East University Research Journal 2019, Vol.6, No. 1 1

Assigning Class Numbers and Subject Headings

for Historical Books Yu Yu Naing* Abstract In libraries, assigning class numbers and subject headings are very important functions to give users’ needed information. Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) and Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) systems are very useful in the world because of flexibility, reliability, exactitude, and extendable of these systems. The information of Myanmar is very narrow sense in these systems such as fields of ethnic groups, geographical areas, dynasties, wars, and historical periods and events for Myanmar So, the given classification numbers and subject headings are not adequate for Myanmar library professionals. It is the duty of Myanmar librarians and researchers to create extended library classification numbers and subject headings for Myanmar. This paper emphasizes on Myanmar historical periods in DDC 23rd edition and in LCSH 30th edition to extend. Thus, it will be valuable for all classifiers or librarians in local and abroad. Key words: class numbers, subject headings, and historical periods

Introduction

The aim of this paper is to provide extended class numbers and subject headings for Myanmar historical books. Moreover, librarians and users can easily and quickly search Myanmar historical books by using these extended class numbers and headings. The paper includes class numbers and subject headings for thirteen periods of Myanmar from prehistory to current period. These are Prehistory; Ancient Myanmar Kingdoms: Rekhine Kingdoms, Mon Kingdoms, and Pyu Kingdoms; Bagan Period, 107-1369; Myinzaing, Pinya, 1298-1364 and Period, 1315- 1364; Period, 1364-1555; Period, 1279-1612; Nyaungyan Period, 1597-1752; Konbaung Period, 1752-1885; British Colonial Period, 1886-1942; Japanese Occupation Period, 1942-1945; British Colonial Period, 1945-1948; Post Independence Period, 1948-1988; and Current Period, 1988- .This paper describes important information to assign class numbers and subject headings for Myanmar historical books. The extended class numbers are assigned base on 930-990 table instruction in schedule and flow chart for history in manual of DDC. Ancient Myanmar kingdoms are divided by Rakhine Kingdoms, Mon Kingdoms, and Pyu

* Dr., Lecturer, Department of Library and Information Studies, East Yangon University East Yangon University Research Journal 2019, Vol.6, No. 1 2

Kingdoms. Assigning class numbers of Myanmar Kingdoms are based on periods of Bamar Kingdoms so some periods of Rakhine and Mon Kingdoms are separated. So the periods of Raphine and Mon Kingdoms entered under relevant periods of Bamar Kingdoms. Full periods and separated periods for relevant periods are marked by without parenthesis and parenthesis respectively. Class number for reign of a King started from reign of , 1530-1550 in Taungoo period (1530-1612) and ended to reign of Thibaw, 1878-1885 in Konbaung period, 1752-1885. So Taungoo period is separated by two parts.

Dewey Decimal Classification The Dewey Decimal Classification System (DDC) is the most widely used classification system created by Melvil Dewey (1851-1931). It has four volumes. A brief outline of Dewey’s principles based on ten main classes which are decimally subdivided from the main category to a total of 1,000 sub-categories based on 000- 999 numerals by providing an alphabetical subject index in detail.1 The DDC is published in full and abridged editions by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. Both editions are issued in print and electronic versions.2 The ten main classes are organization of knowledge in DDC. They are: 000 Computer , information & general works 100 & psychology 200 Religion 300 Social 400 Language 500 Science 600 Technology 700 Arts & recreation 800 Literature 900 History &

1 Lois Mai Chan, Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction (Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2007), 320. (hereafter cited as Chan) 2 Melvil Dewey, Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index, ed. John Mitchell and others, 23d ed., vol. 1, Manual-Tables (Dublin: OCLC Online Computer Library Center, 2011), xliii. East Yangon University Research Journal 2019, Vol.6, No. 1 3

