Media, Communication and Social Change
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YOUTH ENGAGING WITH THE WORLD WITH ENGAGING YOUTH Yearbook 2009 Youth Engaging with the World The International Clearinghouse EDITORS: Media, CoMMuniCation on Children, Youth and Media NORDICOM and SoCial Change Nordic Information Centre for Media and Communication Research T University of Gothenburg ho Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden M Telephone: +46 31 786 00 00 Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 A E-mail: [email protected] S T EDITORS: ThoMAS TUFte www.nordicom.gu.se U & FlorenCia Enghel F te ISBN 978-91-89471-82-5 & Floren C ISBN 978-91-89471-82-5 ia E ng H 9 789189 471825 el Yearbook 2009 The International The International Clearinghouse Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media, at on Children, Youth and Media A UNESCO Ini T iaT I V E 1997 Nordicom University of Gothenburg Box 713 SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG, Sweden In 1997, the Nordic Information Centre for Media and Web site: Communication Research (Nordicom), University www.nordicom.gu.se/clearinghouse of Gothenburg, Sweden, began establishment of the International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth DIRECTOR : Ulla Carlsson and Media. The overall point of departure for the SCIENTIFIC CO -OR D INATOR : Clearinghouse’s efforts with respect to children, youth Cecilia von Feilitzen Tel:+46 8 608 48 58 and media is the UN Convention on the Rights of the Fax:+46 8 608 46 40 Child. [email protected] The aim of the Clearinghouse is to increase INFORMATION CO -OR D INATOR : awareness and knowledge about children, youth and Catharina Bucht media, thereby providing a basis for relevant policy- Tel: +46 31 786 49 53 making, contributing to a constructive public debate, Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 [email protected] and enhancing children’s and young people’s media literacy and media competence. Moreover, it is hoped that the Clearinghouse’s work will stimulate further research on children, youth and media. THE CLEARINGHOUSE The International Clearinghouse on Children, IS LO C A T ED A T NORDI C OM Youth and Media informs various groups of users – Nordicom is an organ of co-operation between the Nordic researchers, policy-makers, media professionals, countries – Denmark, Finland, Ice- voluntary organisations, teachers, students and land, Norway and Sweden. The over- interested individuals – about riding goal and purpose is to make the media and communication efforts under taken in the Nordic countries • research on children, young people and known, both through out and far media, with special attention to media beyond our part of the world. violence, Nordicom uses a variety of chan- nels – newsletters, journals, books, databases – to reach researchers, • research and practices regarding media students, decisionmakers, media education and children’s/young people’s practitioners, journalists, teach- participation in the media, and ers and interested members of the general public. Nordicom works to establish and • measures, activities and research concerning strengthen links between the Nordic children’s and young people’s media research community and colleagues environment. in all parts of the world, both by means of unilateral flows and by link- ing individual researchers, research Fundamental to the work of the Clearinghouse is groups and institutions. the creation of a global network. The Clearinghouse Nordicom also documents media publishes a yearbook and a newsletter. Several trends in the Nordic countries. The joint Nordic information addresses bibliographies and a worldwide register of organisations users in Europe and further afield. concerned with children and media have been The production of comparative media compiled. This and other information is available on the statistics forms the core of this Clearinghouse’s web site: service. Nordicom is funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.nordicom.gu.se/clearinghouse YOUTH ENGAGING WITH THE WORLD MEDIA, COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE Yearbook 2009 YOUTH ENGAGING ”on the front page and it should not be smaller than WITH THE 12 mm (measured from the top of the bottom of the temple symbol alone)and it should *not* be placed on the top of left corner of the cover page”. WORLD MEDIA, COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE EDITORS: THOMAS TUFTE & FLORENCIA ENGHEL With the support of Communication and Information Sector United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Yearbook 2009 Youth Engaging With the World Media, Communication and Social Change Editors: Thomas Tufte & Florencia Enghel © Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual contributors The authors are responsible for the