On the Great Lakes Through 1956

U. S. FEDERAL FISHERY RESEARCH ON THE GREAT LAKES THROUGH 1956

MarineLIBRARYBiological Laboratory

DEC 1 1 1957 WOODS HOLE, MASS.

SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT- FISHERIES No. 226

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE .

EXPLANATORY NOTE

The series embodies results of investigations, usually of restricted scope, intended to aid or direct management or utilization practices and as guides for administrative or legislative action. It is issued in limited quantities for official use of Federal, State or cooperating agencies and in processed form for economy and to avoid delay in publication United States Department of the Interior, Fred A. Seaton, Secretary Fish and Wildlife Service, ArnieJ. Suomela, Commissioner

U.S. FEDERAL FISHERY RESEARCH ON THE GREAT LAKES THROUGH 1956

Ralph Hile Fishery Research Biologist Bureau of Commercial Fisheries

Special Scientific Report- -Fisheries No. 226

Washington, D.

October 1957 ABSTRACT

The present article is a revision and expansion of my earlier paper: 25 years of Federal Fishery Research on the Great Lakes. Spec. Sci. Rep.: Fish. No. 85, 1952. Two circumstances made a revision desirable at this time. First, publications since 1952 have added greatly to the literature based on Federal studies on the Great Lakes. Second, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, established by treaty with Canada, was organized in Ottowa in April 1956 and held its first annual meeting in Ann Arbor in November 1956. The entry of the Commission on the scene marKs the start of an era of further expansion and heightens interest in past activities. CONTENTS

Page

Introduction 1

The Great Lakes research program, 1927-1956 1 Years of intensive field work, 1927-1932 3 Period of reduced budgets, 1933-1947 4 Sea lampreys and the expanded Great Lakes Fishery Investigations, 1948-1951 6 The sea lamprey program 6 Research on the sea lamprey 7 Ecology of the sea lamprey 7 Laboratory studies of development, growth and feeding 7 Support of research in other institutions 8 Development of control methods 8 Mechanical barriers 8 Electrical barriers 8 Chemical control 9 Growth of the control program 9 Fishery research program 10 Research vessel Cisco 10 Lake Superior 11 Lake Michigan 11 Lake Huron 12 Lake Erie 12 Lakes Ontario and St. Clair; Red Lakes, Minnesota 12 Fishery Statistics 12 Publications by staff members 12 Publications of scientists associated with Great Lakes Fishery Investigations 41 Patents and patent applications 44 Roster of biologists 45

U.S. FEDERAL FISHERY RESEARCH ON THE GREAT LAKES THROUGH 1956

INTROCUCTION on the existence of emergencies that cry for attention.—' Seldom has money been adequate The major purpose of this publication is to the task assigned; commonly it was supple- to present an annotated bibliography of papers mented by funds from State and private agencies resulting from Federal investigations on the interested in particular problems; never until Great Lakes fish and fisheries since the formal most recently could long-term researches be initiation of a continuing research program by set up that would contribute to a fundamental

the Fish and WildUfe Service. -L' It is believed understanding of the fish populations and of the that this purpose can be served best by prefac- factors that control their level of productivity. ing that bibliography with a brief account of the origins of Great Lakes Fishery Investigations Thus the history of Federal researches and of the circumstances that have guided their on the Great Lakes has been one of loosely re- course. lated projects. Only a glance at the record of funds is needed (table 1) to understand how futile Great Lakes Fishery Investigations, it would have been to attempt continuing observa- with John Van Oosten as the first Chief, was tions on even a small segment of these extensive established in 1927. This establishment did and scattered fisheries. Yet for all the discon- not mark the actual beginning of modern re- tinuity and lack of a sustained central program. search on the Great Lakes fisheries, for Walter Great Lakes Fishery Investigations has not been N. Koelz (who resigned in 1927) had been on the ineffective. Not only were satisfactory solutions staff of the Division of Scientific Inquiry (now found to the several practical problems that at- the Branch of Fishery Biology) since 1918 and tracted outside support to the individual projects Van Oosten since 1920. The term, "program", in earlier years; in addition, staff members can hardly be applied to the early investigations have published many and varied reports which, that started in 1918. Actually, the Federal con- as an examination of the bibliography given later tribution amounted to little more than grants-in- in this article will prove, have made available a aid to the personal and largely independent large store of information on the Great Lakes researches of Koelz on the taxonomy of Great fisheries. These past studies have provided Lakes coregonids and of Van Oosten on the life much of the foundation for an effective inquiry histories of the lake herring and whitefish. The into the factors that control the productivity of work of this period led nevertheless to three the Great Lakes. monumental contributions to fishery literature -- Koelz' (1929) monograph on the coregonids of THE GREAT LAKES RESEARCH the Great Lakes and Van Oosten' s papers on the PROGRAM, 1927-1956 scales of whitefish of known age (1923) and on the life history of the lake herring of Lake The research program of the Fish and Huron (1929). Wildlife Service on the Great Lakes divides itself conveniently into three distinct periods: Born in the crisis arising from the dis- the early years, 1927-32, of intensive field work appearance of the Lake Erie Cisco, Great Lakes on a variety of projects; an intermediate period, Fishery Investigations has forever since ex- 1933-47, of stringently reduced budgets; and the perienced the varying fortunes that inevitably present era in which primary concerns are re- befall an organization whose very life depends search on methods for the control of the sea avoid J_/ To confusion the title Fish and Wildlife 2/ Annual reviews of the activities of Great Service will be employed throughout this discus- Lakes Fishery investigations may be found in: sion even though the joining of the Bureau of Progress in biological inquiries by Elmer Higglns. Fisheries and the Bureau of Biological Survey to Reports of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries form the Service did not take place until 1940. for 1927-1939. Table 1. —Allotments of funds to Great Lakes Fishery Investigations, fiscal years 1928-1957

Fiscal Salaries, year lamprey and the implementation of a central Although the Service made a limnological program . The transition from the first to the survey of eastern Lake Erie possible by supply- - second period was as abrupt as it was fatal to ing the services of the research vessel Shear all plans for sustained observations on the fish- water, members of the Great Lakes staff did not eries. The change to the third period was more participate actively in the scientific activities gradual in that some special funds were avail- of that survey. Rather, the Great Lakes staff able for the study of the sea lamprey in fiscal concentrated on limnological studies directed years 1948 and 1949, although budgets adequate toward an appraisal of the effects of pollution for effective research on that parasite first in the western end of Lake Erie and on studies came near the middle of fiscal year 1950. of "savings gear", the first investigations of this type known to have been carried out in North Years of Extensive Field Work, 1927-32 America. The "hybrid" trap net designed to reduce the capture and handling of undersized fish The troublesome situation in Lake Erie which was recommended as a result of these that brought about the establishment of Great studies has long since become a standard gear. Lakes Fishery Investigations was also the first In fact, many fishermen who at first opposed to receive the attention of the newly organized the recommendations as radical and impractical staff. Most of the problems existing then were later voluntarily exceeded the original specifica- of long standing. For years the industry on tions in providing for the release of small fish. Lake Erie had been suffering decreasing returns During the course of the field operations, staff in the face of increasing fishing pressure; for members seized upon the occasion to amass years operators of gill nets and trap nets, the large amounts of biological materials and data two principal types of gear, literally had been that were later to form the basis for a number at one another's throats, each group accusing of publications. These materials served also the other of viciously destructive fishing prac- as the principal basis for doctoral dissertations tices and joining their voices only in a common at the University of Michigan by Deason on the denunciation of pollution as a major cause of morphometry and growth of pikeperches, and by the decline in the abundance of fish. Urgently Jobes on the growth of yellow perch. Nor has as these matters needed attention, it still re- the store even yet been fully exhausted. quired the complete collapse (in 1925 and subsequent years) of the lake's most productive All of the several field projects carried fishery, that for the cisco, to stimulate action out in the late 1920's and early 1930's were for a comprehensive research project. similar to the Lake Erie investigations in that: they were initiated to obtain information on im - The Lake Erie project was started in mediately pressing problems; support from other 1927, carried on intensively in 1928 and 1929, agencies through allocation of funds, assignments and continued on a reduced scale through the of personnel, or supply of equipment made them

spring of 1931 . This undertaking was a cooper- possible or permitted operation on a far more ative venture toward which the following effective scale than the relatively modest Service organizations contributed facilities, funds, and budget would have allowed; they provided the op- personnel: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; portunity for the collection of biological materials U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey; Ohio Division and data. Brief comments on these projects are of Conservation; New York Conservation Depart- given in the following paragraphs. ment; Ontario Game and Fisheries Department; Health Department; City of Buffalo; Buffalo The experimental studies on pound-net Society of Natural Sciences. Through the col- meshes in Saginaw Bay (1928-30), requested laboration of these several agencies a concerted and supported by the State of Michigan, were attack was possible on such problems as factors carried out in an attempt to determine a single of abundance and distribution of fish, regulation mesh size that might prove suitable for all im- and management of fisheries, and pollution in pounding nets in that region and in other waters relation to fisheries and municipal water sup- with similar fishing conditions. Previously, plies. three minimum legal mesh sizes had been stipu-

lated according to the species of fish . Inasmuch . .

as a variety of species was ordinarily taKen to- and extensive data on seasonal abundance and gether, these regulations obviously were movements of whitefish and other species per- burdensome and almost unenforceable. The mitted specific recommendations on regulations recommendation resulting from the experi- shortly after completion of the survey, legisla- ments for a single maximum mesh size to tive action was delayed until the whitefish fishery replace a series of minimum mesh sizes led had collapsed in all major production centers to the solution of this vexing problem not only of Lake Huron. in Saginaw Bay but in numerous other fishing areas in which the catch is made up of a variety During this period of active field work of species four scientists were added to the full-time staff of Great Lakes Fishery Investigations- -Hilary

Least pretentious of the early field pro- J,. Deason in 1927, Stillman Wright (by transfer jects was the survey of Lake Champlain made from Interior Lakes Investigations) in 1928, in 1930-31 in cooperation with the Canadian Frank W. Jobes in 1930, and Harry A. Hanson Government to ascertain the effects of commer- (by transfer from North Atlantic Fishery In- cial fishing in the Canadian waters of Missis- vestigations) in 1931 . Hanson was transferred quoi Bay on the abundance of walleyes in United to Washington headquarters in less than 2 years

States waters . The periods of field work were and Wright left in 1933 to accept a position with limited in both years, and the studies did not the Brazilian Government. Deason continued on lead either to formal recommendations or a the staff until 1940 when he was transferred to completed report. Washington. Except for a 2 -year period in 1935- 37 at Washington headquarters and with Columbia The experimental chub-net investiga- River Salmon Investigations, Jobes remained in tions carried out in Lake Michigan in 1930-32 Ann Arbor until 1949 when he resigned to enter from the research vessel Fulmar were designed teaching. to provide information on regulations, particularly on mesh size, that would permit the most Period of Reduced Budgets, 1933-47 efficient exploitation of the stocks of chubs (deep-water ciscoes) with the minimum destruc- The depression of the 1930' s brought tion of small lake trout that are regularly taken drastic curtailment of governmental research in chub gill nets. The States of Michigan and activities and pressure for reduction of person- Wisconsin and four net manufacturers gave nel. Field work on all major projects ended in liberal financial support to this operation. Al- order to retain as many as possible of the staff though the project proved disappointing in that in anticipation of better times. Through re- both of the supporting States ignored the recom- organization and adjustment elsewhere Ralph mendations resulting from the work, the Hile, still a member of the staff, was transferred materials and data collected formed the basis to Great Lakes Fishery Investigations from his for a number of valuable papers and still con- work on northern Wisconsin lakes for the purpose stitute a major source of information on the of developing procedures for the analysis of the growth, distribution, and abundance of fishes statistics of the commercial fisheries of the in the deeper waters and on the bottom fauna, Great Lakes. Hile's biological studies, however, plankton, and hydrography of the lake continued for nearly 10 years to be based principally on materials and data from the interior The 1931-32 survey of the deep-trap-net lakes of Wisconsin, waters peculiarly well suited fishery in Lakes Huron and Michigan was con- to research on certain types of ecological prob- ducted in cooperation with the State of Michigan lems, the results of which could be useful in the (which carried the bulk of the cost of field oper- conduct of studies on the Great Lakes. This ations) to obtain information on which to base Wisconsin work was accordingly considered an regulation of a new and phenomenally efficient integral part of Great Lakes Fisheiy Investigations. net that early threatened ruin to the whitefish fishery in those areas in which the gear was The period of scanty budgets that started fished intensively. Although detailed observa- in 1933 continued through fiscal year 1947. The tions on the fishing action of the deep trap net figures of $7,010 for fiscal year 1941 and $5,310 for fiscal year 1942 recorded in table 1 do not require; rather, the collections had to be made represent relief to the poverty of Great Lakes as opportunity presented itself while major at- Fishery Investigations since as is explained in tention was given the "emergency" situation the footnote to the table the greater part of the that had drawn outside assistance. Still more funds was required to cover the costs of the damaging was the lack of the continuity of ob- activities of the United States members of the servation that Is so essential to an understanding International Board of Inquiry for the Great of the changes that take place in populations. Lakes Fisheries. Thus Great Lakes Fishery The effective use of the large body of informa- Investigations passed through a 15 -year period tion amassed during the first 20-odd years after during which the amount available annually to the establishment of Great Lakes Fishery In- meet all operating expenses --travel, subsist- vestigations will depend on the continuity of ence, communications, supplies, equipment, subsequent researches. wages of temporary employees, . . . --consistent- ly was less than $3,000 and in 2 years dropped Throughout much of this "intermediate" below $1,000. Field operations of any conse- period of Great Lakes Fishery Investigations, - quence were out of the question . The only pro Van Oosten, as Chief, devoted considerable at- jects worth listing were the 1937-38 survey of tention to problems of fishery regulations. He the fisheries of the Potagannissing Bay, Lake attended many public and legislative hearings, Huron, supported by the Michigan Department prepared numerous memoranda on proposed or of Conservation, and the 1938 survey of the desirable legislation, and worked for interstate fisheries of the Red Lakes, Minnesota, carried and international cooperation in the establish- out in cooperation with the Office of Indian Af- ment of more restrictive and uniform regulations. fairs . Otherwise, field work was limited to At the same time he published a series of popular "spot-checks" of problem situations or brief and semipopular articles in which he stressed: excursions to obtain materials needed to fill the progressive depletion of the major fisheries gaps in studies based on collections of the 1927- of the lakes; the need for immediate and drastic 32 period. restrictions on fishing pressure to save the industry from collapse; the seeming futility, as This 1933-47 period was nevertheless indicated by past experiences, of attaining ade- one in which numerous significant publications quate and uniform regulations through voluntary were issued- -and that despite the loss of Dea- cooperation of the lake states and Ontario; the son through transfer in 1940 and the nearly desirability of a treaty with Canada for joint in- full-time occupation of the entire staff with the vestigation and control of the Great Lakes fish- activities of the war-time agency, Office of the eries. The publicity thus given to Great Lakes Coordinator of Fisheries, during 1942-45. fishery problems was a major factor in the re- Prevented by lack of funds from the continuation quest of the Council of State Governments for of past projects or the Initiation of any new re- the appointment of the International Board of search, staff members devoted their time to Inquiry for the Great Lakes Fisheries (on which the completion of reports based principally on Van Oosten served as one of the United States the collections of the earlier years when great- members) and ultimately in the negotiation of a er allotments and especially the liberal support treaty between the United States and Canada for of outside agencies made field operations pos- international investigation and control of the sible . Exceptional as the number of publications Great Lakes fisheries ._' may have been in relation to size of staff and operational funds available, and valuable as they are as sources of information on the Great Lakes fish and fisheries, they do not reflect the type of research that the staff members would have desired and that has long been urgently 3/ Because of the strong opposition of one state needed on the Great Lakes. Even the original and of much of the fishing industry, this treaty collections were handicapped by the impossibility was never considered by the Foreign Relations of scheduling observations and sampling as a Committee of the United States Senate. It was well -planned biological research program would withdrawn from that Committee in 1955. . .