910 Geography 951 and Travel China 920 952 Biography, Japan Genealogy, 953 Insignia Arabian 959.1 Myanmar 930 History of 954 India and Ancient South Asian 959.3 World Countries 940 History of Europe 959.4 Laos 900 950 History 955 Iran History, of Asia Geography, 956 Middle 959.5 Malaysia, and 960 History East Brunei,Singapore of Africa Auxiliary 957 Siberia Disciplines 970 History of North 958 Central 959.6 Cambodia America Asia 980 History of South 959 Southeast 959.7 Vietnam America Asia 990 History of 959.8 Indonesia Australasia, Pacific and East Timor Ocean Islands, Atlantic Ocean Island, Arctic Island, Antarctica, 959.9 Philippines Extraterrestrial Worlds

Fig. 1. Hierarchical Structure from General to Specific for DDC System

Existing Structure of Myanmar History in DDC 959.1 *Myanmar .102 Early history to 1826 .103 Period of British conquest, 1826-1885 Class here 19th century .104 Period of British rule, 1886-1948 Class here 20th century .105 1948- .105 1 1948-1962 .1052 1962-1989 .105 3 1989-

Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is a list of subject headings originally developed by the Library of Congress for use in its cataloging records. It contains most prominent feature is the set of headings authorized for use as subject East Yangon University Research Journal 2019, Vol.6, No. 1 4 access points in bibliographic records. It also contains many terms that are not authorized as headings but are included as lead-in (also called non-preferred or entry) term to help users as well as catalogers find the applicable authorized term for a topic at issue. Cross references under the lead-in terms gives directions to the associated authorized headings.3 It has five volumes. In the print version of LCSH, authorized headings are listed in boldface type. A heading may be followed by the legend (May SubdGeog), which shows that the heading may be subdivided by places according to the rules I the Manual and by class numbers. Each valid heading is followed by scope notes, cross references, and subdivisions, if any. Entries printed in lightface Roman are not to be used as subject headings: they are the lead-in terms (i.e., synonyms or variants of regular headings) followed by cross references to the authorized headings.4 The electronic version (http: //authorities.loc.gov) is available on the World Wide Web (as part of Classification Web).5

Existing structure of Myanmar History in LCSH Burma (Not Subd Geog) – History – – 1824-1948 NT Burmese War, 1824-1826 Burmese War, 1852 Burmese War, 1885 – – Peasant Uprising, 1931 – – Japanese occupation, 1942-1945 UF Japanese occupation, Burma, 1942-1945 – – 1948- NT Depayin Massacre, Burma, 2003 Burmese War, 1824-1826 UF Anglo–Burmese War, 1824-1826 India–History–Burmese Wars

3Chan, 213-214. 4 Library of Congress, Cataloging Distribution Service, Library of Congress Subject Headings, 30th ed. vol. 1, A-C (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 2007), vii.

5 Chan, 214. East Yangon University Research Journal 2019, Vol.6, No. 1 5

BT Burma–History–1824-1948 Burmese War, 1852 UF India–History–Burmese Wars BT Burma–History–1824-1948 Burmese War, 1885 (May Subd Geog) UF Anglo–Burmese War, 1885 India–History–Burmese Wars BT Burma–History–1824-1948

Extended Class Numbers for All Historical Periods

Table 1. Extended Class Numbers for Myanmar Historical Periods Sr. Extended Periods of Periods of Ancient Myanmar Separated Class No Bamar Kingdoms Kingdoms Period Number 1. Rakhine Kingdoms

Early history to 1826 959.102 Early history to ca. 1st century A.D. 959.102 1- 959.102 6 Neolithic Age, Rammawady,Dwarawady, 959.102 4 ca. 7000- ca. 3500/ First Vesali period, - 2000 B.C. ca. 5000-3341 B.C. Copper Age and First Dhanyawaddy period, 959.102 5 Bronze Age, 3341-1523 B.C. - ca. 2000- ca. 1000 B.C. Second Dhanyawaddy period, - 1523-596 B.C. Iron Age, Third Dhanyawaddy period, - 959.102 6 ca.1000 B.C.-ca. 500 596 B.C.-280 A.D. A.D. 1st-ca. 14th centuries 959.102 7 Second Vesali/Vesali Kyauk Hlay Kha period, 280-818 - Lemro Period, 818-1430

