement had acquired a distinctly int.olerant, coercive aspect. To the traditional approach of moral suasion, illustrated by the patient women of Lincoln in February 1874, the temperance cause added the political and legal struggle for prohibition. For these men and women the saloon was an evil institution that perpetuated the drinking habit and undermined t.raditional values of family, Lhrift, social order. democracy, and com munity prosperity. To read Lincoln newspapers of the period is to find t.he evil combination, saloon and aJcoho~ blamed for many crimes. Drunken husbands were un able to provide for their families. Potential savings disappeared into the saloon. never to benefit the family or 185 Nebraska History - Summer 1989
Nebraska Governor Ashwn C. Shallenberger signed a staJ.e·wide saloon restriction bill in J909 (NSHS·P8.53) . . , (Right) Thorruu; Bonacum, Bishop of Uncoln, coun.seled Shallenberger to sign the bill but considered prohibition undesirabUi. (NSHS-P853) the second generation. However, a siz cities, where they enjoyed great.er suc saloons near the railroad station,. the able minority were foreign-born or the cess. The spring election of 1902 saw high school, and the University of offspring of foreign- born parents. Prot the inauguration of a progressive Nebraska. estants dominated the city's religious excise, or tax, policy for Lincoln These latter stipulations indicated life. The majority belonged to pietistic, saloons. The excise tax, also called a some of the concerns of Lincoln evangelical denominations, but Ii license fee, was gradually increased to residents. 0 Street was the heart of minority adhered to liturgical Protes $1,500. Supporters of high license commercial Lincoln, a visible symbol of tantism or Roman Catholicism. Finally, expected it to reduce the total number the city's prosperity. Traveling east on Lincoln residents debated the prohibi of saloons by making them pro that thoroughfare brought the traveler tion question against the background hibitively expensive and to ensure that into some of the best residential areas, of Progressive Era politics and reform saloons would enjoy a better (i.e. which would be tarnished by saloons movements. All of these factors wealthier) class of owners.5 The law and their denizens, The railroad sta influenced the tlharp yet peaceful divi provided for a gradual and successful tion was the first impression many sion on the issue within the city. reduction in the number of saloons and visitors had of the city; a bevy of drink While dating from the 1870s, Lin wholesale liquor establishments to a ing establishments in that area, while coln's preoccupation with the prohibi maximum of twenty-five and limited lucrative, would set a bad example. tion issue quickened in the fustdecade hours of operation from 7 A.M. to 7 And saloons offered a terrible example of the twentieth century. In the 1890s P.M., earning them the appellation and possible temptation for impres efforts at statewide prohibition failed:! "daylight saloons." It permitted no sionable high school students. The "drys" then focused their atten saloons on 0 Street east of Tenth The University of Nebraska and its tion on the local level, the counties and Street. In addition, it prohibited students were a special concern for the 186 Lincoln and Prohibition
many prohibitionist residents. As the ed gravity. On that day ex-Governor Upon completing his appeal, the for only large educational establishmentin William A. Poynter appeared in the mer governor dropped to the floor, the state and one of the largest in the crowded governor's office to urge his dead from heart failure. Mrs. Frances count.ry, it stimulated community coUeague to sign it. Expressing the B. Heald of the Nebraska Woman's pride. Many believed that easy access feelings of many prohibitionists, he Christian Temperance Union having to liquor was too great a temptation for emphasized the presumed correlation already launched her impassioned the young men (never the young between crime and saloons: plea. it was a few minutes before the women) wbo attended the school.~ crowd realized what had happened. In Created specificalJy for the May 1909 The saloon is the rullying point., the incubau>r of one hectic afternoon the forces of tern· election, the city temperance campaign crime. If an officer ,vi!lhes to catch criminals. he perance and prohibition gained a new goes there to find them . Lot us curtail the holUll, committee of the Civic League, an Lhereby curtailing the drink habit and crime weapon in the daylight saloon bill and a organization of influential citizens which follow" in iu; wako." martyr to the cause. 12 dedicated to preserving and improving Lincoln's qualityoflife. considered this Former Governor William A. Poynler died April 5, 1909. just a{IRr urging Governor one of the essential reasons for Shallenberger to sign /.!u!(iaylighlsaloon bill. (NSHS·P853) eliminating the saloon. In a newspaper article published two days before the election, the committee noted that good civic conditions attracted parents to a city.7 The spring election occurred against the background of prohibition agita tion. "Wet or dry" elections were routine throughout the nation, A few weeks before Lincoln's election the state legislature defeated a county option bill enjoying strong support. County option permitted a county to determine its position on the prohibi· tion issue and aUowed Nebraska's large Mlral population an effective voice in the decision. Prohibition sentiment flourished among this element of the population as well as in the city . ~ The passage of a last-minute, statewide saloon restriction bill on April 3, 1909, further aggravated the situation. Narrowly passed in the legislature, it became known as the "dayught saloon bill" and produced a stonn of activity and protest on both sides of the issue. A "bistoric" number of pet.itions and partisans besieged Governor Ashton Shallenberger, who~e position on the bill remained unknown.9 Lincoln papers reported rumors that tbe brewing interests of Omaha. chief villains in Lincoln'" anti saloon sentiment, paid for the o';>in and tickets tbat brought hundreds of Omah In adopting the statewide bill Ne SentimenlS such as these were not braska appeared to follow the lead of THE SALOONS' "WATERLOO" unusual and found (requent expression Uncoln, which had instituted