Sea Lampreys and the Expanded Great Lakes specially designed for investigations on the Fishery Investigations Great Lakes has been considered as an independ-

1948-1956 ent "station" . The Siscowet , a gill -net tug, re- modelled for hydrographic work and for light Fiscal year 1948 saw the first Federal trawling was purchased in 1952 and assigned to appropriation for the study of the sea lamprey, the Marquette station. The Musky, a trap -net the predator that had reached the upper Great boat purchased in 1951 has been employed in Lakes in the 1930's and by the late 1940's had various studies in Green Bay, northern Lake eliminated the lake trout fishery in Lake Huron Huron, and Saginaw Bay. and had inflicted grievous injury in Lake Mich- igan. Both the Great Lakes staff and members Although the allotments continued to be of the industry had been aware of the threat for substantial in fiscal years 19SI-1956 following a number of years, but the emergency had not the expansion of the investigations in 1950, this been sufficiently great to attract support for period was not a time of budgetary tranquility. research on the problem. Most of the 1948 In not one of of the 6 years was the final allotment appropriation was consumed in the construction as listed in table 1 included in the Fish and Wild- of the experimental weir in the Ocqueoc River life Service budget as submitted to Congress. and the 1949 allotment amounted to barely $5,000. Annually, supplemental sums were added to the Consequently, it was not possible in either year Department of the Interior budget in the U.S. to carry out more than perfunctory research on Senate --in committee or from the floor; on the lamprey- -appraisals of damage to the fish- occasion it seemed that the Investigations might ing industry, short-term surveys of streams to be dismantled. In 1953, for example, the out- locate spawning runs Serious experimenta- look for fiscal year 1954 was so poor that more tion on control methods was out of the question. than half the staff was placed under notice of Alfred Perlmutter, who had been transferred "reduction in force" and the sea lamprey control from North Atlantic Fishery Investigations in operations on Lake Superior were discontinued 1948 to head the sea lamprey studies, resigned in mid-season. Some staff members resigned in 1949. because of the persistent uncertainties of employment The substantial allotment for fiscal year

1950 (which, because of delays of appropriation, It is believed that Great Lakes Fishery did not become available until November 1949) Investigations finally reached a dependable level made it possible for the first time to organize a of financial stability in fiscal year 1957 when comprehensive research program based entirely funds for sea lamprey activities were obtained on Service funds. In consideration of the bur- by contract with the Great Lakes Fishery Com- den that the establishment and administration mission, established by treaty with Canada. It of a greatly expanded program would impose, is anticipated that under this new international Van Oosten was relieved of administrative duties arrangement the lamprey program will receive to give full time to the completion of his numer- the sustained and adequate support required for ous researches in progress and James W. Moff- sensibly planned and orderly advancement . It ett was transferred from Central Valley is hoped also that fishery research may be sup- Investigations to become the new Chief (January ported more dependably through regular Service 1950). appropriations

Headquarters for the expanded Great The Sea Lamprey Program Lakes Fishery Investigations continued to be in Ann Arbor, Mich. Field stations were estab- A division of the sea lamprey program lished in 1950 at Hammond Bay (near Rogers into "research" and "control" activities is a City, Mich.), Marquette, Mich., and Sturgeon matter of convenience and to a large degree Bay, Wis., and in 1956 at Ludington, Mich. artificial. All phases of the work --research on (The Sturgeon Bay station was closed in 1953 and the lamprey to find vulnerable points in its life its activities transferred to Ann Arbor.) The history, development and testing of control 60-foot research vessel Cisco (launched in 1951), methods, and large-scale application of these - -

methods in the field- -are in fact but parts of a fish, incidence of sea lamprey scars in relation single vast experiment in the reduction of a to host species, size of fish, locality, and widespread and highly destructive population of season. parasites. A series of stream surveys designed to Research on the sea lamprey show the "lamprey potentials" of the various tributaries of the upper lakes has given a large At the time the sea lamprey program amount of information on such points as: volume was expanded in 1950, the fundamentals of the and rate of flow; temperatures and chemical natural history of that parasite had been made characteristics of the water; natural and man- known through the graduate researches at the made barriers; extent of grounds suitable for

habitat . It University of Michigan of Vernon C . Applegate, lamprey spawning; extent of larval an employee of the Michigan Department of Con- is anticipated that these records will lead to a servation. Indeed, it was his broad experience better understanding of the lamprey's selection and demonstrated competence in this field that of certain streams and its failure to spawn in led to his selection as Director of the Hammond others. Bay Fishery Laboratory. The newly established field station at once set about to continue and ex- Laboratory studies of the development, pand those portions of studies on which Apple growth, and feeding. --An early project at the gate's findings were incomplete and to undertake Hammond Bay Laboratory was the rearing of new lines of investigation that previously had not parasitic -phase sea lamprey from the recently been possible. Results of most of this work transformed stage to full sexual maturity. These have been so well documented that only brief ac- experiments verified the earlier estimate (based counts of them need be made here. on measurements of lake -caught lampreys) that the parasitic phase lasts 12 to 18 months; only

Ecology of the sea lamprey. - - Much ad- exceptionally (under conditions of poor growth) ditional information on the sea lamprey was may an additional year be required. Lampreys obtained in the operation of various control de- reared to maturity in the laboratory consumed, vices where data were accumulated in such on the average, 18 .5 pounds of fish each. Since matters as; time and factors (temperature, they reached only half the weight of "wild" lam- water flow, , . .) of migration of sea lampreys preys, the average kill of fish in the lakes may and associated migratory fish species: duration be twice as great. of runs; characteristics of sea lamprey spawning runs- -length, weight, sex ratio in various Observations made during the course of periods of the run; kinds of streams utilized by the laboratory rearing of parasitic -phase sea lampreys. The inclined-screen -and-trap barri- lampreys formed the basis of a doctoral disserta- er in the Carp Lake River (tributary to the tion (University of Michigan) by Lennon on the Straits of Mackinaw) has yielded data on sea feeding mechanism and its effect on host fishes. lampreys recently transformed from the ammo- Major aspects of this study were: anatomy of the cete to the parasitic state --size, numbers feeding mechanism; physiological effects of produced annually, time and factors of down- buccal-gland sections on host fish; mechanics of stream movement, length of larval life. The ob- attachment and distribution and gross pathology servations at barriers are being continued; of wounds; cause of death of host fish. Lennon particularly detailed records are maintained for also succeeded in the artificial fertilization of tributaries chosen as "index" streams. sea lamprey eggs and reared the young through 21 weeks. Movements of parasitic -phase lampreys tagged in the open lake indicated little or no hom- Still another doctoral dissertation (Duke ing tendency. Many of these lampreys were University) was Piavis' descriptive and experi- obtained for tagging in the course of experiment- mental study of the embryology of the sea lamprey. al fishing operations carried out to study fish- An important contribution of this research to the lamprey relations in northern Lake Huron- control program was the establishment of the abundance of lampreys and various species of rather narrow temperature limits within which . . . .

sea lampreys are able to undergo normal killing, or controlling the movements of development. fish.

Support of research in other institu- Preliminary experimentation led to the tions. --Financial and technical assistance by abandonment of electricity as a means of destroy- Great Lakes Fishery Investigations made pos- ing larval lampreys in streambeds or of killing sible two additional doctoral studies: Wigley recently transformed lampreys on their down-

(Cornell University) on the life history of the stream migration . Larvae could be driven sea lamprey in Cayuga Lake, New York; Sawyer from the stream bottom by electric shockers (University of Michigan) on the physiological but only a fraction left the burrows and few were effects of various toxicants on sea lamprey killed. The resistance of downstream migrants larvae. The Hammond Bay laboratory has also to electricity proved so great that power costs supplied extensive materials for research by alone would have prevented their destruction by various institutions and individuals on a number this means even had the engineering problems of physiological and morphological problems. been solved. In the course of this cooperation, methods were developed for transporting live sea lam- The early experiments in leading fish preys over great distances. with electricity revealed the appropriate wave form and duty cycles, but also uncovered dif- Development of control methods ficulties arising from differences in the reactions of fish of various sizes and species. Experi- Mechanical barriers. -- The major de- mentation with direct current was accordingly vices tested for blocking or capturing spawning- abandoned temporarily in favor of the work with run sea lampreys were: permanent weirs with alternating current. Studies with direct current removable screens and traps; "demountable" were resumed in 1955 in an attempt to reduce weirs of hardware cloth on wooden frames; the kill of useful fish at certain of the alternating- barrier dams that cannot be scaled by lampreys current barriers in tributaries of Lake Superior

because of a retrocurve lip. In addition, ' a This more recent work has led to the develop- dam with an inclined-screen trap was tested as ment of equipment in which the direct current is a means of capturing recently transformed used to repel fish, not to lead them; a cathode downstream migrants. The principal benefits array in the stream turns the fish away from the from these tests were the information gained water in which they might be killed by the alter- on sea lampreys and associated fishes and the nating current. Field tests indicate that this clear demonstration that lampreys were not to new equipment will put an end to the formerly be controlled by mechanical procedures. The troublesome fish kills and ultimately may be de- weirs and the inclined-screen trap commonly veloped to the point that it can be substituted for failed in periods of flood (some structures were alternating-current barriers. entirely washed out). Even when weirs could be held the cost of maintenance and operation The sea lamprey control program at was excessive. The barrier dam proved ef- present is based almost entirely on the blocking fective but its use is limited to the few streams of the spawning run with barriers energized with

in which it does not cause undue flooding. 110 -volt alternating current. Shielded traps are constructed along with the barriers to take use- Electrical barriers - -The unsatisfactory ful fish which are passed safely upstream experiences with mechanical devices led to a Experimentation on the flow of electricity in start on experimentation with electricity in 1951. water of different electrolytic content (including In order that the program might be technically the development and patenting of a "probe" for sound and efficiently operated, a contract for measuring voltage gradients) and extensive field engineering assistance was negotiated with the testing of electrode arrangements led to thethree Cook Research Laboratories. This laboratory types of barriers now in use; parallel arrays of supplied the services first of William A. Stahl suspended pipe electrodes; single array of sus-

and later of Willis L . Nielsen; it also conducted pended pipe electrodes and ground electrodes in patent searches on uses of electricity for taking. the stream bottom; two parallel ground electrodes .

on the stream bottom . The type of device is Growth of the control program chosen according to stream conditions, and ad- justments of equipment are made in accordance After the researches at the Hammond with experiences in each stream Bay Laboratory had led to the development of a practical electrical barrier for blocking sea Chemical control. --The reduction of lamprey runs, it was decided that the initial sea lamprey stocks by the prevention of spawn- control experiments should be made on Lake ing has the disadvantage that benefits are not Superior, the only lake that still carried a suf- to be expected until the program has been un- ficiently large population of lake trout to support derway 4 to 6 years . At any one time the a commercial fishery. This strategy was in- stream contains the larvae from that number tended to serve two purposes: prevention of the of previous spawnings . A procedure that can collapse of still another fishery; preservation kill all larvae in a single operation, on the of lake trout stocks that could be used in the other hand, gives almost immediate benefit restoration of Lakes Huron and Michigan. In (only the parasites in the lake remain). In accordance with this plan, barriers were in- recognition of the need for shortening the time stalled in 10 Lake Superior tributaries before needed to reduce the numbers of sea lampreys, the start of the 1953 run and the control activities the Hammond Bay Fishery Laboratory in 1953 were transferred from the Hammond Bay Labor- started a screening program in an attempt to atory to the Marquette field station, under the find a compound lethal to ammocoetes in con- direction of Erkkila. centrations harmless to fish. Whatever benefits might have accrued Among the 4,600 compounds tested in from the small-scale control programs of 1953 the original screening program, 8 were dis- were lost when operations had to be suspended covered that exhibited strong differential tox- in mid-June, the barriers dismantled, and the icity toward larval lampreys, and of these, 2 equipment stored. The threat of ruinous budget gave particular promise. These 2 chemicals cuts in fiscal year 1954 that forced this suspen- were subjected to detailed testing to learn sion of operations fortunately did not materialize. their effects under different physical and chemical conditions and on species of fish other than The lamprey runs on the U.S. shore of the rainbow trout and bluegill employed in the Lake Superior were brought under "full" control original screening. Toxicity studies of structur- in 1954 when the 44 barriers in operation (table 2) ally related chemicals brought to light 4 blocked all known spawning runs . Actually, the additional compounds of promise. control was not complete. A few short break- downs occurred, and the discovery of new runs The progress of these chemical studies in later seasons indicates that some spawning to the field-testing stage was slow and burdened may have been overlooked. It can be said, with numerous setbacks --some expected, others nevertheless, that very little lamprey spawning unexpected. A major difficulty has been the ar- has taken place in U. S. tributaries of Lake rangement for the synthesis of various chemicals Superior subsequent to 1953. and the development of satisfactory standards of purity. Tests had to be made (by contract The records of the rate of increase in the with the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation) abundance of sea lampreys in Lake Superior em- of the effects of the compounds on birds and phasize the urgent need for effective control. mammals. Formulation s (emulsions, solvents) The numbers of spawning-run individuals cap- had to be developed and metering devices ob- tured in 30 streams that contained barriers in tained and checked. Still further delays were 1954-56 were: occasioned by the unanticipated sensitivity of some compounds to changes in water conditions, 1954 - 4,922 the nature of which has not been exactly deter- 1955 - 8,823 mined. Despite all these problems raceway 1956 - 15, 753 tests were started in late 1956 and large-scale field testing is scheduled for 1957. These figures make it seem likely that the lake trout fishery, already declining rapidly, may for the west shore of Lake Michigan at Oconto, collapse before benefits can be expected from Wis., is to be established in early 1957. the prevention of spawning. It is greatly to be hoped that the field tests of larvicides will give Fishery Research Program a means of shortening the time needed to re - duce lamprey stocks. Research vessel Cisco

Table 2. --Numbers of electrical sea lamprey control devices in tributaries of Lakes Superior and Michigan, 1953-1956, and numbers scheduled for 1957

Year Lake Superior Lake Michigan Total

1953 10 -- 1954 44 1955 46 1/ 1956 48 2/ 1957 54 . . . . .

• in the Great Lakes. Catches from the same herring; ' " . They have also manned the vessel gears included large numbers of Coregonus Siscowet to assist in planting lake trout finger- (Prosopium) coulteri, a species not previously lings and have done a small amount of experi- reported east of the Pacific slope mental fishing.

The fishery-limnological surveys of Lake Michigan southern Lake Michigan in 1954 and northern Lake iMichigan in 1955 had two major goals. The more recent studies in Lake Michigan First was a precise comparison of chub stocks were initiated in 1948 when the Fish and Wildlife (species composition, size, abundance, dis- Service and the Wisconsin Conservation Depart- tribution, . . .) in 1930-32 and 1954-55; to assure ment entered into a formal agreement (still in comparable records nets were fished that had effect) for the cooperative study of the fish specifications identical to those of the experi- stocks of southern Green Bay. For the next 2 mental gill nets used by the Fulmar in 1930-32. years this activity was limited to a spring pro- The second goal was the collection of materials gram of tagging yellow perch and the spring and and data on all aspects of the limnology- -cur- fall collection of scale samples from the prin- rents, thermal structure, water chemistry, cipal species (yellow perch, lake herring, plankton, bottom sediments and organisms, • • • whitefish, walleys). Activities were broadened By spending a full season on each of the two in 1950 with the establishment of a field station sections of the lake both goals were met adequate- at Sturgeon Bay under the direction of Joeris ly. More satisfactory sampling schedules were set up and observations were extended into the State TTie 1956 season also was spent in a of Michigan end of Green Bay fishery-limnological study of a limited area-- Saginaw Bay and adjacent waters of Lake Huron. Limitations of funds prevented the ad- The principal objective here was to gain inform- dition of biologists needed at Sturgeon Bay. As ation on the ecological conditions and on the a result the staff soon was making excellent distribution and abundance of various species of collections but lacked the time to carry out fish that might throw light on the causes of the proper studies of the materials. The station poor quality of fishing in the Bay. The program was accordingly closed in 1953 and the activity included three 1-day synoptic surveys of the transferred to Ann Arbor. Field operations have limnology of Saginaw Bay, conducted in coopera- been continued at a level above that of 1948-49 tion with the Michigan Department of but below that of 1950-53. Conservation Despite the slender support the Green Lake Superior Bay studies received, important accomplishments have been made: a comprehensive life -history The Marquette field station was estab- study has been completed on the lake herring lished as the center for fishery research on (doctoral dissertation by S. Smith, University Lake Superior, but the immediate involvement of Michigan); information obtained on yellow of the staff with the sea lamprey work and the perch led to changes of regulations that have later (1953) transfer of sea lamprey control to doubled production in Wisconsin waters of the Marquette prevented the development of an or- Bay; information on the consequences of the ganized research program. Although the prin- phenomenal strength of the 1943 year class of cipal fishery research on Lake Superior has walleyes helped block the passage of unwise re- been that conducted from the Cisco, the Mar- strictions on the fisheries in the State of Michigan quette staff has made valuable contributions waters; a long-term accumulation of materials on through such activities as: assistance in the tag- various species is laying the groundwork for an ging and fin -clipping of lake trout; observations effective inquiry into factors of fluctuations. on commercial landings of trout- -length, weight, incidence of lamprey scars; collection of lake Prior to the Cisco surveys of 1954 and trout scales and stomachs; annual collection of 1955, research on Lake Michigan proper was scale samples from the spawning run of lake limited to the collection of information (by

