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Cahiers De La Méditerranée, 98 Cahiers de la Méditerranée 98 | 2019 De l'intérêt d'être consul en Méditerranée, XVIIe- XXe siècle Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/cdlm/11202 DOI: 10.4000/cdlm.11202 ISSN: 1773-0201 Publisher Centre de la Méditerranée moderne et contemporaine Printed version Date of publication: 15 June 2019 ISSN: 0395-9317 Electronic reference Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 98 | 2019, « De l'intérêt d'être consul en Méditerranée, XVIIe-XXe siècle » [Online], Online since 01 December 2019, connection on 21 November 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/cdlm/11202 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/cdlm.11202 This text was automatically generated on 21 November 2020. © Tous droits réservés 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Dossier : De l'intérêt d'être consul en Méditerranée, XVIIe-XXe siècle Introduction Silvia Marzagalli and Jörg Ulbert L’origine géographique des consuls français sous Louis XIV Jörg Ulbert Supplier pour le consulat. Entre défense des intérêts personnels et service fidèle des consuls vénitiens dans le Levant ottoman (1670-1703) Umberto Signori Entre clientélisme, compétence et intérêt individuel : de l’avantage d’être agent général de France à Madrid (1702-1793) Sylvain Lloret Une collaboration économique et sociale : consuls et protecteurs des marchands ottomans à Vienne et à Trieste au XVIIIe siècle David Do Paço Les intérêts bien entendus des Gamelin, vice-consuls du roi de France à Palerme dans la Sicile du XVIIIe siècle Françoise Janin The Blurry Line: Robert Montgomery’s Public and Private Interests as U.S. Consul to Alicante Lawrence A. Peskin De l’intérêt d’être consul : quelques observations à partir de l’expérience américaine en Méditerranée Silvia Marzagalli Les agents des beys de Tunis au XIXe siècle : entre intérêts de pouvoir et enjeux marchands Mehdi Jerad « Servir l’État », trouver « des moyens d’existence » ou suivre une « brillante carrière » : avantages et désavantages d’être consul pendant le premier XIXe siècle (1814-1852) Alexandre Massé Les consuls de la principauté de Monaco dans les États méditerranéens, d’Honoré V à Albert Ier (1819-1922) : représenter un micro-État Jean-Rémy Bezias and Thomas Blanchy Molti amici molto onore. De l’avantage d’être consul d’Albanie sous l’Italie fasciste (1922-1939) Fabrice Jesné Notes et travaux de recherches Le Midi méditerranéen : une terre d’élection pour le philhellénisme français ? Denys Barau Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 98 | 2019 2 Une transition politique libérale en Méditerranée. L’avènement de la Troisième République dans les Alpes-Maritimes et la question du campanilisme (1860-1879) Henri Courrière « Les affaires » de Pégomas : impossible confinement de la violence au village et fabrication d’une affaire à la Belle Époque Arnaud Pautet « Our favorite Liberty ». La VIe flotte et la Côte d’Azur : tableau d’une « Petite Amérique » méridionale (1948-1967) Nathalie Molines La question des humanités numériques et scientifiques, l’Italie et les études italiennes Jean-Pierre Darnis Comptes-rendus Jacques-Olivier Boudon, La campagne d’Égypte, Paris, Belin, 2018, 320 p. Jean-François Figeac Philippe Foro (dir.), L’Italie et l’Antiquité du Siècle des lumières à la chute du fascisme, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Midi, 2017, 303 p. Christophe Poupault Frédéric Le Moal, Histoire du fascisme, Paris, Perrin, 2018, 425 p. Ralph Schor Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 98 | 2019 3 Dossier : De l'intérêt d'être consul en Méditerranée, XVIIe-XXe siècle Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 98 | 2019 4 Introduction Silvia Marzagalli et Jörg Ulbert 1 Depuis une quinzaine d’années, les recherches sur la figure consulaire se sont multipliées. La bibliographie que les Cahiers de la Méditerranée ont publiée en décembre 2016, forte pourtant de plus de 3 500 titres, ne cesse de s’allonger. Au-delà de la prise en compte des consuls en tant que maillons des relations internationales, les enquêtes ont questionné leur rôle d’informateurs, leurs fonctions économiques et commerciales, ainsi que leur relation au pouvoir qui les nomme. Les approches ont été tout aussi variées que les questionnements ouverts par cette figure complexe1. 2 Le dossier que nous présentons ici se propose d’apporter une pierre de plus à cet édifice en construction. Quel intérêt la charge consulaire revêt-elle pour les candidats qui la briguent, notamment lorsqu’il s’agit d’entrer au service d’un des nombreux États qui ne rétribuent pas leurs consuls ? Quels sont leurs intérêts personnels ou familiaux, quelles sont leurs attentes financières ? Dans quelle mesure les buts que les consuls poursuivent sont-ils compatibles avec les intérêts des États qu’ils servent, et dont ils ne sont parfois (voire souvent) pas les ressortissants ? 