seven Tune: Yankee Doodle in the local pllpers as the election o'clock closing on its own. An editorial Saloons have been by Lincoln tried .. heated up. At t.he same time headlines appearing after the. governor signed the And drinking has been easy. proclaimed the injustices and corrup bill assumed Lincoln's progressive And many of our men and boys tion of big busine.ss and it hal'mful leadership: "No sooner does the slate Occasionall:-.' are boozey. impact on the nntion. In It.':I concern follow Lincoln in the early closing of wilh refonn and the brewer,.;' power, saloons than Lincoln moves up a step Chorus the prohibition movement in Li ncoln and arranges for the stopping of the reOected the broader national trend . sale of liquor at 6:30 instead of7:,OO."1J Lincoln DOW is going dry If the brew! ng interests weI'£' the Closing at 6:30 received recognit.ion ali Yankee doodle dandy, power that stood in the way of j.Jl'Ogres . a progressive measure, but for ardent in Lincoln, toen the baJoon wag thl> drys prohibition wa,.s, by this time the Saloons have nll't their "Waterloo" means by which prohibitionists chiehneans to effect the eradication of St.rong dJink no more is handy. thought the~e interests spread their saloons and 8 host of related {'viIs. The power and influence into local POU! ie!'. t.efnperance campaign committee We will no longer give consent The city had no breweries but. in 191)9 believed that Our sons are far too preciolls, possessed twenty-five saloons, all U1C puhlic SlIfety. the public heallh. Ilnd !.he We now unit.e ~Dloons to rout within a small area bounded On the public moclJls ael! tbe slIpreme concern of Ill.:: And ask the Lord to help us. west. by Eigh t.h SlI-eet, on the east by government. The saloon. IlS everyone knows. endanger the public safety, deslJ'oys lhe public Twelfth Street, on the south by M StreeL, and on the north by Stred. he 1t11. nnd corrupl8 the public mornls. Chorus Q " Th e~ro r e , the government t11llt ili LrUp LO itself Prohibilionist1': perceived these mil I oulln..... and inhibit th so.loon.l< Let all now join the Civic League saloon~ as headquarters for brewer ' Besides indicating t.be solid OPPosition And help to clean up Lincoln campaigns against, prohibit.ion and of the prohibition CaU,\H~ to anything And we will be the better off other threateni ng rerorms.l~ short of total prohibition, this state Is wha[ we now are thinking. Omaha had Ihe largest concenl..rf.I ment is a striking example of the pro tion of brewing establishments in Ne hibit ionl~ts' reliance on lhe coercive Chorus braska. Home to five breweries, it was powers of government to effect social Lincoln's chief rival. Lincoln looked change. The concept of personal E"or every dollar that they pay upon Omaha, with its politically active liberty, the individual's right to decide Saloons have cost us twenty business interest.s and lllrge foreign for himself, did not apply to alcohol And if we turn these leeches out. born population, as the iltumbling consumption. As far as thl>Y were con Some poor folks will have plenty. block t.o progres!;ive reform.I') cemed, itwas an issue ofsafety, health, Following the signi ng of tbe daylight and morals, the province of govern Choros saloon bill into law, the Nebraska Stalc ment prerogative. Social progress Journal, Lincoln's largest paper and depended on government action, and Our buildings would soon fiJI again decided.Jy anti,..-aloon (aJthough not in that demanded political action by And business go a humming, (avor of immediate prohibition), citizens allowed to express their pref '.-Vhen people spend their money editorialized concerning Omaha that erence directly through an election. right her brewers arc 8t'nd ing their agentll (nlo every However, another obstacle had first to And quit theLr foolish bumming. city and town in NebrnsHolO desLroy local restric· tion of the ~81 e of liquor_The gr~(lt e st danger to be ovel'come. Lincol:o's 7 o'clock closing law has heen the In his plea before Governor ShaUen Chonts m tl !l~y of Omaha bre....'ers .. ,resdy to dr\lp tn here berger, ex-Governor Poynter alluded to 8t the crilical moment to 111m the scale io a - T. J. Merryman close el ection.-Il Ule power of the brewers and their interests.l~ The opponents of saloons From Nebraslu:l's Po. voritc: Tern· A few days ea),ljer the Journal had and liquor considered them the chief penlOce Rallying Songs (908), com expre.ssed anti-Omaha sentiment in a obstacle to reform thl'Ough their piled by Mrs. Franceh' 8. Heald. manner more threatening and coercive: influence over legislators and other Nebrasku WCTU pre ,~ident . "Omaha will be stunned for a time and government officials. According to one ttnding that the liquor traffic ele,_ ... nt is lhen rebel.lious, bnt the brewery kings Lincoln lawyer, T . F. A. Williams, always lined up with special interests are advised that early closing must be "Those who are interested in Ule politi· and stBnds in the way of moral and respected or the nexi movement ral and moral reforms are continua.lly political refonu,"It> against. t.heir business will not be 188 Lincoln and Prohibition county option merely, but state pro' they Ithe brewers and theirfriendsl will be her' to hibition.."21 The Lincoln Daily Star see thol "the very life of the city is not Ulrottl(l d." The pro8perily of tJle greai city of Omllha. it reported that the daylight salooo bill appears, is notfounded ... upon the tradeorholfa was a vindictive success, because doaen mighty stales in the central WOljL It rests upon thl' foam in Lhe tops of beer gloS8e , and Omaba and its brewers opposed nearly when il is blo....ll away the wh ole structure comes e~'ery measure that. the independents tumbling down to the ground in hopeless and fanners In the legislature wreck." wanted. :!'2 The Un..coln Daily Slar. adopting a tone Certain lrends in the national of moral superiority. told its readers economy that affected Nebraska tend and the residents of Omaha that "in ed to reinforce the opinion that indus spite of all this wailing and gnashing of Leies such as the breweries were a teeth we are not seriously perturbed . .. . problem. During the late nineteenth No matter whether Omaha loses her and early twentieth centuries Ameri soothing eveni.ng drink or is able to can i.ndustry grew tremendously. raise such a clamor as to let her keep it.. Larger companies consolidated or the city wiU go ahead, will prosper, and ab 'orbed smaller entities. As a r('s\llt, a will continue to be great."J! few large firms dominated many In both editorials the suggestion that industries. closing saloons harms business, Addressing the annual convention of st.J'ongly endorsed by Metz, received the Nebraska Woman's Christian Tem shol't shrift. Similarly it was the opinion perance Union on September 22·25. of the Lincoln Daily Euen.in~ News that [909, in Hastings. Frances B. Heald, "the only inten~ of the bill is to lessen WCTU president, noted U,is process of IndUina Governur J. Prank HaIIIy. the amount of drink conswned in the Cou.rtesy of Indiana HistlJrical state.")