choice, the presentation of the facts contained in these articles, and the opinion expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the organization. The designations employed and presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the frontiers or boundaries. ISSN 1651-6028 ISBN 978-91-89471-82-5 Published by: The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media Series editor: Ulla Carlsson Nordicom University of Gothenburg Box 713 SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG Sweden Cover by: Karin Persson Printed by: Livréna AB, Göteborg, Sweden, 2009 Environmental certification according to ISO 14001 Contents Acknowledgement 7 Foreword 9 Thomas Tufte & Florencia Enghel Introduction: Youth Engaging with Media and Communication. Different, Unequal and Disconnected? 11 SETTING THE SCENE Rossana Reguillo The Warrior’s Code? Youth, Communication and Social Change 21 Memory AND IDENTITY: YOUTH Communicating FOR THEIR RIGHTS Antonieta Muñoz-Navarro Youth and Human Rights in Chile. Otherness, Political Identity and Social Change 43 Florencia Enghel, Cecilia Flachsland & Violeta Rosemberg Youth, Memory and Justice. The Cromañón Case and Communication in an Age of Precariousness 61 Iryna Vidanava From Pages to Pixels. Belarus’ Unique Youth Multimedia Magazine 81 Jiwon Yoon The Power of Voice. North Koreans Negotiating Identity and Social Integration via Mediated Storytelling 101 VOICES OF THE YOUTH: COPING, CRITICIZING AND CALLING FOR CHANGE Rashweat Mukundu Alternative Voices under Repression. Zimbabwe’s Youth Media Projects 121 Lise Grauenkær Jensen, Mette Grøndahl Hansen & Stine Kromann-Larsen Young Voices Driving Social Change 137 Thomas Tufte, Aran Corrigan, Ylva Ekström, Minou Fuglesang & Datius Rweyemamu From Voice to Participation? Analysing Youth Agency in Letter Writing in Tanzania 155 Ece Algan “There Is No Permission to Love in Our Urfa”. Media, Youth Identities and Social Change in Southeast Turkey 173 YOUTH AS SUBJECTS – OF CONTENT, PROGRAMS, PROJECTS AND RegulationS Peter Lemish & Elke Schlote Media Portrayals of Youth Involvement in Social Change. The Roles of Agency, Praxis, and Conflict Resolution Processes in TV Programs 193 Johan Lagerkvist Contesting Norms on China’s Internet? The Party-state, Youth, and Social Change 215 Nkosi Martin Ndlela Critical Voices. Student Activism, Communication and Social Change in Zimbabwe 233 Robert Huesca Ethical Challenges in U.S. Youth Radio Training Programs 249 YOUTH IN PROCESSES: Participatory PRODUCTION Karen Greiner Participatory Communication Processes as Infusions of Innovation. The Case of ‘Scenarios from Africa’ 267 Ana Zanotti Views in Progress, Views in Process. A Participatory Video Experience with Young People in a Space of Borderlands 283 Claudius Ceccon Learning to Change the World Right Here. Youth, Educommunication and Social Change in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 301 José Paulo de Araújo Communication School for Children. Connecting Caves to the World 323 The Authors 339 Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge the support of UNESCO in producing this publication. Foreword The media are among the most powerful social forces of our time, and whether we are talking about the political, economic or cultural sphere, we cannot avoid taking the media into account. Media, and not least Internet, represent social and cultural resources that can empower people, in both their personal development and their development as members of society. An important prerequisite for empowerment of citizens is a concerted effort to improve media and informa- tion literacy. Such skills that strengthen citizens’ critical faculties and ability to communicate, both of which enable them to use media and communication as tools and as a way to articulate processes of development and social change. In short, media and information literacy empowers people to influence and im- prove their lives – while promoting a well-oriented, democratic and sustainable society. But, we often tend to forget how crucially important such skills are for both democracy and development. Media and information literacy is needed for all citizens, but it is of decisive importance to the younger generation – to their performance as citizens, their participation in society, and to their learning, cultural expression and personal fulfilment. Throughout history, young people have often been active participants in the manifestation of social change, and most times their creative uses of media and innovative practices of communication have been crucial in the process. Youth have had key roles in citizen media, in alternative media that stimulate public debate, or in campaigning for particular causes such as HIV/AIDS preven- tion, political freedom, freedom of expression, fair trade, etc. Different Internet platforms