11 . . .

occasional direct observation and by regular A monthly report form with space for maintenance of records by cooperating fisher- daily records of the quantity of gear fished and men) on catches of lake trout in chub gill nets. of the catch of each species, was developed by These data made it possible to trace the fur- the Service in the 1920' s for use on the Great ther decline in the lake trout stock after the Lakes. Some states started the use of this collapse of the commercial fishery for the form at an early date (Michigan, 1927 Ohio, species 1931; vVisconsin, 1936). Others used the form

a short time but abandoned it because no use Recoveries from the 1944-46 plantings was made of the records; some did not introduce of lake trout fingerlings were the basis of a it at all before 1950. When the Great Lakes report on the validity of scale readings and on Fishery Investigations was expanded in 1950, the growth of trout in Lake Michigan (doctoral arrangements were made with the states for the dissertation by Cable, University of Michigan) use of this "uniform" report throughout the Great Lakes. As part of the agreement the Lake Huron Service compiles and analyzes the records for New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Before the Cisco survey of 1956 field Illinois, and Wisconsin. Ohio and Minnesota work on Lake Huron was limited to the annual prepare their own tabulations (as does Ontario collection of scale samples from the spawning which also employs the uniform reporting runs of the walleye, yellow perch, and lake system). herring. An interim report has been published on the fluctuations of the walleyes- -a continuing The only routine publication based on study- -and a manuscript is nearing completion the statistical records is the annual compilation on the growth and year -class strength of yellow of the pounds and value cf the catch in U. S. perch (doctoral dissertation by El-Zarka, Univ- waters (by lake, by state, and by gear) prepared ersity of Michigan) . No work has been done by Great Lakes Fishery Investigations and pub- with the lake herring collections lished by the Branch of Commercial Fisheries. In the main, these records constitute an increas- Lake Erie ingly valuable backlog of information on local and lake -wide fluctuations in catch, fishing effort, Field work has been limited to the an- and relative abundance of the principal species nual fall sampling of the commercial catch at to be drawn upon as needed. They have formed the principal ports. A start has been made on the principal materials for papers on the white- tlie study of the scales of walleyes, blue pike, fish fishery of Lakes Huron and Michigan, the and whitefish, but the bulk of the material has lake trout fisheries of the upper Great Lakes, not been examined. the fishery of northern Green Bay, and the chub fishery of Lake Michigan. Other information Financial and technical aid was given to from the statistical records has been included in a study of the life history of the gizzard shad in various biological publications. western Lake Erie (doctoral dissertation by Bodola, Ohio State University). PUBLICATIONS BY STAFF MEMBERS

Lakes Ontario and St. Clair; Red Lakes, The following list includes the principal Minnesota publications of staff members of Great Lakes Fishery Investigations. £/ Omitted have been No research has been undertaken on Lake Ontario or Lake St. Clair. Some assistance is 4/ The listing contains 5 papers by Elmer Hig- given studies of the commercial fisheries of the gins, who though not actually a member of the Red Lakes by L. Smith and students. University Great Lakes staff, had administrative responsi- of Minnesota. bility for the Great Lakes program during his long tenure as Chief of the Branch of Fishery Fishery statistics Biology.

12 . .

papers resulting from work not associated with Great Lakes research, reviews, and nu- mean of 61,500) and its variation with merous processed memoranda and information- body length and weight, and percentage al releases of only temporary value, prepared of unspawned eggs (estimated at 5.0). for administrative use, or given restricted distribution. The list does include a number Applegate, Vernon C, and Clifford L. of publications of a popular character prepared Brynildson for the information of the general public and 1952. Downstream movement of recent- the fishing industry; most of these popular ly transformed sea lampreys, articles contained illustrative original mater- Petromyzon marinus, in the Carp ials drawn from the Great Lakes files or were Lake River, Michigan. Trans. summaries of longer papers issued in scientif- Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 81 (1951), ic publications not generally accessible. pp. 275-290. Three -year count of daily catch Applegate, Vernon C. of newly transformed migrants cap- 1950. Natural history of the sea lamprey tured by inclined -plane screen and Petromyzon marinus in Michigan. trap. Includes data on sizes of Fish and Wildlife Serv., Spec. migrants and evidence of rise in Sci. Rep.:Fish. No. 55, 237 pp. stream water level as major factor Exhaustive study of life history inducing migration. from deposition and hatching of eggs, through 4 -year larval existence, 1- Applegate, Vernon C, John H. Howell, A.E. to 1-1/2-year parasitic stage in lake, Hall, Jr., and Manning A. Smith upstream spawning migration, and 1957. Toxicity of 4,346 chemicals to larval lampreys and fishes. nest building. Contains voluminous ecological data on factors of migra- Fish and Wildlife Serv., Spec. Sci. tion, spawning requirements, larval Rep.: Fish. No. 207, 157pp. List of chemicals and record of habitat, • • • . their effects on ammocetes, rainbow 1951. The sea lamprey in the Great trout, and bluegills at a various low Lakes. Sci. Monthly, Vol. 72, concentration, temperature, 55° F. pp. 275-281. (Revision of Fish These tests represent the preliminary and Wildlife Serv., Fish. Leaflet work in a search for a means of des- No. 384, issued October 1950.) troying larval lampreys in streams Semi -popular account of the inva- through the addition of chemicals sion of the upper Great Lakes by the sea lamprey and of the effects of that Applegate, Vernon C, Paul T. Macy, and parasite on stocks of commercially Virgil E. Harris valuable fish. Reviews sea lamprey's 1954. Selected bibliography on applications life history with special reference to of electricity in fishery science. technical problems of control. Fish and Wildlife Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.: Fish. No. 127, 55 pp.

1951. Sea lamprey investigations . II. Contains: citations of 350 publica- Egg development, maturity, egg tions in the worldwide literature, production, and percentage of un- including sources of abstracts and spawned eggs of sea lampreys, reviews of some; titles of 27 typewrit- Petromyzon marinus, captured in ten or processed reports, and locations several Lake Huron tributaries. of agencies with which they are de- Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and posited; list of 22 patents issued by

Lett., Vol. 35 (1949), pp. 71-90. the U . S . Patent Office Investigation of sex cycle of females- -sizes of eggs, number per individual (range of 24,000 to 110,000;

13 . -

Applegate, Vernon C . , and James W. Moffett Wildlife Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.: 1955. The sea lamprey. Sci. Am., Fish. No. 68, 37 pp. Vol. 192, No. 4, pp. 36-41. Record for 1951 similar to that for A concise review of the sea lamprey 1950 (Applegate and Smith 1951). problem and of research and control Includes data on annual trends in operations directed toward its solu- numbers, sizes, and sex ratio runs. tion. Includes illustrations and

diagrams on: spread of the sea lam- , Bernard . Smith, and Applegate, Vernon C . R prey; life cycle; effects on the lake Willis L. Nielsen trout fishery; electrical control 1952. Use of electricity in the control of devices. sea lampreys: electromechanical weirs and traps and electrical 1955. Sea lamprey and lake trout, pp. barriers. Fish and Wildlife Serv., 9-16 in: First Book of Animals Spec. Sci. Rep.: Fish. No. 92, (Scientific American), Simon and 52 pp. Schuster, 240 pp. Account of 1951-1952 experiments Review of: sea lamprey's invasion with electrical barriers for blocking and spread through the upper Great sea lamprey spawning runs. Describes Lakes; life history of the sea lam- installation and operation of four de- prey; its impact on fish populations vices and their effects on sea lampreys with special reference to lake trout; and fish. Summarizes the problem of research aimed at the development adapting construction and operation of control methods according to local stream conditions.

Applegate, Vernon C, and Bernard R. Smith Cable, Louella E. 1950. Sea lamprey spawning runs in the 1950. A choek tag for marking fish, with Great Lakes, 1950. Fish and semi-automatic pliers for applica- Wildlife Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.: tion of tag. Jour, du Cons., Vol. Fish. No. 61, 49 pp. 16, pp. 185-191. Records of numbers, sex ratio, sizes, Description of tag, composed of steel ... of adult and recently transformed rivet and plastic disc, and of pliers sea lampreys captured in experiment- designed for its application. al weirs and traps operated in various streams tributary to Lakes 1956. Validity of age determinations Michigan, Huron, and Superior. from scales, and growth of marked

Lake Michigan lake trout . Fish 1951. Movement and dispersion of a Bull., Fish and Wildlife Serv., blocked spawning run of sea lam- Vol. 57, pp. 1-59. preys in the Great Lakes. Trans. The structure and growth of lake 16th N. Am. Wildlife Conf., pp. trout scales are described and illus- 243-251. trated by a series of photographs. Analysis of data on 289 recoveries The general validity of the annulus from 2,843 sea lampreys tagged after as a year -mark is established by capture below a dam in the Cheboy- scales of fish of known ages recovered gan River (tributary to Straits of from plantings of fin -clipped finger Mackinaw). Lampreys lack "homing" lings made in Lake Michigan in 1944, instinct. 1945, and 1946. Included also are data and discussion on: growth of

, . discrepancies Applegate, Vernon C . Bernard R Smith, marked fish; factors of Alberton L. McLain, and Matt of calculated growth; time of annulus Patterson formation; progress of season's 1952. Sea lamprey spawning runs in the growth; length -weight relation. Great Lakes, 1951. Fish and

14 . . . -

No. 11, pp. 1 and 3. Deason, Hilary J. 1932. Scientific investigation of chubnet Description of embryological develop- fishing in Lake Michigan. The ment based on eggs and fry of the

Fisherman, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. walleye 3-4 and 11-12. Description of organization and pro- 1935. Some general considerations of gram of researches carried out from plankton and plankton problems the research vessel Fulmar in co- with reference to water supplies. operation with the States of Michigan Eng. Exp. Sta. Bull., Mich. State and Wisconsin and four net manu- Coll., Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 5-14. facturers, and statement of principal General discussion of such matters goal as determination of mesh size as factors of plankton production, most suitable for exploiting chubs vertical distribution, seasonal abun- and least harmful to immature lake dance, relation of plankton growth to trout odors and tastes in water, and effect of pollution on plankton growth 1932. A study of surface currents in Lake Michigan. The Fisherman, 1936. Bottles set adrift on Lake Michigan

Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 3-4 and 12. yield information on surface cur- Summary of information on direction rents. Mich. Cons., Vol. 6, No. 6, and speed of surface currents ob- p. 9. tained from recoveries of 180 of the Review similar to that published by 283 drift bottles released from the same author in 1932. research vessel Fulmar, June- August 1931. 1939. The distribution of cottid fishes in Lake Michigan. Pap. Mich. Acad. 1933. Preliminary report on the gi-owth Sci., Art, and Lett., Vol. 24, rate, dominance, and maturity of pt. 2 (1938), pp. 105-115.

the pike -perches (Stizostedion ) of' Distributional study in which many of Lake Erie. Trans. Am. Fish. the locality records, particularly for Soc, Vol. 63, pp. 348-360. deep-water species, were based on Comparison of growth of walleyes, specimens recovered from stomachs blue pike, and sauger. Includes also of lake trout and burbot. data on dominance of the 1926 year class and on size at maturity for the Deason, Hilary]., and Ralph Hile three species. 1947. Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake 1933. Geological formation of Great Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc,

Lakes. The Fisherman, Vol. 2, Vol. 74 (1944), pp. 88-142.

No. 3, pp. 3-4 and 10. Comparative study for different regions Review of major stages and drainage of the lake which revealed no important patterns in the geological history of differences in growth but a progressive the Great Lakes. increase from south to north in average age. Includes data on such ques- 1933. Feeding adaptations in fishes. tions as causes of discrepancies The Fisherman, Vol. 2, No. 7, between calculated growths of differ- pp. 3-4 and 10-11. ent age groups, length of growing Anatomical comparison of various season, growth compensation, length types of feeding mechanism of fishes. weight relationship and condition (including seasonal fluctuations and 1934. The development of fishes, tracing regional differences), and sex ratio. the natural developments from egg to fry. The Fisherman, Vol.3,

15 . . . -

Duden, William R. stocks; fecundity of "lean" lake trout in- and of siscowets; relative accuracy 1933. . Recent advances in the fishing

dustry. Part I, The Fisherman, of three methods of estimating the

Vol. 2, No. 10, pp. 3-4 and 10- numbers of eggs in ovaries.

11; Pt. II, Vol. 2, No. 12, pp. 3-4 and 10. (Reference to Part II 1956. The early life history of the lake

is for first of two issues labeled trout in Lake Superior . Mich No. 12.) Dept. Cons., Inst. Fish. Res., Summary of developments in process- Misc. Pub. No. 10, 31 pp. ing, transportation, marketing, ad- Materials collected by trawls and vertising, and the utilization of experimental gill nets yielded informa- by-products. tion on various phases of the life history during the first 3 years of Erkkila, Leo F., Bernard R. Smith, and life. Includes data on: abundance; Alberton L. McLain bathymetric distribution and seasonal 1956. Sea lamprey control on the Great movements; progress of season's Lakes 1953 and 1954. Fish and growth; annual increments; local dif-

, Spec. Sci. Rep.-- ferences of growth; sex ratio; food Wildlife Serv . Fish. No. 175, 27 pp. habits according to size of fish; as- Summary of operations of electrical sociated species of fish. control devices in tributary streams along the south shore of Lake Superior 1957. The near extinction of lake trout

and in northern Green Bay, Lake in Lake Michigan . Trans . Am . Michigan. Lists numbers of lampreys Fish. Soc, Vol. 85(1955), pp. and fish taken in different streams 102-119. and discusses the problem of minimiz- Following the collapse of the com- ing the kill of useful species. Includes mercial fishery for lake trout in Lake biological data on lamprey runs. Michigan in the late 1940 's, the further decline of the trout stocks was Eschmeyer, Paul H. traced from records of small fish 1953. The effect of ether anesthesia on caught in small-mesh gill nets fished fin-clipping rate. Prog. Fish- for chubs. By 1951 the abundance was

Cult., Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 80-82. only 4 percent of that prior to the sea Comparisons of clipping rate for in- lamprey invasion and by 1955 the trout dividual operators on alternate days was near extinction- -only 8 fish were when ether was and was not used in- caught in 5-1/2 million linear feet of dicated that anesthesia improved the gill nets. Evidence is given that legal number of lake trout fingerlings sized (1-1/2 pounds and larger) and marked per hour by 75 to 100 fish or small trout declined at similar rates approximately 28 percent. Differ- and that lampreys, not commercial ences between anesthetized and un- fishing, were responsible for that anesthetized fish with respect to decline quality of mark and post -marking mortality were small 1957. Note on subpopulations of lake

trout in the Great Lakes. In : 1955. The reproduction of lake trout in Contributions to the study of sub- southern Lake Superior. Trans. populations of fishes. Fish and Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 84(1954) Wildlife Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.-- pp. 47-74. Fish. No. 208, p. 129.