·' Contrary 1.0 the fears of the consolidation, its impact on the liquor Society Library. industry. and its meaning for prohibi· "wets" that closed or restricted saloons tion. In fearful, apocalyptic language declined from nineteen to fonrteen. would mean a decline in business she described the recent creabon of a while capital investment, the number activity by seaing off a chain reaction multi·billion dollar national federation of ,employees. salaries and wages, the of busioess closings aDd profit lo;;.';(·s, composed of four, formerly separate value of the product, and the value prohibitionists believed that one of I he organizations representing the brewing added by manufacture increased boons of ~heir success would be induslry, She expected this monstrous greatly. As the number of establish increased bU$iness activity. As the city organization t.o turn all of its consider ments d~clined. so did the number of temperance campaign committee of able assets to the fight against individual proprietors - from fourt.een Lincoln declared, money once wa~led prohibition.ll to live. The industry grew larger as con in saloons would find its way into lhe That. the liquor industry WAS not trol was consolidatt>d in the hands of legitimate businesses of the city . )~ immune to the trends toward con fewer menY While prohibition was a vital issue in solidaljon and fast-paced expansion Omaha's brewing industry flour Lincoln, it was onJy part of a constella was evident in the first decade of !.he ished in the len years bet.ween 1899 and tion of reforms as diverse and divisive twentieth century.24 In 1899 2,8.'31 1909.18 The city in 1899 had six malt ns woman suffrage, dire.ct election of establishments in the United States [jquor-producing establishments owned state senators, the initiative and produced distiHed. vinous. and malt by two di ffereDt proprietors.29 referendum process, cigarette smoking liquors. Ten years 18ter there were Ten years later there were five among young boys, pure food law~, and 2,317 such establishments. Yet while establishments owned by one pro Sunday basebalL Lincoln pro tbe number of producers declined, prietor, identilied by the Lincoln hibitionists tended to see these reform capital investment, the number of newspapers as Charles Metz. Metz issues as intel'related. For example, in employees, salaries and wages paid to declared that 100 men in rus brewery, explaining a Douglas Coun~y (Omaha) employees, the value of the product, one third of the lauor force, would be senator's failure to vote in favor of a and the value added by manufacture all laid off if the daylig-ht. sa.loon bill was stnte women suffrage bill in March increased.25 signed. He declared. ''If lbe very life of I~09, the Nebraska Stale Journal con Similar trends were evident in Ne the city is not to be throttled, this bill cluded that "the brewers' fear8 that braska's brewing indUStry . 2~ Between must not be signed."Jn The Nebr(lska women would vote against them if 1899 and 1909 the number of Stale Joumol declared in incredulous allowed to vote was the mix up .. . which establishments producing malt liquors surprise that swerved his vote."); 189 Nebraska History - Summer 1989 Similar sentiments appeared in print reference to the posit.1on of the prohibi cW'ly clog'ng. prohibi!:ion wiU certainly prevail. with regard to the irutiotive and tion measure on the baUot). Later in the. The salooo men ,"md their friends will pr!!s,ml Bn odd .!Ipcctilcl~ working to cut orr ho.lf Dn hour of referendum. Nebraska had not yet evening 2,000 women and children their bus.ioess in the luos t profitable time of d3Y, adopted this political reronn on a joined the audience that-heard Hanly's but they must do it 10 avoid a greatercalamit.v to statewide basis, although indjvjdual second address,.IK theru,D dry Lincoh,.1J cities and towns had. Lincoln was in The enthusiastic response of signifi Lincoln's two oLher dllily papers t.hi::; r-9tegoty, .md the process was used cant numbers of Lincoln's citizens to a recognized t.hiR situation, and all three to get the prohibition question on the prohibition rally indicates to some urged voters to make their vote count ballot for the spring election. The extent the strength of prohibition sen by voting for either Form A or Form B. vigilantJournal explained the failure of timent in the city. Yet the na l'J'llW vic Vote!! for Form C, neither rest)iction an initiative Bnd referendum bill ill the tory of probibition in the foHowing nor prohibition, detracted support legislature ill March L909 as the result election indicated that s\Jict pruhibi from f'orm B. making it conceivable of brewers' intrigue: tion did Dot enjoy ovelwhelming pop thala minolity of the city's voters could The brewBr-$ showed their hand 89 they ha"e ulruity. Groups 1';uch as the WCTU and voLe Lincoln "dry.".w While no paper r gulnrly dona wh t!n ny measure thnt might in the Anti-S:lloon League, which suggested that any group intentionally 5() m~ remote c"ent disadvantage them conIes up. lixed the ballot in this manne-r, the The fl sluon of the DOllgln~ county (Omaha) operated n!:j nonpartisan pressure SOl1u t,Ot's" always the sign olthe brewers' (ollilude. groups, had strong representation in pl'esence ofboth FOln1 Band F'OIm Con was one ofbospitolit:y. It was an expression of the Lincoln, hut ot.her organizations. such the ballot had the capacity to divide tbe brewers' fesr thai the voters li re agnirul govern l1Il'nt by brewers lind $\.O(:kyards Bnd must lhere as the ant-i-prohibition and anti "wet" vote. and leave !.he .. dry" vote (ore be kc pt (rom eofo-reing their view . restriction Personal Liberty League, dom