(a) Pyinsa dynasty, 818-1103 - (b) Parin dynasty, 1103-1250 - (c) Nareinsar Taungoo - dynasty, 1161-1250 (d) Longgyet dynasty, 1250- 1430 - Ca.14th-18th centuries Mrauk-U period, 1430-1785 - 959.102 8 Inwa period, 1364-1555 (1430-1555) 959.102 8 1 Taungoo period, (1555-1612) 959.102 8 2 (1530-1612) Nyaungyan period, (1612-1785) 959.102 8 3 1597-1752 East Yangon University Research Journal 2019, Vol.6, No. 1 6

“Table 1- Continued” Sr. Extended Periods of Periods of Separated Class Number No Bamar Kingdoms Ancient Myanmar Kingdoms Period 2. Mon Kingdoms Early history to 1826 959.102 Early history to ca. 1st century A.D. 959.102 1- 959.102 6 Copper Age and Bronze First, Second, Third 959.102 5 Age, ca. 2000-ca. 1000 Thudammawaddy period, - B.C. beginning from 500 years before the time of the Buddha Iron Age, ca. 1000 B.C.- Suvannabhumi (602 B.C.- 959.102 6 ca.500 A.D. () period, 113 A.D.) 1st-ca. 14th centuries 602 B.C.-1057 A.D. (113-1057) 959.102 7 Hanthawaddy period, (592-1383) 592-1757 Ca. 14th-18th centuries (1384-1757) 959.102 8 Inwa period, 1364-1555 (1384-1552) 959.102 8 1 Taungoo period, (1552-1612) 959.102 8 2 2 (1530-1612) Nyaungyan period, (1597-1757) 959.102 8 3 1597-1752 3. Bamar Kingdoms Early history to 1826 959.102 Early history to ca. 1st century A.D. 959.102 1- 959.102 6 Paleolithic Age, ca. 1 million years ago-ca. 10000 B.C. - 959.102 2 Mesolithic Age, ca. 10000-ca. 7000 B.C. - 959.102 3 Neolithic Age, ca. 7000-ca. 3500/2000 B.C. - 959.102 4 Copper Age and Bronze Age, ca. 2000-ca. 1000 B.C. - 959.102 5 Iron Age, ca. 1000 B.C.- Tagaung, - 959.102 6 ca. 500 A.D. ca. 850 - 520 B.C. 1. Reign of Abi Raja to 50. Reign of Thado Maha Raja Sri Ksetra, - 484 B.C.-94 A.D. 1. Mahar Thambawa, 484-478 B.C. to 27. Thupannyar- nargaraseinda, 83-94 A.D. East Yangon University Research Journal 2019, Vol.6, No. 1 7

“Table 1- Continued” Period of Sr. Extended Period of Ancient Myanmar Separated Period Class Number No Bamar Kingdoms Kingdoms 3. 1st –ca. 14th centuries 959.102 7 Bagan period, 107-1369 Bagan period, - 107-1369 1. Thamudarit, 29-74 to 55. Sawmonhnit, 1325-1368 Myinzaing, Pinya Period Myinzaing, Pinya - 1289-1364 period, 1289-1364 1. , 674-684 Sagaing period, to 1315-1364 6. Uzana Pyaung, 1364-1364 Sagaing period, - 1315-1364 1. Athin Khaya Sawyum, 1315-13222 to 7. Minbyauk, 1352-1354 Ca. 14th -18th centuries 959.102 8 Inwa period, 1364-1555 Inwa period, - 959.102 81 1364-1555 1. Thado Min Phya,1364-1367 to 19. Sithu Kyaw Hti, 1551-1555 Taungoo period, Taungoo period, - 959.102 82 1279-1612 1279-1612 (1279-1530) 959.102 8 21 1. Thawungyi, 1279-1317 to 29. Mingyinyo, 1485- 1530 (1530-1612) 959.102 8 22 30.Tabinshwehti,1530-1550 959.102 822 1 31. Bayintnaung, 1551-1581 959.102 822 2 32. Nanda Bayin, 1581-1599 959.102 822 3 33. Minye Thihathu, 1540-1548 959.102 822 4 34. Thithathu, 1548-1584 959.102 822 5 35. Minye Kyawhti, 1584-1609 959.102 822 6 36. Natshinnaung, 1609-1612 959.102 822 7 Nyaungyan period, Nyaungyan - 959.102 8 3 1597-1752 period,1597-1752 1. Nyaungyan Mintaya, 959.102 83 1 1597-1606 2. Anaukphetlun, 1606-1628 959.102 83 2 3. , 1629-1648 959.102 83 3 4. Pindale, 1648-1661 959.102 83 4 5. Pyay, 1661-1672 959.102 83 5 6. Narawara, 1672-1673 959.102 83 5 7. Minye Kyawhtin, 1673-1698 959.102 83 6 8. Sanay, 1698-1714 959.102 83 7 9. Taninganwe, 1714-1733 959.102 83 8 10. Mahadammayaza Dipati, 959.102 83 9 1733-1752