Presents data on : spawning seasons A brief statement of evidence of the and grounds; size at maturity; sex existence of subpopulations of lake ratio and size distribution of spawn- trout in the Great Lakes. This prob- ing fish; "homing" instinct of local lem has received little study and

16 . . .

opportunities for investigation have 10.7; monel, upper jaw, 14.0; disappeared or are dwindling rapidly streamer, 19.8; Peterson, 45.4. because of the destruction of lake Large fish moved greater distances trout stocks by the sea lamprey. before recapture than did small ones. Many fish crossed state lines and a Eschmeyer, Paul H., and Reeve M. Bailey few were captured in Canadian waters. 1955. The pygmy whitefish, Coregonus coulteri, in Lake Superior 1953. Movement of tagged lake trout in Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol.84 Lake Superior, 1950-1952. (1954), pp. 161-199. The Fisherman, Vol. 21, No. 3,

Discovery of a large population of pp . 4 and 1 1 pygmy whitefish in Lake Superior ex- Condensed version of 1953 paper of tended the known range 1,100 miles. the same authors under a similar The morphology of the Lake Superior title stock is compared with that of other populations. Information is given Gallagher, Hubert R., and John Van Oosten for the Lake Superior stock with 1943. Supplemental report of the United respect to: geographic distribution States members of the International and local abundance; bathymetric dis- Board of Inquiry for the Great tribution; length frequencies; age and Lakes Fisheries. Rep. Internat. growth; sex ratio; maturity; fecundity; Bd. Inq. Great Lakes Fish.-- spawning; food; associates. Rep. andSuppl., pp. 25-213. A major source of information on the Eschmeyer, Paul H., and Walter R. Crowe Great Lakes fisheries. Body of re- 1955. The movement and recovery of port includes detailed treatment of: tagged walleyes in Michigan, 1929- trends of production; evidence of and 1953. Mich. Dept. Cons., Inst. factors contributing to depletion;

Fish. Res., Misc. Pub. No. 8, problems of regulation and manage- 32 pp. ment; history of the many unsuccessful Report on recaptures from 14,000 attempts to attain adequate and uniform walleyes tagged in various State of regulations; need for international in- Michigan waters over a 25 -year vestigation and control. Appendices period. Kind and extent of move- include selected bibliography on the ments varied according to the Great Lakes fisheries and complete conditions of the experiments. Wall- record of all available statistics on eyes tagged in the Muskegon River production through 1940 (many of scattered widely through Lake Michi- these statistics compiled from original gan; many were recovered 100-175 records and published for the first miles from the point of tagging. Tags time). depressed the rate of growth. Gallagher, Hubert R., A.G. Huntsman, D.J. Eschmeyer, Paul H., Russell Daly, and Taylor, and John Van Oosten

Leo F . Erkkila 1943. Report of the International Board 1953. The movement of tagged lake trout of Inquiry for the Great Lakes in Lake Superior, 1950-1952. Fisheries. Rep. Internat. Bd. Inq. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 82 Great Lakes Fish. --Rep. and (1952), pp. 68-77. Suppl., pp. 1-24. Recoveries from 733 native lake trout General review of management and tagged at Cornucopia, Wisconsin, and research problems concluding with off the Keweenaw Peninsulaamounted recommendations for: common in- to 155 fish or 21.1 percent. Percent- vestigation of the fisheries; joint ages of recapture for different kinds regulation and management of stocks of tags were: aluminum, lower jaw. found to be common; provisions for

17 collection of complete and accurate Comments on the unique value and statistics; tests of effectiveness of importance of the Great Lakes fish- planting fish. eries, explanation of decreasing productivity as the result of overfish-

Hall, A.E., Jr., and Oliver R. Elliott ing, and statement that adequate and 1954. Relationship of length of fish to uniform regulations are needed to incidence of sea lamprey scarring conserve and restore the stocks. on white suckers, Gatostomus

commersoni , in Lake Huron. 1938. The ineffectiveness of regulation

Copeia 1954, No. 1, pp. 73-74. of the Great Lakes fisheries by the Percentages of white suckers with individual states. Proc. Great lamprey scars at various lengths Lakes Fish. Conf., Detroit, Mich., were: 5.0-10.9 inches, 11.0; Feb. 25-26, 1938, Council of State 11.0-14.9 inches, 40.1; 15.0-20.9 Governments, pp. 48-60. inches, 70.6 percent. Incidence of Review of bacteriological and limno- multiple scars also increased with logical studies refuting contention that length of fish. These relations are pollution has been a significant factor attributed to: mechanical difficulty in the decline of Great Lakes fisheries, of lamprey attachment to the smaller outline of evidence that overfishing has fish; greater ability of the larger fish been the major cause, and comments to survive attack; greater length of on the impossibility of adequate regula- time larger fish have been exposed tion under divided control by the to attack. individual states.

Higgins, Elmer 1938. Fish outlive officials. State Gov- 1928. Conference of Lake Erie biologists. ernment, Vol. 11, pp. 53-54 and 58. Science, Vol. 67, pp. 309-310. Summary of arguments in support of Report on meeting at Cleveland on belief that overfishing caused depletion February 6, 1928, of representatives of Great Lakes fisheries, review of of federal, state, and provincial re- past failures to attain adequate regula- search agencies and of scientific and tions through voluntary cooperation educational institutions to formulate of state and provincial agencies, and and coordinate plans for limnological recommendation for establishment of and fishery investigations of Lake central control by means of inter- Erie. national treaty.

1928. Cooperative fishery investigations Hile, Ralph in Lake Erie. Sci. Monthly, Vol. 1932. Fish scales and commercial fish- 27, pp. 301-306. eries. The Fisherman, Vol. 1, General discussion of problems and No. 10, pp. 3-4 and 10. goals of fishery research and an out- Description of methods of determining line of cooperative researches on age and growth from scales and ex- Lake Erie under the three general amples of application to fishery divisions: analysis of statistics of problems. yield in relation to fishing intensity; life -history studies (age, growth, 1934. Causes of variation in the growth

mortality, migration, food, • •) of rates of fishes. The Fisherman, important species; limnological and Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 3-4 and 1011. ecological inquiries with special refer- Discussion of growth types and of ence to pollution problems. major factors responsible for growth differences in different populations and 1929. Can the Great Lakes fisheries be for fluctuations in growth within a

saved? Outdoor America, Vol. 7, single stock.

No. 8, pp. 34-35. 18 . .

Hile, Ralph 1936. Summary of investigations on the 1935. Daily reports reveal new facts morphometry of the cisco, and figures. The Fisherman, Leucichthys artedi (Le Sueur), in Vol. 4, No. 12, pp. 1-2. the lakes of the northeastern high- Etescription of relationship between lands, Wisconsin. Pap. Mich. fishing time and catch of fish in var- Acad. Sci., Arts, and Lett., ious types of stationary gear. Vol. 21 (1935), pp. 619-634. Suggests that increase of catch with Summary of research reported in increase of nights out is so small full in 1937 paper. that frequent lifting will give most efficient use of gear. 1937. Morphometry of the cisco, Leucichthys artedi (Le Sueur), in 1936. Low production may not mean de- the lakes of the northeastern high- pletion. The Fisherman, Vol.5, lands, Wisconsin. Internat. Rev.

No. 2, pp. 1-2 . der ges. Hydrob. und Hydrog., Etemonstration, from comparison of Bd. 36, Heft 1/2, S. 57-130. annual fluctuations of total yield and Comparison of morphological char- of catch per net, of danger of es- acteristics of four stocks of widely timating abundance from production differing growth rates. Present statistics. elaborate division of artedi into subspecies is held to be without demon- 1936. Age determination of fish from strated validity by reason of: negative scales; method and applications correlation, both between and within to fish cultural problems. stocks, between growth rate and eye Prog. Fish-Cult., Bur. Fish. diameter, and length of head, maxil-

Memo. 1-131, No. 23, pp. 1-5. lary, paired fins, and dorsal fin; Description of methods in age-and- progressive change of body proportions growth studies, with comments on with increase in length; and existence usefulness of growth data in manage- of significant differences between ment of waters, with special refer- year classes of same stock in both ence to planting programs. proportions and numerical characters.

1936. Age and growth of the Cisco, 1937. The increase in the abundance of Leucichthys artedi (Le Sueur), in the yellow pikeperch, Stizostedion the lakes of the northeastern high- vitreum (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron

lands, Wisconsin. Bull . U.S. Bur and Michigan, in relation to the Fish., Vol. 48,. pp. 211-317. artificial propagation of the species. Comparison of four populations as to Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 66

• growth rate, condition, sex ratiQ- • (1936), pp. 143-159. in relation to such factors as popula- Comparison of plantings of yellow tion density, abundance of plankton, pikeperch (walleyes) with later pro- and physical -chemical conditions in duction and abundance (on catch -per- lakes. In order of arrangement net basis) to estimate value of artificial growth rate was correlated negative- propagation . No evidence of benefits ly with population density and was found. concentration of bound CO'2^ and condition was correlated negatively 1941. Age and growth of the rock bass, with the abundance of plankton. Dif- Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque), ferences among stocks as to length in Nebish Lake, Wisconsin. of growing season contributed to dif- Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and ferences of growth rate. The relative Lett., Vol. 33, pp. 189-337. abundance of females was greater in Study of fluctuations in growth and slow growing than in fast growing stocks strength of year classes of rock bass and increased with age in a 95-acre landlocked lake. Growth 19 . - . . .

was correlated positively with tem- 1948 Standardization of methods of ex- peratures in June and September pressing lengths and weights of (terminal months of the growing sea- fish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, son) and with precipitation in June Vol. 75 (1945), pp. 157-164. The strength of year classes was cor- Recommendation for uniform use of related positively with temperature total length (tip of head, mouth closed, and precipitation in May, June, and to tip of tail, lobes compressed) and July. Other topics treated include: for English units of weight and measure- criteria for testing validity of annulus ment (with decimal fractions) in all as a year -mark; sex and age differ- but highly technical papers. ences in progress of season's growth; growth compensation as a real and 1949. Trends in the lake trout fishery of as an "apparent" phenomenon; rela- Lake Huron through 1946. Trans. tion of growth rate to size and age at Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 76(1946), maturity; annual and seasonal fluctua- pp. 121-147. tions in the length -weight relationship; Review of available statistics on pro- sex ratio duction, 1879-1946, and detailed treatment of annual fluctuations in 1942. Growth of the rock bass, Ambloplites production, abundance, and fishing rupestris (Rafinesque) in five lakes intensity in local districts of the of northeastern Wisconsin. U.S. waters, 1929-1946, with special Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 71 reference to the decline that followed (1941), pp. 131-143. the invasion and spread of the sea Comparison of growth and length lamprey weight relationship in different populations. Growth curves of rock bass 1950. Green Bay walleyes. A report on from lakes with medium -hard to hard the scientific investigation of the water were more distinctly sigmoid marked increase in abundance of and had larger increments in later walleyes in Green Bay. The Fish- years of life than curves for stock erman, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 5-6. from soft -water lake. Order of the Popular discussion pointing out: that stocks with respect to relative heavi- the abnormally hig^ abundance could ness followed the order of the lakes be traced almost entirely to a single as to hardness of water. year class (1943); that a return to a much lower level could be considered 1943. Mathematical relationship between inevitable; and that restrictive regula- the length and the age of tlie rock tions, intended to perpetuate the bass, Ambloplites rupestris abnormal abundance would prove dis- (Rafinesque). Pap. Mich. Acad. appointing and would place unnecessary Sci., Arts, and Lett., Vol. 28 handicaps on the fishing industry. (1942), pp. 331-341. Derivation of equation on the assump- 1950. A monograph for the computation of tion that annual percentage growth in the growth of fish from scale meas- length decreases at a constant per- urements. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, centage rate, and application to growth Vol. 78 (1948), pp. 156-162. of two stocks of rock bass. Equation, Description of a device usable for rapid

• L = K (CB + 1) (GB^ 1) (CBS5-+ 1)- • nomographic computation of growth scale measurements regardless (CB'^+ 1), where L = length, ^= age from in years, and K, C, and B = constants of the nature of the body -scale relation- fitted growth of one stock through 9 ship. years of life; in another the equation fitted over 6 years but yielded values 1952. Fishing regulations. The Fisher- that were too high for the seventh, man, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 5, 12, eighth, and ninth years. and 14. 20 .

waters of Address to fishermen's associations 1953. Trout fishing in Michigan of Michigan and Wisconsin suggest- Lake Superior, 1952. The Fish- 11- ing possibility of control of fishing erman, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 7, intensity through limitation of num- 12, and 14. ber of licenses as substitute for the Description of trends of production, "legally imposed inefficiency" of fishing intensity, and abundance in the certain restrictive measures and six statistical districts of State of calling for scientific inquiry into Michigan waters, 1949 through 1952. after soundness of assemptions as to proper Analyses of catch per unit effort

• general change from cotton to nylon size limits, closed seasons, • "on which current regulations are based. gill nets led to suggestion that gill nets draw on a different segment of 1952. 25 years of Federal fishery re- the population than that exploited by search on the Great Lakes. Fish pound nets and set-hooks. and Wildlife Serv., Spec. Sci. in growth year- Rep. --Fish. No. 85, 48 pp. 1954. Fluctuations and The original article of which the class strength of the walleye in present one is a revision and expan- Saginaw Bay. Fish. Bull., Fish sion. and Wildlife Serv., Vol. 56, pp. 7-59. in- 1952. Changes in the lake trout fishery Collections of 1926-1930 yielded formation on the relative strength of of the three upper lakes . The Fisherman, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 5 and 8. year classes in 1917-1928 and on Comparison of production by state fluctuations of growth in length and col- and province in Lakes Michigan, weight in 1916-1929. A single Huron, and Superior in 1949 and 1950. lection in 1943 provided some informa- Gives details for these two years on tion on these matters for later years production, fishing intensity, and and demonstrated a large increase of abundance of lake trout in the six growth rate and decrease of average statistical districts of the State of age after 1929. Paper includes data Michigan waters of Lake Superior. on commercial production, length- Records of catch per unit effort of weight relation, sex ratio, and size gill nets, pound nets, and set -hooks at maturity. indicated that use of nylon gill nets had not yet biased statistics seriously 1954. Changing concepts in fishery re- in 1950. search on the Great Lakes. Proc. Gulf and Caribbean Fish. Inst., 64-70. 1953. Perch studies in Green Bay. 6th Ann. Sess., pp. The approach in earlier research was Prog. Fish. -Cult., Vol. 15, No. 3, depletion pp. 133-134. biased by undue emphasis on The studies were started cooperatively through overfishing as the major, per- by the Fish and Wildlife Service and haps the only significant factor in the the Wisconsin Conservation Depart- progressive deterioration of the Great ment in 1948 to learn causes of poor Lakes fisheries. Too little attention fishing and to obtain a better basis for was given to effects of selective fish- management. Evidence that growth ing, species interactions, and environ- was so slow that few fish survived to mental changes. It is now realized reach the minimum legal length of 8 that populations should be studied as a inches led to a lowering of the limit to whole, all species together in relation 7-1/2 inches in 1952. During the 1952 to their changing environment. In this season fishermen kept 250 fish for complex situation, application of mod- every 100 they could have retained ern fishing theory offers little promise under the former limit. No effects of profitable return could be detected on the perch population.

21 . , .

1954. Status and future of the American Hile, Ralph, and Hilary J. Dea son

Fisheries Society. Trans. Am. 1934. Growth of i j whitefish, Coregonus Fish. Soc, Vol. 83(1953), pp. clupeaformis (Mitchill), in Trout 357-359. Lake, northeastern highlands, Presidential address at eighty-third Wisconsin. Trans. Am. Fish. annual m eeting urging: a more dem - Soc, Vol. 64, pp. 231-237. ocratic organization, the wielding of Description of growth of a "dwarf" greater influence in fishery matters population of whitefish and a compar- of general public concern; the ending ison with growth in other waters. of the trend toward superficiality in research. 1947. Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of 1955. The walleye problem in Green the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz,

Bay. Prog. Fish. -Cult ., Vol. 17, in Lake Michigan. Trans. Am.