inant in the event it did nol have a enjoyed considerable notoriet.y as welL clear majority. A few days latel' tn an erlito!ial on The latter drew much of its support Aminority of the voters did not make bossism, the Journal accused Nebl'8S from the foreign-born population.J9 the decision. But prohibition suc kg's temporary bosses, the brewers, of Who were the elements in Lincoln's ceeded by the barest of majorities. de-nying the initiative and referendum population that sought continued re fifty-one percent of the vote. Evalua process to the slate.H striction, if not strict prohibi tion, and tion of the vote on a precinct and ward The campaign to make Lincoln dry who opposed them? The results of the basis reveals significant divisions occurred against the background of May 4. election show 3,631 men in favor within t.he communily on t.he issue. active attempl.s to find solutions for a of Form A, the resolution for prohibi Rel1ecting the inOuence of class, variety ofproblems, rea! and imagined_ tion on the ballot: 3,285 men in favor of ethnicity, and religion on voler pref On April 25, 1909, one of the more Form 8, the resolution for (dO dosing erc,!lce, the patterns that appea.r pro importarrt events in the campaign cap of saloons; and a mere 153 men for vide answer:! to the question of who lure.d the at tention of many citizens, Form C, the resolution for neither - in supported and who opposed prohi That day several thousand par other words, Lne vole for a "wet" city.~o bition. ticipated in t.he activities surrounding Prohibition won by the nanow margin For electoral purposes Lincoln in l.he appearance ofJ. Frank Hanly, a for of 346 votes.~) In comparison, prohibi 1909 was divided into seven wards. mer governor of Indiana and devoted tion lost by a bout 200 votes on a similar each with three precinc(,'i labeled A. B. prohibitionist. Newspaper reports ballot i.n the election of 1907.4l It was a.nd C. The Firs\. and Second wards estimated that at least 1,500 enthusias never a finn..ly decided issue. were on the westsideofthe city (we!>tof tic men and boys heard Hanly's after One striking aspect of the eleclion Twelfth Street). The Third and Fourth noon address on temperance and retllms is the very small amountofsup· wards occupied Ihe center of town prohibition at the city auditorium. port that seemed to exist for a "wet" north and south of 0 Street. The Fift.h While the men and boys gathered at the cit.y. rt was obvious that nnti-saloon Ward lay on the south side of Lincoln auditorium 1,500 women met at SL sentiment wag strong enough Lo make below the Second and Fourth wards. Paul's Methodist Church to hear a no control over saloons a virtual The Sirlh and Seventh wards occupied WCTU address. At the First Con impossibility. Consequent.ly those the east side of the city. Lincoln's. gregational Church 1,200 children voters who wan(.ed saJoons to remain twenty-five saloons were aU within Pre coUected for 8 temperance rally t.hat open, even if at reduced hours. voted cinct A of the First Ward in. downtown culminated in a march to the for Form B, early closing. About one Lincoln. The Second, Third, and auditorium, where they greeted their month before t.he election the Ne I"ourtn wards formed the western and fathers and brothers with buttons and bra.ska Stilte Journal. described the southern boundaries of this precinct, banners that urged t.hem to "Vote for probable state of affairs: and to the east and nOli.h lay the Me" and with temperance songs such railroad b-acks. as "Mark in the Top Square" (a They Ithe 6aloon menl dare not "'OU! Bgainstboth propO~;tiODS, (or if their votes urc nOI cast for The election was not consistently 190 Lincoln and Prohibition Dr. Hattie Plum Williams did several important studies on the German· Russians ofLincoln. (NSHS· W72 7.3) close in all wards and precincts. The First and Second wards on Lincoln's west side voted in large numbers for Fonn B. The Sixth and Seventh wards on the east side of town showed strong support for Form A or prohibition. In the remaining wards located in central Lincoln and on the south side the majority of voters supported Form A but not by the large percentages found in the eastern wards. In fact, in each of these wards one precinct returned a majority for Form B but without the strength found in the First and Second Former Kansas Governor Edward Wallis Hoch addressed Lineolniles in May 1909 on wards. The peripheral wards on the the opposition to prohibilion by recent immigrants. Courl.esy ofthe Kansas Stale His· east and south, the Fifth, Sixth and torical Society. Seventh, supplied about three·fifths of the "dry" vote, while the western wards and the two central wards, the Third 191 Nebraska History - Summer 1989 mayoral candidate, Donald L. Love, RESULTS OF THE ELECTION ON EXCISE RULES, MAY 4,1909 enjoyed his greatest support in these wards and received recognition as the prohibition candidate.~6 Vote Percentage In a pre-election article t.he Journal Form A B C A B also noted differences among Lincoln's FIRST WARD 185 530 11 25% 73% seven wards. The "wet" vote concen Precinct A 96 271 2 26% 73% trated in the First and Second wards. Preci nct B 39 231 7 14% 83% and the "drys" found their strength in Prec inct. C 50 28 2 63% 35% tbe eastern wards. Aware ofthe general sentiments of the wards, the Demo SECOND WARD 277 605 15 31 % 67% cratic committee, t·he paper reported. Precinct A 192 266 5 41 % 57 % engaged in a bit of cautious politicking. Precinct B 45 169 7 20 ~ 76% Party workers disb:ibuted cards con· Precinct C 40 170 3 19% 80% taining a message implying that the TH f RDWARD 539 461 44 52% 44% Republican mayoral candidate might Precinct A 170 128 6 56% 42 0/. assume a weak stance on prohibition in Precincl B :2 49 1 8~ 30 54% 40 o/r the more Republican and "dry" Fiith. Precinct C 120 118 8 43% 54% Six~h. and Seventh wards. However, FOURTH WARD 520 451 10 53% 46% the commjttee carefully avoided dis Precinct A 210 160 5 56'70 43% tributing such compromising cards in Precinct B 17.5 125 56% 41 % the "wet" find Democratic First and Precinct C 135 166 "I 40% 55% Second wards.d7 The newspaper accounts suggest FfF1'H \VA RD 768 591 20 56% 43% possible explanations for the marked Precinct A 184 167 6 50% 47% difference!'C in the election results ofthe Precinct B 392 170 5 69% 30'f( various wards. An obvious factor Wi:l~: Precinct