East Yangon University Research Journal 2019, Vol.6, No. 1 8

“Table 1- Continued” Period of Sr. Extended Period of Ancient Myanmar Separated Period Class Number No Bamar Kingdoms Kingdoms 18th-19th centuries 959.102 9 19th Century 959.103 3. Konbaung period, 1752-1885 (959.102 9; - 959.103) or 959.103 Early Konbaung Early Konbaung (1752-1826) 959.102 9 period, (1752-1826) period, (1752-1826) 1. Alaungmintaya, 1752-1760 959.102 91 2. Naungdawgyi, 1760-1763 959.102 92 3. Myaydu, 1763-1776 959.102 93 4. Singu, 1776-1782 959.102 94 5. Maung Maung, 1782-1782 959.102 95 6. Badon, 1782-1819 959.102 96 7. Sagaing, 1819-1837 959.102 97 Later Konbaung Later Konbaung (1826-1885) 959.103 period (or) Period period (or) Period 8. Thayawady, 1837-1846 959.103 1 of British conquest, of British conquest, 9. Bagan, 1846-1853 959.103 2 (1826-1885) (1826-1885) 10. Mindon, 1853-1878 959.103 3 11. Thibaw, 1878-1885 959.103 4 Sr. Extended Period of Myanmar History Separated Period Class Number No 4. 20th Century 959.104 Period of British rule, 1886-1948 British colonial period, 1886-1942 - 959.104 1 Japanese occupation period, 1942-1945 - 959.104 2 British colonial period, 1945-1948 - 959.104 3 21st Century 959.105 1948-2099 Post Independence Period (1948-1988) 959.105 1- .105 2 1948-1962 959.105 1 Period of Parliament Government, 1948-1958 - 959.105 11 Period of Caretaker Government, 1958-1960 - 959.105 12 Period of Pyidaungsu Government, 1960-1962 - 959.105 13 1962-1989 959.105 2 Period of Revolutionary Government, - 959.105 21 1962-1974 Period of Socialist Republic of the Union - 959.105 22 of Burma, 1974-1988 Current Period (1988- ) 959.105 3 - 1989-2010 959.105 3 Period of State Law and Order Restoration - 959.105 31 Council (SLORC), 1988-1997 Period of State Peace and Development - 959.10532 Council (SPDC), 1997-2010 2010- 959.105 4 Period of Republic of the Union of Myanmar, - 2010- 9

In Nyaungyan Period, the class numbers of King Pyay and King Narawara are the same because total numbers of kings of this period are ten. According to DDC system, extended class numbers cannot extend for tenth king. Moreover, the ruled period of King Narawara is six months. According to the above information, class numbers and subject headings for samples of Myanmar historical books can be assigned. Various types of historical books were chosen to give the users. These books describe the important historical persons, historical events for various periods.