No. 1, p. 44. Fish. Soc, Vol. 74(1944), pp. Review of the consequences of the 143-165. phenomenal strength of the 1943 year Analysis of catch data from experi- class- -enormous increases of pro- mental gill nets for records of duction and fishing pressure, frictions geographic distribution and study of among groups of commercial oper- vertical distribution and regional ators and between commercial and abundance. Kiyi established as deep- sport fishermen, and use of scientific water form taken in numbers in less inform.ation on walleyes in preventing than 50 fathoms only at times of un- passage of unwise restrictive usual hydrographic disturbances. legislation. Abundance determined to be nearly uniform throughout great central

Hile, Ralph, and Howard J. Buettner basins, but species found to be scarce 1955. Commercial fishery for chubs in nortlieastern island area. Spawning- (ciscoes) in Lake Michigan through run samples indicated no movement

1953 . Fish and Wildlife Serv . toward inshore waters and a spawning Spec. Sci. Rep. --Fish. No. 163, season extending from late September 9 pp. to mid-November or later. Historical review of a fishery based on seven deep-water species of Hile, Ralph, and William R. Duden coregonids. Includes the fragmentary 1933. Methods for the investigation of the and scattered statistics of 1890 1925, statistics of the commercial fish- the continuous and more dependable eries of the Great Lakes. Trans. catch statistics of 1926-1954, and Am. Fish. Soc, Vol.63, pp. 292-305. data on catch, fishing intensity, and Account of tentative procedures for abundance in local areas for Michigan compilation and analysis of commercial (1929-1954), Wisconsin (1953-1954), fishery statistics. Includes a defini- and Illinois (1950-1954). Discusses: tion of "effective fishing effort" for biasing effects of changes in fishing use in fisheries based on a variety of laws and of types of gill -net twine species (linen, cotton, nylon) on estimation of abundance; comments on deteriora- Hile, Ralph, Paul H. Eschmeyer, and George

tion of the fishery resulting from the F . Lunger end of lake trout predation on small 1951. Decline of the lake trout fishery in chubs, the attacks of sea lampreys on Lake Michigan. Fish. Bull., large chubs, and the large increase Fish and Wildlife Serv., Vol. 52, in fishing intensity. Data for 1954 in pp. 77-95. an appendix Statistical study of the lake trout

22 . . .

fishery similar to that made by Hile 1942. Age and growth of the yellow perch, (1949) for Lake Huron. Detailed Perca flavescens (Mitchill), in the records of fishing pressure in 1929- Wisconsin waters of Green Bay and 1949 proved that overfishing could northern Lake Michigan. Pap. not have been a significant factor in Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Lett., decline of lake trout in State of Mich- Vol. 28 (1941), pp. 241-266. igan waters of Lake Michigan and Investigation of such phases of the contributed to conclusion that sea- life history as age and size, growth lamprey depredations offered the only in length and weight, length -weight reasonable explanation. relationship, sex ratio, and maturity, and a comparison indicating growth

1951 . Decline of the trout fishery in Lake rates to be similar in southern Green Michigan. The Fisherman, Vol. Bay and northwestern Lake Michigan

19, No. 1, pp. 5 and 10. proper, but much slower in both areas Summary of longer paper published than in Saginaw Bay and Lake Erie by same authors under similar title in same year. Hile, Ralph, and Chancey Juday 1941. Bathymetric distribution of fish in

1951 . Status of the lake trout fishery in lakes of the northeastern highlands, Lake Superior. Trans. Am. Fish. Wisconsin. Trans. Wis. Acad. Soc, Vol. 80, (1950), pp. 278-312. Sci., Arts, and Lett., Vol. 33, Review similar to that in other 1951 pp. 147-187. article by same authors for Lake Comparison of bathymetric distribu- Michigan. No evidence existed of in- tion of fish in four lakes, revealing jury to lake trout in Lake Superior by a wide variation from one water to sea lamprey through 1949. Stocks another and, except for the Cisco, a were nevertheless in precarious con- lack of clear-cut dependence of that dition as result of long-term trends variation on such factors as tempera- which had led to excessively high fish- ture and concentrations of dissolved ing pressure and abnormally low oxygen and free carbon dioxide availability in State of Michigan waters

(and probably in other regions of lake) Hile, Ralph, George F . Lunger, and Howard

by that year. J. Buettner 1953. Fluctuations in the fisheries of

1951 . Status of the lake trout fishery in State of Michigan waters of Green Lake Superior. The Fisherman, Bay. Fish. Bull., Fish and Wild-

Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 5 and 13. life Serv., Vol. 54, pp. 1-34. Summary of longer paper published Comparison of production levels and by same authors under same title in trends in 1885, 1891-1908, and 1929- same year. 194 9 and description of relations of fluctuations in production, abundance, Hile, Ralph, and Frank W. Jobes and fishing intensity in last period. 1941. Age, growth, and production of the Questions soundness of interpreting yellow perch, Perca flavescens decline in mean annual take of all (Mitchill), of Saginaw Bay. Trans. species from 7 million pounds in 1891- Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 70(1940), 1908 to 3-1/2 million pounds in 1929- pp. 102-122. 1949 as result of overfishing; the Analysis of production records, 1891- relatively cheap lake herring alone 1938, and of annual fluctuations in more than accounted for the decrease abundance and fishing intensity, 1929- whereas the average annual take of more 1938, and life -history study with data prized varieties increased (for example, on body -scale relationship, age and annual yield of the valuable whitefish size, growth, length -weight relation- in 1929-1949 was 4-1/2 times that in ship, and sex ratio 1891-1908). Concludes with discussion

23 .

of the problem of regulation and of growth from earlier (1919 and 1928) collections from Grand Haven, Jobes, Frank W. Michigan. Bloaters were most plenti- 1932. Deep trapnets on Lakes Huron ful at 20-59 fathoms (with the larger and Michigan. The Fisherman, fish in the deeper water in some

Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 3-4. months); abundance on east shore of An outline of the cooperative program lower part of lake was 1-1/2 times (with the Michigan Department of that on west shore and 2-1/3 times Conservation) to study the effects of that in northern part of lake. Samples this new and unusually efficient net were dominated by age -group IV in

on stocks of whitefish. 1919 and (weakly) by age -group II in 1928. Growth was slightly more rapid 1933. Preliminary report on the age and in females than in males but was slow

growth of the vellow perch ( Perca in both sexes (barely 8 inches in 5 flavescens Mitchill) from Lake years). Females outnumbered males. Erie, as determined from a study of its scales. Pap. Mich. Acad. 1949. The age, growth, and distribution Sci., Arts, and Lett., Vol. 17 of the longjaw Cisco, Leucichthys (1932), pp. 643-652. alpenae Koelz, in Lake Michigan. Brief report on analysis of first two Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., Vol. 76 years' collections in life history study, (1946), pp. 215-247. including data on age composition Study of distribution from 1930-1932 (evidence of phenomenal strength of collections from experimental gill nets 1926 year class) and growth in length and of growth from earlier (1923 and and weight. 192 8) collections. Longjaw was most plentiful at less than 70 fathoms and 1943. The age, growth, and bathymetric more than four times as abundant in distribution of Reighard's- chub, northern part of lake and along east Leucichthys reighardi Koelz, in shore as on west shore of lower lake.

Lake Michigan . Trans. Am. Fish. Samples were dominated by age -groups Soc, Vol. 72(1942), pp. 108-135. III or IV. Growth was similar off Life -history and distributional study Grand Haven, Michigan, and in north- based on 1930-1932 collections by eastern Lake Michigan (average length experimental gill nets. Reighard's about 11 inches and average weight chub spawned in May and June at 20- about 6-1/4 ounces at end of 4 years). 79 fathoms; in other months was most Sex ratio was variable but females plentiful at 20-60 fathoms. Abun- generally outnumbered males and dance on east shore of lower half of reached higher ages. lake was seven times that on west shore and three times that in northern 1952. Age, growth, and production of part of lake. Age -group IV (average yellow perch in Lake Erie. Fish. length 10.9 inches; average weight Bull., Fish and Wildlife Serv., 6.1 ounces) dominated samples. Fe- Vol. 52, pp. 205-266. males outnumbered males and survived Review of production statistics, 1885- to greater age. 1947, and detailed life history study. Includes materials on validity of scale 1949. The age, growth, and bathymetric readings, body-scale relationship, distribution of the bloater, size and age distribution, growth (in- Leucichthys hoyi (Gill), in Lake cluding annual fluctuations, length of Michigan. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., growing season, and growth compensa- Arts, and Lett., Vol. 33, (1947), tion), length-weight relationship and pp. 135-172. condition (including fluctuations by Study of distribution from 1930-1932 month and year and according to age collections from experimental gill nets and sexual state), maturity, and sex ratio.

24 -

Joeris, Leonard S. 1925. Description of a new cisco from

1953 . Technique for the application of a the Great Lakes basin. Occ. Pap. streamer-type fish tag. Trans. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 158, Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 82(1952), 3 pp. pp. 42-47. Original description of Leucichthys Principal features of the technique nipigon - -type collected from Lake are: attachment of tag by a nylon Nipigon off MacDiarmid, July 28, 1922. thread loop prepared in advance of field work; application of tag by means 1926. Fishing industry of the Great Lakes. of a curved surgical needle with a Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish, for 1925, cutting edge and a split eye. Prepara- pp. 553-617. tion of needle and tagging procedure General account of the fisheries. In- are described. tiroductory section on boats, gear, organization, and products is followed 1957. Structure and growth of scales of by sections giving for individual lakes: yellow perch of Green Bay. Trans. brief description of lake; history of Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 86(1956), development of fishery; fishing districts; pp. 169-194. description of fishery for individual Scales are described and their use species; summary of regulations on

for age determination validated by gear, size limits, and closed seasons . comparisons of ages of younger fish or read from scales and estimated 1928. Fisheries of the Great Lakes. from modes in length distribution. General review. In: Progress in Annual and local variations in the time biological inquiries, 1926, by of annulus formations are described. Elmer Higgins. Rep. U.S. Comm.

Body-scale curves are presented for Fish, for 192 7, pp. 660-662. "key" scales above and below the Brief comments on a variety of subjects, lateral line. Body -scale curves based including: productivity of the different on the same key scale are compared lakes in pounds per square mile, im- for yellow perch of Lake Erie, Saginaw portance of taxonomic study of coregonids, Bay, and Green Bay. a group contributing half of the total Great Lakes catch; collapse of the Lake Koelz, Walter N. Erie cisco fishery; evidences of general 1921. Description of a new cisco from depletion and need for international the Great Lakes. Occ. Pap. Mus. regulation of the Great Lakes fisheries. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 104, 4pp. Original description of Leucichthys 1929. Goregonid fishes of the Great Lakes. kiyi - -type collected in Lake Michigan Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., Vol. 43

12 miles ExS from Sturgeon Bay Ship (Pt. 2), pp. 297-643. Canal, August 23, 1920. Monographic taxonomic, and natural history study of coregonids of Great 1924. Two new species of cisco from the Lakes and Lake Nipigon. Includes ex- Great Lakes. Occ. Pap. Mus. tensive data on morphological variation, Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 146, 8 pp. geographical and bathymetric distribu- Original description of Leucichthys tion, food, size, maturity, and spawning alpenae_- -type collected in Lake Mich- seasons and grounds. Discusses prob- igan, 22 mile NNE of Charlevoix, lem of origin and speclation in coregon- Michigan, June 15, 1923--andof ids of the Great Lakes basin. Leucichthys reighardi- -type collected

in Lake Michigan, 18 miles NxW of 193 1 . The coregonid fishes of northeastern

Michigan City, Indiana, April 1, 1921. America. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Lett., Vol. 13(1930), pp. 303-432.

25 . . . -

An elaborate systematization of behavior. Observations were con- coregonids of the area. Divides cluded at the end of 21 weeks. Leucichthys artedi into 24 subspecies (17 described as new), Coregonus Loeb, Howard A. clupeaformis into 7 subspecies (4 1953. Sea lamprey spawning: Wisconsin new), and Prosopium quadrilaterale and Minnesota streams of Lake

into 2 subspecies (1 new). Includes Superior. Fish and Wildlife Serv., also original description of Leucich- Spec. Sci. Rep. --Fish. No. 97, thys bartletti 36 pp. Report on the examination of all Krumholz, Louis A., and Ralph Hile tributaries in Minnesota, part of the 1944. Fillet weights and loss in filleting streams of Wisconsin, and the streams of yellow pikeperch, Stizostedion of Grand Island. Streams are classi-

V . vitreum (Mitchill), from Sag- fied as to their "lamprey potential" on inaw Bay, November 1942, May the basis of spawning facilities, larval 1943, and April 1944. Inst. Fish. habitat, and presence of natural or Res., Michigan Dept. Cons., man-made barriers to migration. Rep. No. 973, 5 pp. Review of series of filleting experi- Loeb, Howard A., and Albert E. Hall, Jr. ments that served as basis of present 1952. Sea lamprey spawning: Michigan Michigan minimum legal weight of 9 streams of Lake Superior. Fish ounces for walleye fillets. and Wildlife Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.-- Fish. No. 70, 68 pp. Lennon, Robert E Results of surveys of 869 streams in 1954. Feeding mechanism of the sea 1950 and 178 in 1951 (both figures in- lamprey and its effect on host clusive of tributaries) to ascertain fishes. Fish. Bull., Fish and occurrence of sea lamprey spawning Wildlife Serv., Vol. 56, pp. 247- runs and to estimate productive poten- 293. tials of streams on basis of extent of Attachment to the fish and penetration spawning grounds and larval habitat. of the fish's body by the sea lamprey Tentative outline is given of control are furthered by the suctorial, tooth program (based principally on electric- lined mouth and tlie rasping tongue. al devices and barrier dams) for the Feeding is assisted by secretions 194 streams on which control ultimate- from the buccal glands which are po- ly may prove necessary. tent anticoagulants and have a marked hemolytic and cytolytic action. Most McLain, Alberton L. victims die of hemorrhage; the ery- 1952. Diseases and parasites of the sea

throcyte count of dying fish is reduced lamprey, Petromyzon marinus , in 84 percent. Survivors of lamprey at- the Lake Huron basin. Trans. Am. tacks often die of fungus infection of Fish. Soc, Vol. 81 (1951), pp. the wound. Data are given on the 94-100. relative frequency of wounds on differ- Results of examination of 215 recently ent parts of the fish's body and the transformed young, 29 active feeders gross pathology is described for wounds from the lake, and 257 sexually mature In different locations upstream migrants. Evidence of disease was small. Percentages of parasitic In- 1955. Artificial propagation of the sea festation were: recently transformed

lamprey, Petromyzon marlnus . young--2.3; lake feeders --3 1.0; Gopela 1955, No. 3^ pp. 235-236. sexually mature lampreys --14. 8. An account of the stripping, fertiliza- Young lampreys harbored nematodes tion, hatching (10 to 16 days at 67* - only; last two groups carried acantho- 71° F), early development, growth and cephalans, nematodes, andcestodes.

26 . .

Parasites are considered unimport- Popular review of the subject empha- ant as a natural control of the lamprey. sizing the use of known facts in the life history of the sea lamprey in the 1957. Tlie control of the upstream move- technical problem of developing methods ment of fish witli pulsated direct of control by mechanical barriers, current. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, electricity, poisons, and other means. Vol. 86 (1956), pp. 269-2 84. Alternating-current barriers placed 1952. The study and interpretation of fish in streams to block spawning runs of scales. The Science Counselor,

sea lampreys in some situations Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 40-42. cause heavy mortalities of useful fish. Popular account touching such points To reduce this loss a direct -current as: structure of scales; development diversion device is placed down- of the use of scales and bones for stream. This equipment is described growth studies; preparation and micro- and the circuitry is illustrated. Most scopic examination of scales and scale significant featiire is the introduction impressions; practical applications of of the negative field into the stream growth data. Fish are turned away from the alternating-current field and diverted into 1953. Report of Committee on Hydrobiology a trap. Two devices tested over an and Fish Culture. Trans. Am. Fish. entire season gave excellent results. Soc, Vol. 82(1952), pp. 315-320. Major impediments to effective re- McLain, AlbertonL., and Willis L. Nielsen search include: a poor "research clim- 1953. Directing the movement of fish ate", inherent in our very culture; with electricity. Fish and Wild- superficiality of training; a mania for life Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. --Fish. action programs which demand quick No. 93, 24 pp. results, and give no opportunity for Description of equipment, procedure, mature consideration: diversion of and results in laboratory and field best researchers into administration. experiments (mostly with brook trout, Suggestions are given for the correction rainbow trout, and white suckers). of these evils Best results were obtained with square wave shape at a duty cycle of 0.66, 1953. Lake fisheries need lamprey control frequency of 3 per second. Variation and research. The Fisherman,

of reaction according to size of fish Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 10-11 and 14. was a major difficulty. Technical The invasion of the sea lamprey, its problems are reviewed and recom- destruction of lake trout in Lakes Huron mendations made for further research. and Michigan, and its threat to Lake Superior are reviewed. Control of Moffett, James W. lampreys is imperative if fisheries are 1950. Progress report on the sea lamprey to be spared in Lake Superior and re-

program. The Fisherman, Vol.18, stored in Huron and Michigan . Yet,

No . 7, pp . 5 and 8 . control is not enough. We must have a Outline of organization of the expanded greatly expanded and continuing research Great Lakes Fishery Investigations, program to learn the factors of abun- account of works in progress, and dance of fish. Certain specific research statement of proposed researches on problems are listed. the development of methods of controlling the sea lamprey. 1953. War on lampreys. The Philadelphia Enquirer, Aug. 23. 1950. Sea lamprey control. Mich. Cons,, Popular account of the invasion of the Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 18-20. sea lamprey, its threat to the fisheries, and steps taken to meet that threat.

27 . .

1954. Fisheries knowledge increased 1955. Fisheries of the Great Lakes. through research vessel. The In: The Great Lakes and Michigan. Fisherman, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp.7 Great Lakes Res. Inst., Univ. Mich., and 13-14. pp. 36-37.