C 192 254 9 ,1 2% 56% the social class of the majority of the SIXT H WARD 64-5 401 28 60% 37% voters in a ward. The Firs!., Second. Precinct A 332 242 17 &6 % 41 rc Thu'd. and Fourth wards were located Precinct 1:3 162 99 7 60~ 37 0/, chieny in central Lincoln near saloons Precinct C I!'JI 60 70% 28% and railroad facilities. These were SEVENTH WARD (;97 246 25" 72% 25% working-class neighborhoods, with anti· prohibition sentiment, as the Precinct. A 174 87 13 64 % 32% Precinrt B 252 84 II 73% 24% News Dnd the Capital indicated in Precincl C 271 75 1 78% 22% their reports. Employment reflects upon the rla.'is 32S,-) ij1',:; 460/, TOTAL .1fl:.ll 153 and status of an individual in his COll1 munity, An examination of tbe F'orm A - Prohibition Form B - 6:30 Closing Form C - Neither occupations of residents of three strel'ls. each located in a di(ferent and Fourth. supplied about three-fifths in these locations. The candidate, wal'd, indicates that distinct differ of the "wet" vote. Robert Malone. resided in the A pre ences in class and stat.us existed from A division on the prohibition issue cinct of the First Ward and refused to ward to ward. from east to west. Clare existed along east-west lines. Lincoln take a definite position on the prohibi mont Street was located in the precinct residents of 1909 recognized the split. tion issue, carefully promising instead that retumed the largest majority The Lincoln Evening News noted that to abide by the I' 1910, fourt.een appeared with the Ward and Precinct Boundar/es occupation of the principal male resi lincoln, Nebraska, 1909 dent_-4g The directory classified eight of ""I.E these men as laborers, lwo as drivers, Scale: '( , . ~ I ! one as a scavenger, one as a machine ~*'" operator, and three held common ~t() positions with the railroads_ Obviously, C; .;:.c.. these households were not among the ~ most prosperous in Lincoln. V The occupations of householders on G Street between Twelfth and Four ",~'i'-(j . teenth streets in 'Precinct A of the O~O Fourth Ward exhibit considerably 1C ~. r 1\ more variety and suggest a prosperous, 49 /7 uilddle-class neighborhood. This pre cinct voted for prohibition, although a large minority (forty-three percent) ~/ voted for open saloons with rest.ric t.ions. Occupational listings are avail able for twenty-six of the thirty 3~ householders on this two-block sl-retch 3C 7~ of G Street. Ten were foremen, ( ? '- managers, clerks, and solicitors with local finns. Four dealt in real estate. 38 7P Most of the remainder engaged in skilled occupations such 8S bricklayer, CSl electrician, harnessmaker. barber, 1A ~~~ ~~ OSI. cigarmaker, and confectioner. Resi /;[;8 dents of this st.reet also included a I music instructor, a lawyer, a fif'eman, ~ ~~'// I Mst and a theater propman. The householders of T Street be tween Twenty-third and Twenty-fifth k ~A 4~ 48 4C 6~ streets resided in the precinct wbich gave tbe largest. majority (seventy eight percent) for prohibition, Precinct I C oUhe Seventh Ward. Of the twenty one householders listed, occupations SA for fourteen appeared in the di.rec tory.50 The majority enjoyed upper A St. level positions in Lincoln society: pro fessor, president or owner of a tu-m, manager or superintendentwit.h a large 5C 58 6 national or regional company, dentist. L.... P ...... ; ..: and traveling salesman (an occupation Iii CIJ CIJ CIJ Ui Iii (j) (j) that seemed to enjoy high regard if the iii .c. .<: .<: .<: .<: .<: '0 .. ~ ; 0 N :;; ;: (;; frequent favorable attention it \ - Sou1h SI. N (') received in the Lincoln pap€!rs is any E=! North German-Russian Colony I ~:/·:/;l Saloon District indication). The composition of the city tem II f 111 111 South German-Russian Colony perance campaign committee provides further evidence that occupation, class, and status were factors in the position one took on prohibition. The Journal 193 Nebraska History - Summer 1989 listed the names of fifty-six men on the inhabitants as native whites born of committee that formed to aid the suc native parents.~5 Comparable figures cess of Form A and to coordinate the for Omaha and South Omaha were 42.6 activities of the various organizations percent and 2.4 percent.511 The dis in support of the temperance cause.51 crepancy is in part atb"ibutable to Lin Of these, fifty-one appeared in the city coln's origins; it was settled by directory for 19lO with address and native-born Americans from the North occupation listed.s2 and East.57 The remainder of the pop Indicative of the east·west split ulation in all three cities consisted of a among the city's inhabiumtson the pro very small number of blacks and of hibition issue. thirty-one of the com foreign-born residents or the offspring mitteemen resided in the Fifth, Sixth. of foreign-born or mixed parentage. A or Seventh wards. Another fourteen minority in Lincoln, t.hese groups were dwelt in the Fourth Ward. which also a majority in the two Omahas. voted for prohibition. P'ive lived in the Saloons and foreigners went hand Third Ward, and only one resided in the in-hand in the minds of many "wet" Second Ward. None of the fifty Americans. For them the foreigner. as olle were residents of the First Ward. much as the saloons he was presumed Lincoln's least prosperolls neighbor to haunt, represented a tbreat to the hood. values of sober, middJe-class citi By occupation thl!se men repre zens.Sg sented some of Lincoln's most success Although a minority, Lincoln's ful and prominent residents: presi ethnic population was sizable. It hadan dents or managers of companies (16), impact on the outcome of the election lawyers (IO), ministers (9), professors and helps to explain the east-west divi and other university officials (6). public sion ofprohibition and anti-prohibition school offtcials, inc!ucl.i.ng the superin· Republican. Donald L. Love. a support. sentiment in the city. Of Lincoln's tendent (2), a physician. and the sec er 0/ prohibilion, was the successful males of voting age, 58.3 percent were retary of lhe Republican Stale Central Lincoln. mayoral candidate in 1909. native-bam whltes of at least the Committee. The remalnlng six (NSHS·P853) second generation; 17.1 percent were occupied other positions of authority nations had to offer. Criminals and native whites born of foreign or mixed or respecl in the community: life cheap laborers imported by the great parentage; 