3 À l’époque moderne et au début de l’époque contemporaine, lorsqu’aucune véritable carrière ou cursus formalisé n’existent, il s’agit tout d’abord de cerner ce qui motive les individus à briguer une charge consulaire. Comment se déroule le processus de nomination et la prise de fonctions effective des consuls ? Quel est le rôle des réseaux de patronage que les candidats peuvent mobiliser pour accéder à un consulat ? Est-ce que la nature des États qui entretiennent des consuls en Méditerranée et de celle des États où les consuls sont mandatés impose des nuances, ou offre-t-elle des cas de figure originaux ? Dans quelle mesure les consuls réussissent-ils à accaparer à leur profit une partie de la puissance de l’État qu’ils représentent ? 4 Ce dossier se propose aussi d’affiner nos connaissances sur la nature des avantages que les consuls tirent ou espèrent tirer de leur charge. Outre la faculté de percevoir des droits sur les actes qu’ils délivrent, quels sont les autres avantages matériels, directs ou indirects liés à leur charge ? Et au-delà de ceux-ci, quels enjeux de pouvoir, patronage, influence ou reconnaissance peut-on déceler derrière leur désir de remplir la fonction consulaire ? Comptent-ils obtenir de l’État qu’ils servent une protection dans des Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 98 | 2019 5 contextes particuliers, comme ceux liés à la guerre, ou face à leur position de faiblesse juridique au sein de la société dans laquelle ils évoluent ? 5 L’existence de preuves multiples de l’intérêt que des individus portent à la charge consulaire nous amène également à nous interroger sur le lien entre statut consulaire et efficacité dans l’exercice de la charge. L’inefficacité ou des comportements répréhensibles ne sont, par exemple, pas nécessairement suivis du rappel du titulaire défaillant. La question se pose déjà à l’époque : les partisans des consuls-marchands soulignent qu’ils sont techniquement au fait des besoins de la charge, les opposants dénoncent les situations de conflit d’intérêts que cette confusion induit2. C’est peut- être pour remédier à ces inconvénients que beaucoup d’États, au cours du XIXe siècle, décident de fonctionnariser une partie de leurs consuls tout en multipliant les « consuls honoraires » non rétribués pour resserrer le maillage de leurs réseaux de postes. Cette transformation ne met pourtant pas fin aux recommandations, ni aux dynasties consulaires, ce qui soulève des interrogations supplémentaires : à l’heure où le recrutement par concours public s’impose, où l’exigence d’un parcours de formation spécifique s’affirme, où les changements de poste au cours d’une carrière deviennent obligatoires, est-ce que les avantages attachés au statut de consul-fonctionnaire font disparaître tout autre avantage de nature privée ? Assiste-t-on à l’émergence de nouveaux conflits d’intérêts entre les consuls-fonctionnaires et l’État qui les nomme ? 6 Les articles de ce dossier apportent des premiers jalons de réponse à cet ensemble de questions à partir d’études des systèmes consulaires albanais, états-unien, français, monégasque, ottoman, tunisien, vénitien, ou d’études de cas des consuls de ces pays. 7 Ce dossier est issu de la collaboration scientifique sur les « Agents diplomatiques et commerce en Méditerranée à l’époque moderne et contemporaine » (2015-2018) entre le laboratoire Histoire des économies et des sociétés méditerranéennes des universités de Sousse et de Tunis et le Centre de la Méditerranée Moderne et Contemporaine de Nice. Il a donné lieu à deux rencontres : une journée d’études à Tunis en mars 2016 et un colloque à Nice en octobre 2017. Ce dernier a été coorganisé avec le laboratoire de recherche TEMOS de l’Université Bretagne Sud et a bénéficié du soutien des Crédits Scientifiques de l’Université Nice Sophia-Antipolis. NOTES 1. Pour un dossier qui présente quelques exemples des chantiers historiographiques renouvelés par la prise en compte de la figure des consuls, et pour la bibliographie générale, voir Cahiers de la Méditerranée, no 93, 2016, http://journals.openedition.org/cdlm. La bibliographie est accessible sous format PDF au début de l’article de présentation à l’adresse http:// journals.openedition.org/cdlm/8496. Parmi les livres récents, Fabrice Jesné (dir.), Les consuls, agents de la présence française dans le monde, XVIIIe-XIXe siècles, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2017. Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 98 | 2019 6 2. Arnaud Bartolomei, Guillaume Calafat, Mathieu Grenet et Jörg Ulbert (dir.), De l’utilité commerciale des consuls. L’institution consulaire et les marchands dans le monde méditerranéen (XVIIe-XXe siècle), Madrid-Rome, Casa de Velázquez - Publications de l’École française de Rome, 2017. AUTEURS SILVIA MARZAGALLI Silvia Marzagalli est professeur d’histoire moderne à l’Université Côte d’Azur et membre honoraire de l’Institut Universitaire de France. Ses recherches portent sur la navigation et sur les mécanismes d’adaptation mis en place par les négociants en temps de guerre (Bordeaux et les États-Unis, 1776-1815 : politique et stratégies négociantes dans la genèse d’un réseau commercial, Genève, 2015, et étude en cours sur les États-Unis et la Méditerranée). Depuis une dizaine d’années, elle s’efforce de promouvoir le recours aux humanités numériques pour la compréhension des circulations maritimes (programmes ANR Navigocorpus et Portic).
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