Description of the vessel Cisco , with Includes brief comments on: the limits photograph, deck plans, and sectional of research of earlier years; expansion sketch; listing of equipment and gear of studies in the face of the sea lamprey for navigation and for fishery, limno- crisis; present research program on logical, and hydrographic research; the lamprey, and on limnology and discussion of types of research made fisheries; the outlook for future re- possible by the vessel and of practical search. contributions to fishery knowledge and management. 1956. Great Lakes Fishery Commission: role of the Commission in the solu-

1954. Killers of the Great Lakes . The tion of fishery problems, hv. Great Book of Knowledge Annual, 1954, Lakes- -Programs and Problems, pp. 125-127. Great Lakes Comm., pp. 14-16. Popular, illustrated story of the sea Describes the origin and organization lamprey, its damage to the fishery, of the Commission; lists its principal and research aimed at the development duties as (1) the development and im- of effective control plementation of programs for research on and control of the sea lamprey and 1954. A research program for Lake Erie. (2) coordination of fishery research on

The Fisherman, Vol. 22, No. 1, the Great Lakes; reviews early activ-

pp. 7, 11-12, and 14. ities of the Commission and its Scientific Detailed suggestions are offered for Advisory Committee. research along four major lines: identities, distribution, and move- 1957 Recent changes in the deep-water ments of stocks; fluctuations of catch fish populations of Lake Michigan. and availability in relation to year- Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 86 class strength, size at capture, and (1956), pp. 393-408. rate of exploitation; factors of abun- The invasion of the sea lamprey pre- dance; experimental management. cipitated a series of sweeping changes that are still in progress. First came 1956. Status of sea lamprey control. the destruction of stocks of lake trout

Wis. Cons. Bull., Vol. 21, No. 4, and burbot, and with it an end of pre- pp. 14-17. dation by these fish on smaller species, Up-to-date statement of progress, ex- principally the bloater (a chub) and tent, and methods of current control cottids. At the same time lampreys program; plans for expansion are out- were forced to turn to the larger species lined and possible alternative use of and individuals of ciscoes or chubs as chemicals is discussed. food. As a result, bloaters (and pre- sumably cottids also) increased in 1956. The lake trout endangered in the abundance and larger chubs grew scarce Great Lakes. In: Our Endangered By 1954-55 the abundance of bloaters Wildlife, Nat. Wildlife Fed., pp. was 347 percent but that of large chubs 23-24. (10 inches or longer) only 37 percent Review of effects of sea lamprey pre- of that in 1930-32 when an earlier survey dation which has brought the lake trout was made. to near extinction in Lakes Huron and Michigan and warning of impending collapse in Lake Superior if lamprey control is not achieved soon.

28 . .

Mraz, Donald Pycha, Richard L., and Lloyd L. Smith, Jr. 1952. Movements of yellow perch marked 1955. Early Life history of the yellow in southern Green Bay, Lake Mich- perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), igan, in 1950. Trans. Am. Fish. in the Red Lakes, Minnesota. Soc, Vol. 81(1951), pp. 150-161. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 84 Analysis of data on recoveries in the (1954), pp. 249-260. commercial fishery of 108 of 4,172 A study of tlie life history during the spawning yellow perch marked in first year of life with particular ref- southern Green Bay in May 1950 by erence to: scale formation; body -scale strap tags attached to the operculum relation; timing and variability of Recoveries indicated progressive growth; length -weight relation; food northward movement following spawn- habits in relation to growth and sur- ing. Fish recaptured outside the vival. marking area averaged significantly longer than those recaptured locally. Smith, Bernard R., and Oliver R. Elliott Rise of percentage return with in- 1953. Movement of parasitic -phase sea crease in size suggested greater lampreys in Lakes Huron and ability of larger fish to survive tag- Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc,

ging or to retain tags . Marking by Vol. 82 (1952), pp. 123-128. fin-clipping proved unproductive. Recoveries from 219 parasitic -phase sea lampreys tagged in northwestern Parker, Phillip S., and Robert E. Lennon Lake Huron totalled 38 or 17.7 percent. 1956. Biology of the sea lamprey in its One was recaptured in northeastern parasitic phase. Fish and Wild- Lake Michigan and the remaining 37 life Serv., Res. Rep. No. 44, in Lake Huron. Movement was gener- 32 pp. ally southward; 5 individuals had Sea lampreys reared in aquaria travelled more than 150 miles, 4 of through the parasitic phase grew less them to Canadian waters of southern rapidly than wild lampreys but never- Lake Huron.

theless attained maturity . Females made more attacks, fed more, killed Smith, Lloyd L., Jr., and Laurits W. Krefting more fish, and grew larger than did 1954. Fluctuations in production and males. Average destruction of fish abundance of commercial species per lamprey was 18.5 pounds; in in the Red Lakes, Minnesota, with nature, this figure may be twice as special reference to changes in the great. Few fish survived lamprey at- walleye population. Trans. Am. tacks and most survivors later died Fish. Soc, Vol. 83 (1953), pp. of secondary infections 131-160. An analysis of production statistics, Perlmutter, Alfred 1917-1953, and of records of catch,

1951 . An aquarium experiment on the effort, and abundance, 1930-1953, with American eel as a predator on special respect to the principal com-

larval lampreys . Copeia, 1951, mercial species, walleye and yellow

No. 2, pp. 173-174. perch. Changes of walleye abundance A controlled experiment which proved are independent of fishing pressure that eels located and destroyed larval but traceable to fluctuations of year- lampreys in the bottom mud of an class strength. Year-class strength aquarium. Importation of eels is sug- could not be correlated with abundance gested as a possible method of of brood fish, abundance of competing biological control of the sea lamprey species, hatchery plantings, or weather in the upper Great Lakes. conditions. Provision for prediction of abundance and flexible regulations is recommended.

29 Smith, Oliver H., and John Van Oosten A general inquiry including data on: 1940. Tagging experiments with lake production and commercial importance; trout, whitefish, and other species size, age, and growth; year -class of fish from Lake Michigan. strength; length-weight relation; dis- Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 69 tribution and movements; sex ratio, (1939), pp. 63-84. maturity, fecundity, spawning season Analysis of data on recoveries of 388 and grounds. Discusses in detail the or 13.4 percent of 2,902 fish (nearly problem of "growth compensation" and half of them lake trout) tagged at Port the biasing effects of selective fishing Washington, Wisconsin, to establish on samples of the stock. patterns of movement of lake trout, v;hitefish, lake herring, yellow perch, 1957. Limnological surveys of the Great rainbow trout, sturgeon, and other Lakes --early and recent. Trans. species. Recaptures of lake trout Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 86(1956), were at first local but within 3 years pp. 409-418. were fairly well scattered throughout Reviews first the =arly explorations the lake. Movements of other fishes and casual observations and the initial varied from species to species. Data limnological studies --useful but scat- are included on the growth of tagged tered and small-scale. The most lake trout, rainbow trout, whitefish, effective surveys have been possible and sturgeon. through inter -agency cooperation which permits a pooling of facilities, staff, Smith, Stanford H. and equipment. Expansion of limno- - 1954 . Method of producing plastic im logical research on the Great Lakes has pressions of fish scales without been rapid in late years, and the out- using heat. Prog. Fish. -Cult., look for the future is good.

Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 75-78. Principal features of the roller-press Van Oosten, John described are: large, 3 -inch rollers 1923. A study of the scales of whitefishes

that apply the pressure over a rela- of known ages. Zoologica, Vol. 2, tively wide area; micrometer adjust- No. 17, pp. 380-412. ment for the control of the spacing Study of scale structure of whitefishes between rollers; reduction gear to reared artificially in the New York permit slow passage of the plastic Aquarium, demonstrating conclusively strip between the rollers. Detailed the validity of the annulus as a year instructions are given for the use of mark. Includes data on body-scale the equipment. relationship and evidence that temperature is a primary factor in annulus 1956. Research vessel Cisco operations formation.

in 1955. Comm . Fish. Rev. Vol.

18, No. 5, pp. 21-23. 1928. Fisheries of the Great Lakes. Brief statement of the research pro- Life histories of the Coregoninae. gram in northern Lake Michigan on In: Progress in biological inquiries, the abundance, distribution, and T926, by Elmer Higgins. Rep. U.S. natural history of chubs, and on the Comm. Fish, for 1927, pp. 662-667. limnology (hydrography, plankton, Comments on validity of scale method bottom organisms). (with emphasis on the nature of Lee's phenomenon) and progress repxjrt on 1956. Life history of lake herring of life-history study of lake herring of Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Fish. Saginaw Bay. Bull., Fish and Wildlife Serv., Vol. 57, pp. 87-138.

30 .

Van Oosten, John contributing factors; growth compensa- 1928. Scientific investigations of Great tion; length-weight relationship; sex Lakes fisheries by the U.S. Bur- ratio; differences between growth of eau of Fisheries. Second Great lake herring in Saginaw Bay and in Lakes Fish. Conf., Lansing, other regions of Lake Huron.

Mich., Feb. 8, 1928, Mich. Dept. Cons., pp. 16-20. 1930. Progress of fishery biology on the Outline of controversial problems of Great LaKes. hv. Progress in regulation in Lake Erie and descrip- biological inquiries, 192 8, by

tion of the Service's experinnental Elmer Higgins. Rep. U.S. Comm . studies of net selectivity intended to Fish, for 1929, pp. 710-718. contribute toward the solution of Historical review of major limnolog- those problem s. ical, biological, and fishery surveys of the Great Lakes by governmental 1929. Some fisheries problems on the agencies and educational institutions. Great Lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Includes an outline of the Service re- Soc, Vol. 59, pp. 63-85. search program and comments on Outline of problems and presentation problems of overfishing and fishery of preliminary data on: effects of regulations set -hook fishing on stocks of lake trout and of chubs used for bait; 1930. Investigation of method of measur- regulation of chub nets for protection ing twine in Great Lakes district. of both chubs and small lake trout; Mich. Fisherman, Vol. 14, No. 4,

protection of Saginaw Bay lake her- pp . 1 and 6 . ring; biological and limnological Review of troublesome points in the studies; cooperative survey of Lake controversial problem of measuring Erie. mesh size, emphasizing the need for a simple uniform procedure free from 1929. Life history of the lake herring personal bias and stating that the Serv- (Leucichthys artedi Le Sueur) of ice has referred the matter to the Lake Huron as revealed by its Bureau of Standards. scales, with a critique of the scale method. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 1930. The disappearance of the Lake Erie Vol. 44, pp. 265-428. Cisco --a preliminary report. An inquiry into the validity of the Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 60, scale method and an application of pp. 204-214. that method in a study of the life his- Review of production statistics on the tory of the lake herring (principally Cisco fishery and explanation of the the Saginaw Bay stock) of Lake Huron. collapse of the fishery in 1925 as the Critique includes an exhaustive re- result of overfishing with bull nets view and evaluation of die literature (deep gill nets) in 1923 and 1924 when and an appraisal of die author's own abnormal weather conditions (heavy findings on such fundamental questions storms) had concentrated the stocks as: validity of the annulus as a year- within a small area of deep water in mark; time and factors of annulus eastern Lake Erie. formation; body -scale relationship and calculation of growth; possible 1932. Experiments on the mesh of trapnets causes of Lee's pheonomenon and and legislation of the commercial other discrepancies of calculated fisheries of Lake Erie. Trans. growth. Life -history study includes Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 62, pp. 100- consideration of: fluctuations in age 107. composition, size, and growth of the Description of experimental design Saginaw Bay lake herring and possible and presentation of selected data to

31 - . .

show type of results from studies of Condensed summary of numbers and relation of mesh size to release of pounds of lake trout and chubs per undersized fish and catch of legal lift of chub gill nets of different mesh sized fish of several species. size in different regions of lake Recommendations are given on legal Abundance of chubs and small trout

specifications for trap-net meshes. on Michigan side of lake, 2 . 7 tim es that in Wisconsin, was attributed to 1932. Experiments on the mesh of trap- use of larger meshes in Michigan nets. nets on Lake Erie. The Fisherman, Uniform adoption of 2 -3/4 -inch mesh

Vol. 1, No. 12, pp. 3-4 and 8. was recommended. Summary of article published under similar title in same year in Trans- 1934. On the deep trap net in the State of actions of the American Fisheries Michigan. Mich. Tradesman, Vol. Society. 52, No. 2674, p. 25. (A letter) Review of the development of the deep- 1932. Review of Great Lakes work con- trap-net fishery showing from statistic- ducted by the U.S. Bureau of al records the dangerous increase of Fisheries. The Fisherman, Vol.2, production of whitefish resulting from

No. 1, pp. 3-4 and 8. the use of the gear and the disastrous Review of 1927-1932 activities with depletion of grounds fished intensively emphasis on the practical nature of by deep trap nets. Advocates specific the program and with particular refer- restrictive regulations. ence to fishery and limnological studies on Lake Erie, experimental 1934. The value of questionnaires in com- chub -net fishing on Lake Michigan, mercial fisheries regulations and and research on the deep trap net in surveys. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Lakes Huron and Michigan. Vol. 64, pp. 107-117. Recommendations of the questionnaire 1932. The maximum age of fresh -water as a cheap and efficient means of ob-

fishes. TTie Fisherman, Vol. 1, taining biological and statistical data No. 11, pp. 3-4. on fish and fisheries and of learning List of maximum ages, from artificial the views of the industry on questions rearing or examination of scales or of management and regulation. In- otlier bony structures, for 44 species, cludes examples to demonstrate the drawn from the literature or based on reliability and usefulness of data from studies by Great Lakes staff. questionnaires.

1933. Recent developments in commercial 1935. Questionnaires prove valuable to

fishing industry . (Report of the fisheries. The Fisherman, Vol. 4,

Division of Commercial Fishing of No. 6, pp. 1-2; Vol. 4, No. 7, the American Fisheries Society) pp. 1-2. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 63, Summary of article with similar title pp. 31-35. published in 1934 in the Transactions Review of developments, with special of the American Fisheries Society. reference to the Great Lakes, in such matters as regulations and technical 1935. Logically justified deductions con- advances in gear, boats, processing, cerning the Great Lakes fisheries transportation, marketing, and the exploded by scientific research. collection and analysis of statistics. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 65, pp. 71-75. 1933. Preliminary report on Investigation Presentation of data to prove that logic- of chubnet meshes in Lake Michigan. ally based assumptions and popularly

The Fisherman, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 3-4 held beliefs are incorrect with respect and 8. to the relationship between mesh size

32 . . .

and the size and number of fish taken, whitefish from deep trap nets in Lakes the relationship between fishing time Huron and Michigan. and the catch of stationary gear, and the role of pollution in the decline of 1936. The mortality of fish in Lake Erie.

fish stocks in the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Fisherman, Vol. 1,

No. 3, pp. 2 and 10; Vol. 1, No. 4,

1935. Lake states change fishery regula- pp. 2-3. ( Also in: Combined

tions. The Fisherman, Vol. 4, Biennial Rep., 1938, Pa. Bd. Fish.

No. 10, pp. 1-2. Comm .) Review of changes of commercial Analysis of the species composition of fishery regulations enacted by States fish found dead on beaches of the south of Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin. shore of Lake Erie and a consideration of the several factors that may have 1935. First record of the alewife, contributed to the mortality. Destruc-

Pomolobus pseudoharengus , for the tion of undersized fish in the sorting

State of Michigan . Copeia, 1935, of the catch of commercial gears and

No. 4, pp. 194-195. the dumping of legal -sized fish in poor Report of capture of alewife in north- condition are suggested as the most ern Lake Huron off Rogers City, important factors. Michigan --first record for the State and second for the lake. Belief is 1936. Lake fisheries facing extermination.

expressed that the alewife reached The Fisherman, Vol. 5, No. 11,

Lake Huron from Lake Ontario by way pp . 1 and 3 . of the Trent waterway and Georgian EJiscussion of unique and valuable Bay. character of Great Lakes fisheries and illustration from statistics for 1936. A new immigrant comes to Michigan. selected species of downward trend The Fisherman, Vol. 5, No. 6, in production. Decline was attributed

pp . 1 and 3 to overfishing made possible by the Statement of first Michigan record of apathetic attitudes of State legislatures. alewife, reported in 1935 article in (Article based on talk given over NBC

Copeia network .)

1936. Dr. Van Oosten reveals startling 1937. Doom of the Great Lakes fisheries. data. Gold Medal Netting News, Am. Forests, Vol. 43, pp. 103-105 Vol. 9, May 1936, pp. 1-2. and 144-145. A discussion of mesh selectivity A plea for central control of the Great stressing that the numbers and sizes Lakes fisheries, held essential to of fish taken in nets of a particular bring about the restrictions on fishing mesh size are not to be deduced on intensity necessary to put an end to the mechanical grounds but must be de- progressive depletion of the stocks of termined from experimentation. fish.