22.3 percent were foreign insurance agents. sale~men. and corporations, contemporary immi born; and 2.2 percent were hlack.59 managers. The brewers' interest I:lS grants came from a different class. (Figures for Omaha and South Omaha, represented in Lincoln's twenty-five Solid republican institutions and the where local prohibition was not a pop saloons and the evils of drunkenness, high ~tandards of American citizenship ular issue, show a marked difference for Clime. and poverty associated with wavered before this onslaught.5l this time; 40.7 percentand 26.5 percent them symbolized a threat to the moral Hoch incorporated his evaluation of were native whites born of native values and economic interests of these a foreign "threat" to tradi tional values parents; 22.8 percent and] 7.4 percent men aod the class to which they in an address on prohibition and tied it were native whites born of foreign or belonged. to questions of class and the power of mixed parentage; 31.9 percent.and 5004 Class, occupation. and status were corporations. Such an appeal was well percent were foreign-born; and 4.4 per not the only factors with implications suited for an audience composed oHhe cent and 3.6 percent were black.)60 for the prohibit.ion issue. Another prohibitionist, progressive, reform Germans and Russians dominated impo.rtant element was ethnic back minded middle class of Lincoln. His the immigrant conununity in Lincoln.f.' ground. A former governor of Kansas, ideas found sympathetic listeners not Almost all of the latter were actually Edward Wallis Hoch, addressed yet unaware of the impact ethnicity bad on the descendants of Germans who bad another large crowd in the city the prohibition issue in the upcoming emigrated to Russia long before their auditorium a few days before the elec electionY progeny came to America. They bad tion and touched upon the "foreign Unlike Omaha and South Omaha, maintained their German identity ill problem." as he called it. He reminded the only other city of size in Nebraska. Russia, and in Lincoln they became the his audience that the strong-minded, Lincoln, had a large native-born pop largestand mostdistinctive foreign ele moral, and freedom-loving immigrants of ulation. At the time of the 1910 census ment. The German-Russians settled in the past represented the best their the city reported 59.2 percent of its two communities, one in northwest 194 Lincoln and Prohibition Lincoln and the other on the southwest stl'ange language, lived and worked in a foreign voters.6~ Finally two day!'; side.o~ The fonner lay i.o the Second distinct part of town. and took a hostile before the election the Jounllli report Ward. These were the two western position on a vif.al is.~ue. The fact that ed that the Russians (the German wards that returned lhe largest Omaha lawyers were among the sup Russians) had completed their (sevenLy-three and sirly-seven percent porters of this organization undoubt pre-election lessons.69 According to lhe respectively) anti-prohibition majori edly evoked addil:ional antagonism. paper, workers among these voters ties. Different in language, status. and drilled into their heads that the "B" in The distinctiveness of !.he German values, they also appeared to be in rono B stands for beerJo Russian community was readily league wilh the much distrusted Echoing Hoch'8 foreign concarns, apparent.61 Numbering approx.imately Omaha interest-so the paper commented on the problems 4.000 in 1909 and about 6,500 five years Thalthe seatofanti·prohibition sen campaign workers Caced ill preparing later, they represented a Cast-growing timent lay in this region of the cily was the "foreign" voter In the present elec group over halfofwhom had been born not the ugment of overactive pro lion with a baUot more complirated in Russia. Their colonies occupied the hi bilionist imaginations. Voting results than any previous ones. According to Jeaflt desirable neighborhoods of the indicate that the Gemlsn- Russian the Jnul7U1/. past campaign workers city. areal'! domi08[ed by garbage dominated precincts of the First. and had ~hoved tbe ignorant GL'rmall clumps and prone to yearly nooding. In Second wards provided nearly seven Rll~~ i an voter ioto the voting blJ(>th . Rdditlon. tbe saloon and red light dis teen percent of the early closing vole. a Standing a short dislance orr. the tric~ lay bet\veen them. Most significant figure in a close election. If workers shouted eilher "Srimml in inhabitants worked as street laborers, the votes from peripheral precincts are l.weiten·' ("Vote in the second!") or railroad employees. and seasonal included, those abutting the salooo dis "Stimmt in dritten" ("Vote in th~ agricultural hands. In conlrast to the trict and the colonies where sizable third!"}, indicati..ng which part.y circle, majol'ity of tbe city's inhabitants, they numbers of German immigrants had Republican or Democl'atic. to mark. were largely Lutheran and Reformed settled, the early dosing vote exceeds This technique was nol practical with Christians. Although they eslablished ufty pel'cenLbl. the new ballots, 1'he dl"i 11 met hon clean, orderly commurutJes, they As tbe elpction neared, newspaper applied in the saloons was one remained the object of local preju reports commented upon the campaign alternative. dice. effort in the German community. Print Another factor besides class, status. The newspapers identified t.he ed instructions regarding the election and ethnicity inl1uenced the prohihi foreign derived population in the west appeared in practically aU saloons on tion issue. From early in its hisl.ory Lin Elm wards as the most significallt April 29. Tn German on large yellow coln possessed 8 religious composition group within them. Reports in tbeJou1'- placards and small slips of paper, the that set it apart. Methodists and Pres nal indicated that many saw the Ger instructions urged saloon patrons: bytelians, members of Prolest-ant mans as the tools of the saloon and Vote once for Fonn "B" by marki ng 3 trOSS in denominations with strong traditions brewers' interests in the prohibition the square as shown 0 bove. of temperance, were among the earliest 'This is the only e fCect.iYe way ~o \'oj·e Lincoln D M battle. An article of October 1908 well go\'erned , w~U rt'gu13 Uld. doc.ent.. orderly settlers of the city.7! By 1.909 three of reported on the meeting of the local