Books in Myanmar The Whole of Myanmar History (1) Steinberg, David I. Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know Arm^jrefrm? Arm^jrefrmtaMumif;odoifhorQ / pdefxGef;bmomjyefqdkonf/ &efukkef? Myanmar Book Centre? 2015/ Sr. No Class Number Subject Headings 1. 959.1 1. Myanmar–History

Specific Historical Period (wars, battles, strikes, riots, uprising, revolution, crisis) (2) rif;ykn/ udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmEdkifiHa&;(1885-1948) / &efukef? ,HkMunfcsufpmay? 2011/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.104 1. Myanmar–History–Colonial period, 1885-1948

Wars (3) Oóa&mtrwfMuD;/ [Hom0wDqifjzL&Sifta&;awmfyHkarmfuGef;O'gef;/ wnf;jzwfol OD;wdk;vS (jrefrmordkif;aumfr&SiftzGJU0if)/ &efukef? wuúodkvfrsm;ordkif;okawoe Xme? 2006/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.102 82 22 1. Myanmar–History–King Bayintnaung’s Wars, 1551-1581 2. Myanmar–History–Bayintnaung, 1551-1581 (4) aomif;a0OD;/ Aou(36)rS Munf;?a&?avwyfrSL;rsm;\ trSwfw&wdkufyGJrsm; / &efukef? jr&wempmay? 2017/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.105 1. Myanmar–History–Civil War, 1948- 10

Strikes/Revolution/Crisis/Riots (5) Awif? ocif? (a&eHajr-)/ 1300jynfUta&;awmfyHkrSwfwrf; / 2Mudrf/ a&Tjynf wefpmay? 2014/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.104 1 1. Myanmar–History–Revolution, 1938

Ethnic Groups (6) cspfpH0if;/ ysL / &efukef? yef;rsdK;wpf&mpmay? 2011/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.1026 1. Myanmar–History–To ca. 1st century A.D. 2. 959.1026 089 + Pyu People class 2. Pyu–History–To ca. 1st century A.D. number

Standard Subdivisions (7) oef;xGwf? OD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHbkef;awmfMuD;ausmif; ynmoifMum;a&;ordkif; / &efukef? odef;rif;vdSKif pmay? 1980/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.102 071 1. Myanmar–History–1st-19th centuries–Education (8) armifarmifwif? OD;/ a&Teef;oHk;a0g[m&tbd"mef / 3Mudrf/ &efukef? &mjynfUpmay? 2005/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.102 03 1. Myanmar–History–1st-19th centuries–Dictionaries (9) Ak'¨bmomuvsmP,k0toif;/ 0dkiftrfbDat75ESpfc&D; / &efukef? Ak'¨bmom uvsmP,k0toif;? 1982/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.104 06 1. Myanmar–History–20th century–Societies, etc. 2. Young Men’s Buddhist Association (YMBA) 3. Political parties–Myanmar–History (10) oef;xGef;(jrefrmordkif;aumfr&SiftzGJU0if)/ jrefrmhordkif;ajryHkrsm;/ &efukef? jrefrm ordkif;aumfr&Sifa&T&wk 1955-2005? 2005/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.1 00223 1. Myanmar–Historical geography–Maps

11

Biography (11) pdefwif? wuúodkvf-/ urÇmhjidrf;csrf;a&;AdokumOD;oefU/ 5Mudrf/ &efukef? bm&wD pmay? 1996/ Sr. Class Subject Headings No Number 1. 959.104 092 1. Myanmar–History–1961-1971 2. Thant, U, 1909-1974 4. Secretaries–General–United Nations (UN)–Myanmar –Biography (12) ae&D&Dpmwnf;tzGJU/ jrefrmEdkifiH\or®wudk;OD;tw¦KyÜwåd (1948-2016) / &efukef? ae&D&DyHkESdyfwdkuf? 2016/ Sr. No Class Number Subject Headings 1. 959.105 0922 1. Myanmar–History–1948-2016–Biography 2. Presidents–Myanmar–Biography 2. 959.1 0099 1. Myanmar–History–Biography 2. Presidents–Myanmar–Biography (13) AaqG? OD;? (0efMuD;csKyfa[mif;)/ OD;AaqG (0efMuD;csKyfa[mif;)? udk,fwdkifa&; udk,fa&;rSwfwrf;/ &efukef? prwfpmay? 2017/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.104 092 1. Myanmar–History–Ba Swe, U, 1956-1987 2. Ba Swe, U, 1956-1987 3. Ba Swe, U, 1915-1987 4. Prime Ministers–Myanmar–Autobiography (14) cifndK? &Jabmf- / 49- awmfvSefa&; rsdK;qufwpfOD;\b0'dkif,m&D/ &efukef? a&Taus;pmay? 2013/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.105 092 1. Khin Nyo, Yebaw, 1949– Diaries 2. Soldiers–Myanmar–Diaries 3. Myanmar–History–Civil War,1949-