1936. Net selectivity on the Great Lakes. 1937. First records of the smelt, Osmerus Gold Medal Netting News, Vol. 10, mordax, in Lake Erie. Copeia,

July 1936, pp. 2-3. 1937, No. 1, pp. 64-65. Continuation of article in May 1936 Record of first smelt identified from issue of same journal, introducing Lake Erie, captured off Vermilion, data on relation of mesh size to: Ohio, June 30, 1936, and review of catches of small trout and chubs in several earlier and later reports of gill nets in Lake Michigan; release of smelt indicating firm establishment under-sized fish from shallow trap of the species in the lake nets in Lake Erie; release of small

33 . . . .

Van Oosten, John of longjaw to end of sixth year of life 1937. The Great Lakes fisheries: their (total length, about .10. 3 inches) is proper management for sustained advocated. yields. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 66, (1936), pp. 131-138. 1937. Artificial propagation of commer- Recommendation of seven -point pro- cial fish of the Great Lakes. gram of regulation and research: Trans. 2ndN. Am. Wildlife Gonf., centralized control and discretionary pp. 605-612. (Reprinted with power; complete statistics properly slight changes of title and text in analyzed; research on causes of The Progressive Fish-Culturist, fluctuations in abundance and yield; Bur. Fish. Memo. 1-131, No. 28, identification of races and studies of 1937). migrations; experimental investiga- General discussion of the subject, with tions of gear; evaluation of artificial emphasis on the facts that correlations and natural propagation; control over have not been found between fry plant- introductions of exotic species. ings and the later take of fish and that fish-culturists have underestimated 1937. The dispersal of smelt, Osmerus the effectiveness of natural reproduc- mordax (Mitchill), in the Great tion and also have failed to consider Lakes region. Trans. Am. Fish. the true loss of eggs to the lake (killing

Soc, Vol. 66(1936), pp. 160-171. of green fish, inefficient stripping, • • •) Record of plantings of smelt in the attendant on artificial propagation. Great Lakes and a year -by-year account of the spread of the smelt 1938. Michigan's commercial fisheries through Lakes Michigan, Huron, of the Great Lakes. Mich. Hist. Superior, and Erie Mag., Vol. 22, pp. 3-39. Review of fishery from earliest to 1937. The North Central States -Wildlife modern times with respect to fishing Conference. The Prog. Fish.- grounds, boats and gear (construction Cult., Bur. Fish. Memo. 1-131, and operation of different types No. 26, pp. 15-19. described), and trends of production. Review and evaluation of papers and Includes accounts of early statistical discussions at the conference on such and biological surveys and of modern questions as: methods and values of research programs and an analysis surveys; fish population s of "type" of present-day problems of regulation waters and limitations of the type- and management. water concept; effectiveness of artificial propagation and environmental 1938. The extent of the depletion of the improvement Great Lakes fisheries. Proc. Great Lakes Fish. Gonf., at Detroit, 1937. The age, growth, and sex ratio of Mich., Feb. 25-26, Council of State the Lake Superior longjaw, Governments, pp. 10-17. Leucichthys zenithicus (Jordan and Presentation and discussion of charts Evermann). Pap. Mich. Acad. showing outstanding examples of col- Sci., Arts, and Lett., Vol. 22 lapse in production in Lake Erie (1936), pp. 691-711. sturgeon, Lake Superior whitefish,

Life -history study giving data on age Lake Huron yellow perch, • • • and size distribution, growth in length Stresses fallacy of use of total produc- and weight, growth compensation, sex tion figures that do not reflect progres- ratio, length -weight relationship, and sive shift of species composition from condition (a negative correlation demon- more valuable to coarse varieties or strated between the growth rate and show effects of exploitation of new

condition of individual fish) . Protection grounds or varieties (as in the recently expanded lake herring fishery of Lake Superior)

34 . . . . .

Van Oosten, John 1939. Battle rages over closing Potagan- the 1938 . The age and growth of Lake nissing Bay to commercial fishermen.

Erie sheepshead, Aplodlnotus Mich. Game Trails, Vol. 1, No. 3,

grunniens Rafinesque . Pap . Mich pp. 19-20. Acad. Sci., Art, and Lett., VoL Review and summary of 1939 report 23 (1937), pp. 651-668. by Westerman and Van Oosten on the Life -hi story study including data on Potagannissing Bay problem age and size composition, growth in length and weight, growth compensa- 1939. The age, growth, sexual maturity, tion, length -weight relationship, and and sex ratio of the common white-

condition . The large size attained fish, Coregonus clupeaformis by some sheepshead was shown to de- (Mitchill), of Lake Huron. Pap.

pend on a long life . Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Lett.,

Vol. 24, Pt. 2, (1938), pp. 195-221. 1938. From Cisco to perch to pike. General life -history study of whitefish State Government, Vol. 11, pp. from Alpena, Michigan, area of Lake 55-57. Huron including data on age composition Review of decline of production of (III-XII represented, IV-VII most selected species in certain lakes with plentiful), size distribution, growth emphasis on the progressive nature rate, length -weight relationship and of depletion in the Great Lakes, shown condition, sex ratio (about 50:50 but especially by deterioration of average males scarce at higher ages), and quality of the catch as fishermen maturity (size limit of 22 inches neces- turned to cheaper species after deplet- sary to give immature females full ing the stocks of the more desirable protection) varieties 1939. Can the Great Lakes fisheries be

1939. A common concern- • -Great Lakes saved? Am. Wildlife, Vol. 28, fisheries for anglers and fishers. No. 3, pp. 129-135.

Mich. Game Trails, Vol. 1, No. 5, Alarming account of the commercial pp. 1-2. extinction of valuable species in past A plea for greater interest and assist- years and of the current rapid depletion ance from sportsmen and the general of still others, followed by a review of public to put an end to the inadequate the failure of all attempts to obtain and divided control responsible for adequate regulations through interstate the depletion of Great Lakes fisheries cooperation and an urgent appeal for (illustrated by selected examples of support of international control of the decline of production from earlier Great Lakes fisheries. "normals"). 1940. The smelt, Osmerus mordax 1939. Save the Great Lakes fisheries'. (Mitchill). Mich. Dept. Cons., Outdoor Am., Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 13 pp. 4-5 and 7. Popular account of the natural history A call for public support of attempts of the smelt- -habitat, spawning, growth,

to obtain immediately discretionary food, predators, , its introduction power for conservation departments, and spread in the Great Lakes, and its and ultimately international control possible future importance as a food of the Great Lakes fisheries. Such and sport fish and as a competitor with moves were held to offer the only and predator on native species means to obtain the drastic measures needed to save the fisheries. 1941. The age and growth of fresh -water fishes. In: A Symposium on Hydro- biology, Univ. of Wis. Press, pp. 196- 205.

35 . .

An appeal for further and more dis- Inquiry for the Great Lakes fisheries, criminating research into fundamental a description of the Board's activities, aspects of the scale method, a review and a digest of the report of the full of recent developments in the use of board and of the supplemental report scale measurements for the calcula- of the U. S. members. tion of past growth, and an outline of the numerous applications of age -and- 1943. U.S. -Canadian control urged to growth studies in conservation and conserve Lake Erie fish supply. fish management and in taxonomic The Clevelander, Vol. 17, No. 10, investigations. pp. 9-10 and 24. Account of depletion in Lake Erie as 1942. Tlie age and growth of the Lake illustrated by declining production of Erie white bass, Lepibema chrysops various species, discussion of need (Rafinesque). Pap. Mich. Acad. for adequate uniform regulations and Sci., Arts, and Lett., Vol. 27 of impossibility of attaining them under (1941), pp. 307-334. state control of the fisheries, and con- Life -history study including data on clusion that international control is body- scale relationship, age composi- only means of preventing collapse of tion (less than 5 percent over 3 years the fishing industry. old), size composition (62 percent below legal length of 9 inches), growth 1944. The great smelt mystery. Mich. in length and weight, growth compensa- Cons., Vol. 13, No. 6, p. 8. tions, length -weight relationship, Comparison of smelt production before condition, and age and size at maturity. and after the 1942-1943 mortality, record of certain small post -mortality

1942 _ Relationship between the plantings spawning runs, and statement that of fry and production of whitefish epidemic disease provided the only ac- in Lake Erie. Trans. Am. Fish. ceptable explanation of the mortality. Soc, Vol. 71(1941), pp. 118-121. Study of correlation between whitefish 1944. Factors affecting the growth of fish fry plantings in Lake Erie and the later Trans. 9th N. Am. Wildlife Conf., commercial production of whitefish. pp. 177-183. No evidence was found of benefits from Review of literature and appraisal of plantings present status of knowledge of factors of growth (both fluctuations within 1942. The Great Lakes whitefish. In: stocks and differences between stocks) Fading Trails, The Macmillan Co., in natural waters. Includes considera- pp. 216-222. tion of food (natural production and food Review of life history and habits of competition), space factor, temperature, whitefish, account of depletion of and precipitation. Stresses need for Lake Huron whitefish by the deep trap better understanding of factors of net, and general discussion of the growth as essential to sound management. problem of depletion in the Gfeat Lakes with strong appeal for support of uni- 1946. Maximum size and age of whitefish. form regulations and central control. The Fisherman, Vol. 14, No. 8, pp. 17-18. 1942. The Great Lakes fisheries: a re- Presentation of records of age and size view of the report of the International (length and/or weight) for nine white- Board of Inquiry for the Great Lakes fish (seven from the Great Lakes and Fisheries. State Government, Vol. one each from Lake Nlpigon and Lake 15, pp. 211-212 and 219-220. Champlain) from 15 to 22 or 2 3 years History of events leading to the appoint- old. Old whitefish are smaller in ment of the International Board of water not fished commercially than in commercially exploited areas.

36 Van Oosten, John Demonstrates from comparison of 1947. Mortality of smelt, Osmerus 1879-1903 and 1936-1945 statistics mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron that total U.S. yield would have de- and Michigan during the fall and creased much more but for a large winter of 1942 -1943. Trans. Am. rise in tlie take of coarse fish. In- Fish. Soc, Vol. 74(1944), pp. cludes data on the decline in production 310-337. of important species in individual lakes. Description of the spread of the mortality, evaluation of the many suggested 1949. The sea lamprey --a threat to Great causes (bacterial or virus disease held Lakes fisheries. State Government, to offer the only explanation consistent Vol. 22, pp. 283-284, and 289. with the facts), estimate of loss of History of penetration and spread of production to commercial and sport the sea lamprey in the upper Great fishermen, demonstration of improved Lakes, records of losses of production growth of smelt following the mortality, of lake trout from lamprey depredations and discussion of prospects for the re- in Lakes Huron and Michigan, comments covery of smelt stocks. on the lamprey as a threat to the Lake Superior lake trout and to other species in all three lakes, 1948. Turbidity as a factor in the decline and outline of current and proposed sea lamprey research. of Great Lakes fishes with special reference to Lake Erie. Trans. 1949. A definition of depletion of fish Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 75, (1945), stocks. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, pp. 281-322. Vol. 76 (1946), pp. 283-289. Exhaustive treatment of the contro- A listing of situations not to be held versial question as to whether increase as synonymous with depletion followed " of turbidity due to improper land use by the definition: . . .reduction, or improper fishing has caused the through overfishing, in the level of decline of the Lake Erie fisheries. abundance of the exploitable segment Review of literature on effects of tur- of a stock that prevents the realization bidity on fish is followed by presenta- of the maximum productive capacity." tion of argument in support of conclusions: beach erosion and wind 1949. Progress report on the sea lamprey action rather than cropland erosion study. The Fisherman, Vol. 17,

are principal sources of turbidity in No. 3, pp. 6, 9, and 10. Lake Erie; levels of turbidity are Outline of program and statement of generally too low to affect fish adverse- progress of cooperative researches ly; trends in turbidity since 1910-1915 of the Great Lakes Sea Lamprey Com- have been downward, not upward as mittee composed of representatives many have believed; fluctuations of of the eight lake states, the Province turbidity have shown no correlation of Ontario, and the Fish and Wildlife with fluctuations of growth and strength Service. of year classes; restoration of the fisheries must come through scientific 1950. Progress report on the study of fishery management --not scientific Great Lakes trout. The Fisherman,

farming. Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 5 and 8-10,

and No. 6, pp. 5 and 8 . 1949. The present status of the United Outline of program of Great Lakes States commercial fisheries of the Lake Trout Committee (composed of Great Lakes. Trans. 14th N. Am. representatives of states bordering Wildlife Conf., pp. 319-330. the three upper lakes, the Province of Discussion of depletion as exemplified Ontario, and the Fish and Wildlife by declining production in the face of Service) and report on results of plant- more intensive and efficient fishing. ings of about 400,000 fin -clipped

37 . . . . .

fingerlings in northern Lake Michigan later overfishing, and more recently in 1944-1946. Includes analysis of to adverse changes of the environment. the data on the approximately 1,200 Great Lakes stocks are so reduced recoveries made through 1949 with that extinction is threatened in some respect to movement from planting areas. Problems of restoration are locality, time out before recapture, difficult

growth, • Presents also information on similar but smaller scale ex- Van Oosten, John, and Hilary J. Deason periments in Lakes Huron and Super- 1938 The food of the lake trout ior, and on growth in Lake Michigan (Cristivomer namaycush namaycusl^ as determined from scale studies of and of the lawyer (Lota maculosa) samples from the commercial catch of Lake Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 67(1937), pp. 1953. A modification in the technique of 155-177. computing average lengths from Analysis of stomach contents showing the scales of fishes . Prog. Fish.- frequency of occurrence and estimated Gult., Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 85 86. volume of various food items for the demonstration that: estimates of A two species according to size of fish the length fish at the differ- of end of and region of the lake (southern, north- ent years of life based on average ern, and Green Bay). Lake trout and scale differ insignif- measurements lawyers (burbot) were found to be com- icantly from the averages of the petitors for food and both were predators calculated lengths of individual fish; on commercially valuable coregonids the use of total lengths in growth cal- Competition was indicated also between culations yields essentially the same lawyers and coregonids for invertebrate results as are obtained when standard foods lengths are calculated and subsequent-

ly converted to total lengths. 1939. The age, growth, and feeding habits of the whitefish, Coregonus clupea-

1956. Tlie skin and scales . hv. The formi s (Mitchill), of Lake Ghamplain. physiology of fishes . Vol. 1. TransT Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 68 Metabolism. (M. E. Brown, Ed.), (1938), pp. 152-162. 207-244. Academic Press, pp. Comparison of samples from northern structure, The chemical composition, and southern areas of the lake. The and functions of the skin of fishes and two areas were held to possess dis- of various scales (cosmoid, types of tinct populations because of separate ganoid, placoid, cycloid, ctenoid) and spawning grounds and differences in are described. Sections are included size and age composition, growth rate, on: the variability in squamation; and condition. Invertebrates made up the structures formed by modification 99.1 percent of the food in stomachs of scales and their function; use of of southern Lake Ghamplain whitefish; scales in classification and life -history molluscs (principally amnicolids) ac- studies. counted for 92 .8 percent of the total food. 1956. Lake sturgeon. Iik Our Endan-

gered Wildlife, Nat. Wildlife Fed., 1957. History of the Red Lakes fishery, pp. 9-10. 1917-1938, with observations on Slow growth (large fish may be 150 population status. Fish and Wild- years old or older) and late maturity life Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. --Fish. (first spawning at about 20 years) No. 229, pp. 1-63. made the sturgeon highly susceptible Historical account traces the develop- in the Great Lakes to the deliberate ment of the commercial fishery from destruction of the early years, the its inception in 1917 through 1938.

38 - . .

Trends of production and catch -per- changes of condition, loss of weight unit -effort are followed for principal at spawning), variation of sex ratio species. Life history data are given with age and by season, age at maturity, for the walleye and yellow perch. and spawning season. Historical accounts are provided of the artificial propagation of the wall- Van Oosten, John, Ralph Hile, and Frank W. eye and whitefish from 1918 through Jobes 1938. 1946. The whitefish fishery of Lakes Huron and Michigan with special Van Oosten, John, Hilary). Deason, and reference to the deep-trap-net Frank W. Jobes fishery. Fish. Bull., Fish and 1934. A microprojection machine de- Wildlife Serv., Vol. 50, pp. 297- signed for the study of fish scales. 394. Jour, du Cons., Vol. 9, pp. 241- Review of statistics on production of 248. whitefish in all waters of Lakes Mich- Description, illustrated by cross igan and Huron, beginning with 1879, section drawing and photograph, of and a detailed consideration of annual optical equipment and general struc- fluctuations of production, abundance, t^ural specifications of machine and fishing intensity in local districts specially adapted to scale work. of the State of Michigan waters of the two lakes, beginning with 1929, to Van Oosten, John, and Paul H. Eschmeyer bring out the disastrous effects of the 1956. Biology of young lake trout deep trap net on whitefish stocks in (Salvelinus namaycush), in Lake those districts in which the gear was Michigan. Fish and Wildlife Serv., fished intensively. Includes sections Res. Rep. No. 42, 88 pp. on bathymetric distribution and season- Based on collections of five mesh al movements of whitefish, lake trout, sizes (2-3/8 to 3 inches) of experi- walleyes, burbot, and suckers, and on mental gill nets fished in 1930-1932. the fishing action of pound nets and Includes information on: annual and deep trap nets (relation of mesh size local variation of size, age, and to number and sizes of fish taken; growth; length -weight relation and gilUng and bloating of live fish at lift- condition; sex ratio; geographical and ing; numbers of dead fish in nets; bathymetric distribution; local and estimates of total numbers of under- regional differences and seasonal sized fish destroyed). changes in abundance; selective action of gill nets; associated species of fish. Van Oosten, John, F. A. Westerman, W. C. Adams, andW. L. Finley Van Oosten, John, and Ralph Hile 1939. Migratory fish, a problem of inter- 1949. Age and growth of the lake white- state cooperation? Trans. 4th N. fish, Coregonus clupeaformis Am. Wildlife Conf., pp. 25-43.