city with th~ liquor trnflic under properand dras Lincoln's principal eastern suburbs tic. control closing solooll8 at 6:30 0 'clock p.m. Personal Rights League in the To 11012 for prohibition or din'cUy against pro· were thriving college towns founded Plattdeutsch Hall in the saloon-fiUed bibition mellDll8l this timt' to place a blight upon and dOnllnated by Methodists (Univer Precinct A of thE.' First Ward.6~ A Ger ,.he moral snd ou.qir:loss int('rests of lhl' ciry of sity Place}, Seventh-day Adventists Lincoln with misrule, boot legging. and man pastor addressed the meeti.ng in prohibition. (Col.lege View). and the Christian German on tbe lack ofBiblical evidence Vote only for Form "8.''''' Church (Bethany). The temperance for prohibition and the absurdity of Noticeably absent fTom the message spirit and prohibition thrived in these creating laws based on the alcoholic was mention of the other issues in the arid communities. abuses of 8 small minority. An Omaba election. such as a bond issue and In 1909 Lincoln was home to fi.fty-one lawyer sPQke in English on the danger selection of a mayor and school board. churches representing a variety of prohibillon presented to the inclividual AJso of note, and perhaps giving Protestant denominationsY Catholics right.s Gennanic peoples came to credence w Hoeh's warning that recent were a definite minority with only two America to secw·e. immigrants threatened republican churches. The distribution of de For the loyal prohibitionist, typically institutions, was the suspicious nominations reflects the strengths of 8 middle-class, native-born American, instruction to vote once. In a related the city's early roots. Methodists a report like this had disturbing con concern the Journal reasoned that one (eleven), Congregationalists (eight), notations. Opposition to his cause cause for the possible success of pro Presbyterians (six), Baptists (five). existed among aliens who spoke a hibition was the ignorance of illiterate Evangelicals (fow-), Christians (three). 195 This (frea in northwest Lincoln was largely inhn:bi/f)d by Gcrm {J n - Ru~"jUlI .~. most distinctiu fo reign group. (NSRS-W727-Tll.5) ...... Nebraska History - Summer 1989 and Adventists (two) accounted for tive committee was similar In t.emperance campaign committee and over three-fourths of the city's con composi tioD. the source of leadership of these gregations. WhiJe it is not possible to go About three weeks before the elec· organjzation::;.7S inlo the details of individual church tion the federation sent prominent The 8ddce~ses of the city's c.hurches positions on prohibition, it. is clear that members ofthe city's business and pro in part reiJec:ted the alignment of its pietistic, non-Iit.urgical Protestant fessional community tn address wards on t.he liuloon issue. The F'ourth denominations inclined tnwards tem twenty-seven congregations on the Ward contained the largest sbare. perance and prohibition dominated the temperance issue.75 Twenty-four ofilie Here, in the neighborhood of the religious life of the community. twenty-seven visited belonged to Capitol and southeastofthe saloon ms· Lutherans, Episcopalians. Catholics. pietistic denominations with a tem trict. were six of the nine Catholic. Bnd Reformed, lit.urgical · denomina perance tradition. Lincoln's Catholic, Episcopal. and Lutheran con· tions less inclined towards prohibit.ion, Lutheran, And Episcopal churches, !!l'ega tions in Lincoln and many rep· accounted for approximately a fu"th of nine in number and less enthusiastic in resent8tlves of the othel' denomina Lincoln's churches. their SUppOI'! of temperance, did not tions found in the city.H However, the The predominance of plet:Jsllc receive the a.ttention of the federation. , dry" Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh wards denominations in Lincoln is critical Only one of their number. EJ Lutheran were noticeably less polyglot. Fourteen Among pietists, whose blll:-kgJ'ound lay congregation, received 8 visit,. of the ftfteen churches in these in Lhe great public religious revivals Thomas Bonacum, Bishop of Lin neighbol'hoods were Methodist.. Pres· lhat swept America in the ni.neteenth coln, represented the Catholic byt(Uian, Baptist, Congregational, century, the outward evidence of purity leadership's po ilion on the prohibi Adventist, or EvangelicaJ .~ " Although held great significance. The saloon and tion issue. Following legislative fewer in number than the churches in drunkenness represented obvious approval of tbe daylight saloon bill, the tbe central wards, these congregations sources of public impuriLy and a threat failure of an earlier county opcion pro were overwhelmingly associated with to community vaJues. They indined posal, and the emergence of prohibi the denominations actjve in !.he pro toward using the government to effect. tion as an issue in the upcoming hihilion cause, laws. such as prohibition. that election, the bishop wrote to Covernor Who were the prohibitionists i.n Lin bolstered their values. In contrast, the Shallenberger, counseling him to sign coln? They tended to reside in the liturgical denominat~ons stressed not· the daylight saloon bill into law. He relatively aft1u('nt southern and east the outward appearance of piety but l.enned it an " eminently wise and ern neighborhoods. Members of the t.he forms of worship and doctrinal salutary" mea('lure "calculated to city's professional and local business orthodoxy. Morality was the concern of lessen the abus(: ~ ofthe liquor traffic:' elite, i.hey were Lincoln's middle class the individual and the church, not As he closed th e note, be stated his and tended to belong 1.0 the pietistic, public institutions like goVel11meULs,71 belief that the bill obviated "the non·lit:urgicnl denominations, whose That point of view did not dominate necessity for any future legislation churches dominated the eastern wards Lincoln in 1909. which might be hrumful to the best. of the city thflt exhibited the sl.rongest As the electioD approBcbod, the interests ofour commonwealth . "1~ The support for prohibition. churches became a means offurthering bishop's diplomatically worded posi· (n contrast, Ihe "wet." vote in Lincoln the goals of the prohibition campaign. Lion implied that prohibition, one tended to concentrate in the less In April the brotherhoods of several much-discussed form of future legisla affluent western neighborhoods where organized intoa federation to pool their tion, was undesirable. much of the cit.y·s working clBss efforts in promoting civic reform. 