Military (15) bkef;ausmf? ewfarmuf- / a&S;acwf jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSwfpkrsm;/ 2Mudrf/ &efukef? Wisdom House? 2014/ Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.103 1. Myanmar–History, Military–To Konbaung period 2. Myanmar. Army–Management

12

Books in English (16) Blackburn, Terence R. The Defeat of Amarapura: The Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852. New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation, 2009. Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.1 03 2 1. Myanmary–History–1846-1853 2. Myanmar War, 1852 (17) Fielding, H. Thibaw’s Queen. Rangoon: Buddha Sasana Council, 1899. Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.103 4 1. Myanmar–History–Thibaw, 1878-1885 2. Myanmar–History–Supayalat, 1878-1885 3. Supayalat, Queen of Myanmar, 1859-1925 4. Queens–Myanmar–Biograpby (18) Maung Maung, Dr. A Trial in Burma: The Assassination of Aung San. 2d ed. Yangon: UNITY Publishing House, 2012. Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.104 3 1. Myanmar–History–1945-1948 2. Aung San, General, 1915-1947 (19) Maung Maung, Dr. The 1988 Uprising In Myanmar.Yangon: Digest Media Bank, 2012. Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.105 22 1. Myanmar–History–, 1988 2. 8888 Uprising, 1988 (20) Sandan, Mandy, ed. War and Peace in the Borderlands of Myanmar: The Kachin Ceasefire, 1994-2011. Nias Press. Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.105 4 1. Myanmar–History–Ceasefire of The Kachin and Myanmar Army, 2011 (21) Sai Aung Tun. History of the Shan State from its origins to 1962. Bangkok: Silkworm Books, 2009. Sr. Class Number Subject Headings No 1. 959.1 1. Myanmar–History 2. 959.1+ Shan State class number 2. Shan State–History

Generally, extended class numbers and subject headings for historical books of ethnic groups, specific states and regions are not specific because researchers cannot assign extended class numbers and subject headings for these areas. 13

Conclusion

By using extended Dewey Decimal Classification numbers and Library of Congress Subject Headings, users can quickly search Myanmar historical books. Especially, this information is valuable for teachers and students of Department of Library and Information Studies, and librarians In conclusion, extended class numbers and subject headings are compiled by searching historical information, studying the structure of historical periods of Myanmar and other countries in DDC and LCSH, dividing the periods for Myanmar history, and assigning extended class numbers and subject headings. There are many difficulties such as contemporary period and different reign for a king are made to be consistency.

References

Chan, Lois Mai. Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2007.

Dewey, Melvil. Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index, ed. John Mitchell and others, 23d ed., 4 Vols. Dublin: OCLC Online Computer Library Center, 2011.

Harvey, G. E. History of Burma: From the Earliest Time to 10 march 1824 the Beginning of the English Conquest. London: Frank Cass and Company, 1967.

Jumsai, M. L. Manich and Dr. E. J. History of Burma: From Early Beginning to Modern Times. Bangkok : Chalermnit, 1979.

Library of Congress, Cataloging Distribution Service, Library of Congress Subject Headings. 30th ed. 5 Vols. Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress, Cataloging and Distribution, 2007.

Soni, R. L., Dr. A Cultural Study of the Burmese Era. Indo-Burmese Cultural Series No.1. Mandalay: The Institute of Buddhist Culture, 1955.

Than Tun, Dr. Research Methodology. n.p., 1999.

Thaw Kaung, U. Myanmar Wonderland. Yangon: Today Publishing House, 2013.