(Mitchill), in Lake Erie . Trans Panel discussion concerned principally Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 77(1947), with Great Lakes problems. Includes pp. 178-249. comments on the progressive depletion Analysis of production statistics, in the various lakes and the great dif- 1871-1946, to bring out long-term ficulty of coping with the problem under trends of yield and shifts in centers the current system of divided control of production and a general life -history including study consideration of fluctua- Westerman, Fred A. , and John Van Oosten tions in growth and the strength of 1939. Report to the Michigan State Senate on year classes in relation to environ- the fisheries of Potagannissing Bay, mental condition, length -weight rela- Michigan. Mich. Dept. Cons., tionship (general relationship, seasonal 82 pp.

39 - -

Report on study conducted in response 1932. Pollution in western Lake Erie.

to pressure from sport fishermen The Fisherman, Vol. 1, No. 6, for abolition of commercial fishing pp. 3-4 and 10. in the bay. Observations on the com- Review of researches emphasizing mercial fishery, tagging experiment the fact that harmful effect of pollution on black bass, analysis of commer- near mouths of certain rivers was cial fishery statistics, creel-census counterbalanced, at least in part, by

records, . . .proved the contentions of benefits from nitrogen and other fer-

sport fishermen concerning damage tilizing elements in pollutants. It was to angling from commercial opera- stated that pollution could not explain tions to be invalid. Continuance of the lowered productivity of the fisheries. commercial fishing was recommended as desirable in this basically rough 1932. Plankton and the fisheries. The 3 fish water. Elimination of nets from Fisherman, Vol. 1, No. 7, pp. -4 one small area about 3 months each and 11. summer was the only change of regula- Description of the principal organisms tion suggested. in plankton and the methods of plankton study and explanation of the signif- Wigley, Roland, L. icance of plankton in the production of 1952. A method of marking larval fish. lampreys. Copeia, 1952, No. 3,

pp. 203-204. 1932. Conditions of life in lakes . The Report on successful marking of Fisherman, Vol. 1, No. 8, pp. larval lampreys as small as 30 milli- 3-4 and 12. meters long by subcutaneous injection Discussion of the lake as a habitat and of cadium sulfide, mercuric sulfide, of adaptations of fish to life in an and carbon. Marks had not faded aquatic environment.

after 1 to 1-1/2 years. 1955. Limnological survey of western Willeford, B. R. Jr. Lake Erie. Fish and Wildlife Serv., 1956. The solubility of 3 -bromo-4- Spec. Sci. Rep. --Fish. No. 139, nitrophenol in water and acetone. 341 pp. (Includes "The phytoplankton Ecology, Vol. 37, p. 840. of western Lake Erie", by L.H. A study conducted to solve certain Tiffany; "The zooplankton of west- technical problems in the practical ern Lake Erie", by Wilbur M. Tidd.) application of the compound to kill Based principally on observations made lamprey larvae in streams. in April -October 1929 and 1930, the report covers a limnological survey Wright, Stillman conducted with special reference to 1929. A preliminary report on growth of pollution. Extensive data are given the rock bass, Ambloplites on physical limnology, water chemistry, rupestris (Rafinesque), in two bottom fauna, phytoplankton, and zoo lakes of northern Wisconsin. plankton. Pollution was heavy in Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, limited areas near the mouths of some and Lett., Vol. 24, pp. 581-595. rivers and was moderate in larger Brief report on length at capture and areas, but much of western Lake Erie calculated growth in length of rock was free of pollution. Because harmful bass of best represented age groups effects of pollution were counterbal- in Muskellunge and Trout Lakes. anced by beneficial effects of increased

Possibility of distinct populations fertility, it was concluded that pollution with differing growth rates in the was not a controlling factor in the wel- latter lake mentioned. fare of the fisheries.

40 . . . .

Wright, Stillman, and Wilbur M. Tidd on the cooperative survey of 1933. Summary of limnological in- Lake Erie- -season of 1928. Bull. vestigations in western Lake Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., Vol. 14,

Erie in 1929 and 1930. Trans. No. 3, pp. 188-194. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 63, pp. Record by number and species of 271-285. fish taken in small number of hauls Report on 1929-1930 study of pollu- with Petersen and Helgoland trawls tion situation in western Lake Erie and with 50 -foot seine, and analysis as indicated by chemical analyses, of stomach contents of fish taken by phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bot- seine

tom fauna . It was held that the harm from the heavy pollution of certain 1929. Seining records and food of the limited areas was in some measure intermediate stages of Lake Erie counterbalanced by fertilizing effects fishes. In: A preliminary report of pollutants and that pollution prob- on the joint survey of Lake Erie. ably was not the controlling factor Suppl. 18th Ann. Rep., N. Y. Cons. in the production of fish in western Dept., pp. 95-106. Lake Erie. Report on same materials covered in paper issued by same author in same PUBLICATION S BY SCIENTISTS ASSOCIATED year un der same title WITH GREAT LAKES FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS Burkholder, Paul R 1929. Biological significance of the chem-

The following list includes the prin- ical analyses . Li: Preliminary cipal publications of scientists not on the Great report on the cooperative survey Lakes staff but whose research was based of Lake Erie- -season of 1928.

primarily on materials supplied . Buffalo . . , by the Fish Bull Soc Nat Sci . Vol and Wildlife Service or was a part of a coopera- 14, No. 3, pp. 65-72. tive project to which the Service made a General discussion of biological im- significant contribution in the collection of data portance of various constituents of or through the provision of facilities. the water and description of Lake Erie as a tolerably hard-water lake, Ahlstrom, Elbert H. with moderate amounts of nitrogenous 1936. The deep-water plankton of Lake substances in solution, and free of in- Michigan, exclusive of the jurious depletion of dissolved oxygen. Crustacea. Trans. Am. Micro. Soc, Vol. 55, pp. 286-299. 1929. Microplankton studies of Lake Erie. Results of analysis of plankton from In: Preliminary report on the co- vertical hauls of 1-foot cone-shaped operative survey of Lake Erie-- net (No. 20 silk) made from the re- season of 1928. Bull. Buffalo Soc.

search vessel Fulmar. Gives Nat. Sci., Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 73-93. species, lists, grouped in categories Study of the composition, vertical and of relative abundance, of major phyto- horizontal distribution, and seasonal plankton groups, protozoans, and variation of the microplankton of east- rotifers. Includes comments on ern Lake Erie. Includes lists of phyto- seasonal fluctuations in abundance of plankton forms, protozoans, and rotifers. certain forms. 1929. Microplankton studies of Lake Erie. AlUn, A. In: A preliminary report on the joint 1929. Seining records and food of the survey of Lake Erie. Suppl. 18th intermediate stages of Lake Erie Ann. Rep., N. Y. Cons. Dept.,

fishes . In: Preliminary report pp. 60-66.

41 . . . - . . . .

Report on same materials covered Condensation of report issued by same in paper issued by same author in author in same year under similar same year under same title title.

Eggleton, Frank E Fish, Marie Poland 1936. The deep-water bottom fauna of 1929. Contributions to the early life lake Michigan. Pap. Mich. Acad. histories of Lake Erie fishes. Jn: Sci., Arts, and Lett., Vol. 21 Preliminary report on the cooper- (1935), pp. 599-612. ative survey of Lake Erie- -season

Preliminary paper on bottom fauna of 1928 . Bull . Buffalo Soc . Nat

samples collected with Petersen Sci., Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 136-187. dredge from research vessel Fulmar Preliminary report on investigations in 1931 and 1932. Includes informa- published in full in 1932 paper by same tion on geographical and bathymetric author. distribution of the samples, list of major bottom forms, and statement 1929. Contributions to the early life of possible existence of concentra- histories of Lake Erie fishes. In: tion zone at about 40-50 meters. A preliminary report on the joint survey of Lake Erie. Suppl. 18th 1937. Productivity of the profundal ben Ann. Rep., N. Y. Cons. Dept.,

thic zone in Lake Michigan . Pap pp. 76-95. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Lett., Preliminary report on investigations Vol. 22 (1936), pp. 593-611. published in full in 1932 paper by same Continuation of 1936 study by same author; similar to other 1929 report author. Pontoporeia dominated the under same title bottom fauna (65 percent of total num - ber) and that form together with 1932. Contributions to the early life Pisidlum and Tubificidae made up 94 histories of sixty-two species of

percent of the total . Data given also fishes from Lake Erie and its tribu- on vertical distribution and seasonal tary waters. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. fluctuations in numbers of bottom Vol. 47, pp. 293-398. forms Profusely illustrated description of various stages of early development

Fish, Charles J. with notes on the occurrence of young 1929. Preliminary report on the cooper- and on breeding habits of the adults. ative survey of Lake Erie- -season Includes directions for preparation of of 1928. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. specimens Sci., Vol. 14, No. 3, 220 pp. Report on studies of hydrography, Hough, Jack L. bacteriology, chemistry (including 1952. Fathogram indications of bottom chemistry of pollution), plankton, and materials in Lake Michigan.

ichthyology of Lake Erie east of line Sedimentary petrology. Vol . 22, from New York -Pennsylvania boundary No. 3, pp. 162-172. to Long Point (Ontario). In addition Fathograms obtained in Lake Michigan to introductory and concluding pages by commercial sonic sounding equip- by Fish, includes nine articles by ment showed characteristic traces for

various authors on different phases sand, till, and clay bottom . Multiple of the survey. traces were correlated with specific clay strata. 1929. A preliminary report on the joint survey of Lake Erie. Suppl. 18th Ann. Rep., N. Y. Cons. Dept., pp. 39-106.

42 . . . .

Hough, Jack L. Williams, Roger C 1955. Lake Chippewa, a low stage of 1929. Pollution studies in the light of the Lake Michigan indicated by bottom chemical analyses. In: Prelimin- sediments. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., ary report on the cooperative survey Vol. 66, pp. 957-968. of Lake Erie- -season of 1928. From the nature of core samples Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., Vol.14,

from various depths it is concluded No. 3, pp. 60-64. that in a period identified as post- Record of chemical analyses of water Algonquin and pre-Nipissing the level of eastern Lake Erie for dissolved of Lake Michigan was 350 feet below oxygen, various forms of nitrogen,

the present stage. This low -level pH, CO , , and carbonates. No evi- "Lake Chippewa" drained northward dence of "liarmful pollution appeared through the Straits of Mackinac into at any station in die open lake a low -level Lake Huron, termed "Lake Stanley" 1929. Chemical studies of Lake Erie. In: A preliminary report on the Parmenter, Richard joint survey of Lake Erie. Suppl. 1929. Hydrography of Lake Erie. In: 18th Ann. Rep., N. Y. Cons. Dept., Preliminary report on the cooper- pp. 58-60. ative survey of Lake Erie- -season Report on same materials covered in of 1928. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. paper issued by same author in same

Sci., Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 25-50. year under similar title. Report on physical limnology of eastern Lake Erie including data on Wilson, Charles B. vertical and horizontal distribution 1929. The macroplankton of Lake Erie. of temperature, on currents (both the In: Preliminary report on the co- "natural flow" and currents resulting operative survey of Lake Erie--

from wind, pressure gradients, . . .), season of 1928. Bull. Buffalo Soc. and on transparency. Nat. Sci., Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 94- 135, Brief comments on significance of plank- 1929. Hydrography. Iik A preliminary ton in fish production followed by data report on the joint survey of Lake on horizontal and vertical distribution Erie. Suppl. 18th Ann. Rep., N.Y. of macroplankton in eastern Lake Erie. Cons. Dept., pp. 45-55. Includes annotated systematic list of Report on same materials covered in organisms. paper issued by same author in same year under similar title 1929. The macroplankton of Lake Erie. In: A preliminary report on the Pegrum, Reginald H. joint survey of Lake Erie. Suppl. 1929. Topography of the Lake Erie basin. 18th Ann. Rep., N.Y. Cons. Dept., In: Preliminary report on the co- pp. 67-76. operative survey of Lake Erie-- Report on same materials covered in season of 1928. Bull. Buffalo Soc. paper issued by same author in same

Nat. Sci., Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 17- year under same title. 24. Description of the (Devonian) rocks Zillig, Andrew M. underlying eastern Lake Erie, of the 1929. Bacteriological studies of Lake Erie. shore topography and the bottom In: Preliminary report on the co- deposits (principally mud and clay but operative survey of Lake Erie-- with considerable stretches of sand, season of 1928. Bull. Buffalo Soc. and some rock outcrop). Nat. Sci., Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 51-58.

43 . . ..

Results of bacteriological examina- without causing significant harm tion of water at numerous stations in to other aquatic life eastern Lake Erie, indicating that Inventors: Vernon C. Applegate and John H. pollution was not a factor in the abun- Howell dance of fish. Disclosure: METHOD FOR CONTROLLING SEA 1929. Bacterial studies of Lake Erie. LAMPREYS (PETROMYZON MARINUS) In: A preliminary report on the Number: Application Serial Number 583,889 joint survey of Lake Erie. Suppl Date: May 9, 1956 18th Ann. Rep., N. Y. Cons. Use: Control of lamprey populations by Dept., pp. 56-58. the chemical treatment of streams Report on same materials covered with 0-ethyl-S-pentachlorophenyl in paper issued by same author in thiolcarbonate, a selectively toxic same year under similar title. agent. Controlled applications permit destruction of all larval lampreys PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS in a watershed without causing significant harm to other aquatic life.

Disclosure: VOLTAGE MEASURING APPARATUS Inventors: Vernon C . Applegate and John H Number: 2,688,116 Howell Date: Patented Aug. 31, 1954 Assignee: United States of America Disclosure: METHOD OF CONTROLLING SEA Use: Measurement of intensity and LAMPREYS WITH HALOGEN direction of voltage gradients in NITROPHENOLS fluid media, particularly natural Number: U.S. Dept. Int. Case No. FWS-313 waters; facilitates 3 -dimensional Date: July 13, 1956 plotting of electrostatic field pat- Use: Control of lamprey populations by terns and field intensities. the chemical treatment of streams Inventors: William L. Stahl and Vernon C. with various halogen mononitro- Applegate phenols. These selectively toxic agents destroy the larval stage of Disclosure: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR the sea lamprey without causing CONTROLLING AQUATIC ANIMALS significant harm to other aquatic Number: Application Serial Number 341,054 life.

Date: March 9, 1953 Inventors: Vernon C . Applegate and John H (Application approved by examiner; Howell patent will issue January 18, 1957) Use: Selective control of migratory fish and fish-like vertebrates in streams through the use of AC and DC fields of predetermined intensity. Inventors: Vernon C. Applegate, Bernard R. Smith, and William L. Stahl

Disclosure: METHOD FOR CONTROLLING PETROMYZON MARINUS Number: Application Serial Number 574,931 Date: March 29, 1956 Use: Control of sea lamprey populations by the chemical treatment of streams with 3-bromo-4-nitrophenol, a selectively toxic agent. Controlled applications permit destruction of all larval lampreys in a watershed

44 ROSTER OF BIOLOGISTS

Fishery research biologists employed as full-time staff members of Great Lakes Fishery Investigations 1950 or later, terms of employment, and stations (A, Ann Arbor; H, Hammond Bay; L, Ludington; M, Marquette; S, Sturgeon Bay)

Name Years Station

Anderson, GaylordA. Fishery research biologists employed part-time in support of graduate research

Name Years

Allen, Kenneth M. MBL WHOIJ-ibrary - Se"als

5 WHSE 01