74 It In contrast, the leadership of lin resided . Many of Lincoln's " foreign" did not approve of simply restricting coln's pietistic Protest8nt. churches citizens lived in this area. A t least the operations of s.a.Ioons. From its aligned themselves on the side of pro among the large German and Cennan inception the federation dedicated hibition. A group of ministers rep Russian community, the liturgical and itself to driving saloons from the city resenting twenty-four of Lincoln's anti-prohibition Catholic aod Lutheran and cooperated with the city tem churcbes met to discllSs the tem denominations held sway.~1 perance campaign committee. The perance issue on April ]6 under the These factors gave the issue long three chief oencers of the federation auspices of the campaign com.mittee.n standing vitaliLy in local politics. Sup· came from the pietiBtic, temperance At least eighteen ofthe twenty-four led porters of proh.ibition were not oriented denominations with the Methodist, Congregationalist, Pres overwhelming in number but of suffi largest representation in Lincoln: a byterian, Baptist, Christian, and cient strength to produce a majority in Congregationalist president, a Method· Evangelical congregations.These were the election of May 4, 1909. The pro· ist vice-president, and a Presbyterian some ofthe same churches targeted for hibitionists pursued their cause rather secretary. The organization's execu visitation by the federation and the than restriction and high license, 198 Lincoln and Prohibition because they wanted a city free of the NOTES ting immigranlB who had declored only tbeir crime and poverty produced, they intention to become citizens to vote. D!!clarations of intent increased prior [0 elec· believed, by saloons and drunkenness. "'Great E;xcitement in Lincoln," Daily Stale Lions liS politiciBllS and their organizations used They also believed that eliminating the JourfUll. Fellruary 18, 1874, 4. An alternative thB Biruation to their advanLnge. Although she saloon would free money once spent on account of this incident. whicb (ails to note the takes no obviou8 stand on the prohibition issue, collapsing noor or ~he reslr8ined behavior of the her comments in the article rened t.he al\itude& liquor for expenditures in the patrons. appears in Andrew J . Sawyer, ed~ Lin UJld unx.ietles of the a.nti·salooD and '·progTes· "Iegitimat.e" enterprises of the city. coln: The Capitol City ond wnCOSler Counly, N~ sive" element in Lincoln. "Sheldoll, Nebraska. 842 . And they hoped that a city free of bra-Via Vol. 1 {Chicego: The S.J , Clarke Publishing Company. 1916). 194·95. A list of Ihe ~Watson, "Evolution." 31.34. Wal.'!on explains liquor-related problems would attract socie~"s omcers with their churoh affiliations the origins of !.his altitude in the ,870s and more families, more business, and indicates th(' early dominance 01' temperance 1880s. work by Lincolo's Mel,hodists nod Presby· '''Fesliv" GrE'eks '/'oak a Whiz.z.er," Lincllin more students.~2 terians. Daily Star, March 14. [90lJ, 2; ·The SRlOQns and Civic pride and civic purity did not !"Minute-s of !.he RegullU" Council Meeting the University,'· Neoraska StoIA.' Capital. April 23. 1909, I; "Pr')! ~ Cllb~ Univer!;ily Boys," Nebrasko exist in a vacuum, unrelated to ext.ernal Held MAY 10, 1909," Record of Council Mup/e ! 1I"Boots," Nebm~· ko Slate Juurnn.l. April 6. only logical means to ·rid Lincoln lChlcllgo: The Lewi s Pu bli"hi,,~ Com PIU\.V, 10,11); 1909.2. "Ibid., 1-2. forever of' an institution and ideas that and Julia Pcrmelia WoLson, "Th" Evolution of the TemfJemll~c Mov(·menl in NE!l>n's\u]" (M.A. "" Un{"l"I!n M()ve ~ Forwmd.·· N.'bro .~ha -"'/C//e threat-ened trad.ihonal values of their thesis. Uni\'eroily of NcbrBsk," 1925). Robert E. )oul1lal. Aprll 4. 1909 . .j.e. \\'illiliiM, II Lincoln class: family, community prosperity. Wenger, "The A,,!i·:-)aloon L"llg'Je iT] NebrCloka reSIdent M 'hi~ lin1~. mllke5 similar "h~ (' /V;l l i"n~ Politics," Nl menl for Nebraska, Table 110 (Washing-ron: Malone's, is recorded in Nebro3kn Slale Jourrlfll, collusion, See "The Road to Citizenship," 423· GovernmeDt Printing Office, 1913),620. April 25. 1909,4·8. Love won Ihe ele~tion with II 24. !llbid.. 568. small majority. He carried Ihe "d.ry" Sixth and '~"Day of Hea.'Y Campaigning," Nebraska :oIbid., 678; Table I, 690. Seventh wards, while Malone dominated in tile Siall! Journal. October 31. 1908,4. "Ibid.. 568. "wet" First and Second wards. Results in the oIoW illiams , ., A Social Study of l.he Ru~sian "Tbid.. 691. remaining wa rds were less decisive just as they Ge nnen," 18·19. '"I bid., T~ ble f. 691. were in the voting on the excise issue. Some ""'Busy." Nebraska Slate Jou.rnal. April 30. '''''A Ruined Metropolis," Nebraska State anomalies existed. indicating Ulat t'octors other If)()9,7. Journal. April 5. HJ09, 4. thaD tbe liquor question influenced voLer pref· ""Nebraska State ,Journal, MAy 3, 1909,3. ·"Ibid. ~renl'e. See "City of Lincoln Dry," Nebra8ko "'''Campaign Aboul Closed," Nebraska SLa.u' ""Omaha's 'l'roubles:' Lincoln Daily Slar, Slate Juumal. Ma~ 5, 1009. 1. for result" of the Journal, May 2, 1909. ;" April 5, 1909,6. mayor's race. . 7l1WiUil1ms comment:; on Ul<' degree of pres· ""The City Election," Lincoln Daily evening """Saloon Men Getling Busy." Nebraska Stale sure brought to b~ar on forei~n vot.ero and News, April 5, 1009.4. Jl)umnl, April :30, 1900.7. potential voters by "interested pal'ties" Bnd the " .. Feeling Be ner," Lincoln Evening NelVs. ~>Li/ll:DIn. N~broska DireN(1)', 19JO (Lincoln: "wnrd hogs," "The Road 10 Citi"l.cflllhip," ,I [~, April 9, 1909,4. "The Business Argumenl," Ne· .Jl\l:Ob North and Company, 19iO), 32·671, 739, 419·20. brasko Slale JourlUll, April 12. 1909, 4: IlfId ,°1 bid.• 32·671. 741·42. liL.lfl.l'oin Cil)' Guid~. 18. "'Appeal," Nebraska Sl.ak' Joumal, May :2, 'lfIbid.• 32·671. 764e, '-'Uncoln, DireClory. H!1O. 2fl·2:l. 1909,3. ""PreliminW)' Moves Made," Nebrr,,/in SlolE! n.Jensen. IV"l7Inini u~·,o,~'l ..Jell~en' 5 .9 .CO Ulll of H"Jeptllh's (sic) Daughters," Nebru"ku Slale Jl)urnal. March '17. 1909,5. the split hetween pietistic and UIU!'g lc al Pl'uleH' Journal. March 28, IOO~. 4·e. 200