Bahasa Bugis Di Kabupaten Bima Dan Dompu (Damhujin) 3 Dan Kabupaten Bima

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Bahasa Bugis Di Kabupaten Bima Dan Dompu (Damhujin) 3 Dan Kabupaten Bima Distribusi dan Pemetaan Varian-varian Bahasa Bugis di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu Drs. Damhujin *) Abstrak Indonesia memiliki bahasa daerah dan dialek yang berbeda-beda. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat merupakan salah satu wilayah yang memiliki bahasa daerah yang aneka ragam dan masing- masing memiliki aturan-aturan atau kaidah-kaidah yang berbeda- beda dan tidak menutup mungkin pula adanya persamaan- persamaan yang terdapat di dalamnya. Di wilayah Nusa Tenggara Barat, bahasa yang digunakan secara garis besar ada empat, yaitu bahasa Sasak, dan bahasa Bali, dominan terdapat di Pulau Lombok, sedangkan bahasa Sumbawa digunakan di Pulau Sumbawa bagian Barat serta bahasa Bima digunakan oleh masyarakat Bima dan Dompu di Pulau Sumbawa bagian Timur. Di samping itu, ada bahasa lain seperti bahasa Jawa, bahasa Bugis, bahasa Selayar, dan bahasa Sunda dan lain-lain yang jumlah pemakainya tidak sebesar empat bahasa tersebut. Karena adanya bahasa yang aneka ragam ini, penulis mencoba mengkaji salah satu bahasa, yaitu bahasa Bugis yang bukan daerah asal (bahasa Bugis yang berada di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu). Dalam hal ini, penulis ingin mencoba memberikan informasi tentang bahasa tersebut yang berkaitan dengan lokasi, jumlah penuturnya, dan varian-variannya. Bahasa Bugis di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat hampir terdapat pada semua daerah pesisir pantai. Namun, dalam penelitian ini membatasi diri pada bahasa Bugis yang ada pada Pulau Sumbawa Bagian Timur yaitu di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu. Kata kunci: distribusi, pemetaan dan variasi bahasa Bugis. I. Pengantar Penelitian bahasa daerah merupakan salah satu upaya pelestarian nilai-nilai budaya bangsa secara menyeluruh. Di samping itu, penelitian bahasa daerah di Indonesia dapat memberikan sumbangan yang tidak kecil artinya dalam pembinaan dan pengembangan bahasa Indonesia, terutama terhadap kepentingan pengajaran bahasa Indonesia dan sumbangan untuk pengembangan linguistik Nusantara. Untuk itu, telah *) Pembantu Pimpinan pada Kantor Bahasa Prov. NTB 2 Mabasan – Vol. 2 No. 1 Januari—Juni 2008 banyak diadakan usaha pengangkatan dan pengembangan bahasa-bahasa daerah sebagai pendukung perkembangan dan perubahan bahasa Indonsia, terutama dengan mengadakan penelitian bahasa-bahasa daerah. Sehubungan dengan hal di atas, data dan informasi tentang bahasa-bahasa daerah yang ada di Nusantara ini baik mengenai struktur dan dialek maupun aspek-aspek kebahasaan lainnya perlu terus diungkapkan. Oleh karena itu, pendokumentasian data seperti disebutkan di atas perlu dilakukan. Berdasarkan hasil pemetaan bahasa-bahasa di Indonesia yang dilakukan oleh Grimes (2000) dalam The Languages of the World, di Indonesia terdapat tidak kurang 698 buah bahasa daerah dan dialeknya (dalam Masinambow & Haenen, 2000). Bahasa daerah dan dialeknya itu memiliki jumlah pemakai dan luas daerah pemakaian yang berbeda-beda. Ada yang jumlah pemakainya cukup banyak, misalnya bahasa Jawa, dan ada yang jumlah pemakainya sedikit, misalnya bahasa di Irian Jaya dan Nusa Tenggara Timur (Ayatrohaedi, 1985:1). Adapun bahasa daerah yang diangkat menjadi objek penelitian ini adalah bahasa daerah Bugis yang berada pada daerah yang bukan tanah asalnya, yaitu bahasa Bugis di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu Pulau Sumbawa Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat terdiri atas dua pulau besar, yaitu Pulau Lombok dan Pulau Sumbawa dengan luas masing-masing 4.700 km2 dan 13.000 km2 (Monografi Daerah Nusa Tengara Barat, 1977:57). Secara administratif Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat terbagi atas tujuh kabupaten, dan dua kota. Kota Mataram, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah, Kabupaten Lombok Timur, Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat, Kabupaten Sumbawa, Kabupaten Dompu, Kota Bima Bahasa Bugis di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu (Damhujin) 3 dan Kabupaten Bima. Empat Kabupaten/Kota yang disebutkan pertama terdapat di Pulau Lombok, sedangkan lima Kabupaten/Kota yang disebutkan terakhir terdapat di Pulau Sumbawa. Masyarakat Nusa Tenggara Barat merupakan masyarakat majemuk. Keberadaan komunitas yang membentuk masyarakat majemuk itu masing-masing ditandai oleh identitas yang berbeda-beda. Salah satu identitas tersebut ialah bahasa. Oleh karena itu, dewasa ini dapat dijumpai pelbagai jenis tuturan, yang merupakan dialek-dialek yang hidup dan berkembang di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat dan salah satu di antaranya adalah bahasa Bugis. Ada beberapa bukti yang memperlihatkan secara signifikan bahwa bahasa Bugis juga digunakan di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu. Sebenarnya kedatangan orang-orang Bugis di Pulau Sumbawa tidak terjadi secara serentak, tetapi terjadi secara bertahap. Ditinjau dari persfektif sejarah kedatangan orang Bugis ke Pulau Sumbawa melalui beberapa fase sejarah yang berbeda disebabkan oleh sejumlah faktor yang berbeda pula. Salah satu faktor adalah bahwa kedatangan orang Sulawesi Selatan ke Bima yaitu pada tanggal 14 Jumadil awal 1028 H (tahun 1619 M) Pada saat itu Sultan Makasar Alauddin Awalul Islam mengirim empat orang muballig dari Luwu, Tallo, dan Bone untuk menyiarkan agama Islam di kerajaan Mbojo. Para muballig tersebut berlabuh di Sape. Mereka tidak datang ke Istana karena pada saat itu istana sedang dikuasi oleh Salisi yang konon pada saat itu kondisi kerajaan sedang mengalami kekacauan. Salisi adalah salah seorang putra sangaji Ma Wa’a Ndapa yang ingin menjadi Sangaji dengan cara yang tidak syah (Ismail, 1996:17 ). 4 Mabasan – Vol. 2 No. 1 Januari—Juni 2008 Bila ditelusuri keberadaan penutur bahasa Bugis, hampir di semua daerah pesisir pantai di Nusa Tenggara Barat terdapat penutur bahasa Bugis walaupun keberadaan mereka sangat terbatas. Namun, dalam hal ini penulis membatasi diri dengan penutur bahasa Bugis yang berada di wilayah Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu di Pulau Sumbawa. Bahasa tersebut senantiasa dipelihara oleh masyarakat pendukungnya dan dijadikan sebagai sarana komunikasi antarwarga diberbagai sektor kehidupan. Di samping berperan sebagai alat komunikasi dalam setiap aktivitas bahasa Bugis juga berfungsi sebagai alat pendukung kebudayaan daerah yang terlihat pada upacara-upacara adat, kesenian dan lain-lain. Bahasa Bugis (BB) merupakan salah satu dari 698 buah bahasa yang disebutkan di atas, yang pemakaiannya tidak hanya terdapat di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu di Pulau Sumbawa, tetapi juga tersebar/terdapat di Pulau Lombok (Teeuw, 1958; Herusantoso, 1978). Kajian geografi dialek terhadap bahasa Bugis yang ada di Pulau Sumbawa khususnya di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu belum pernah dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, kajian terhadap bahasa Bugis yang ada di Pulau Sumbawa khususnya di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu perlu dilakukan selain untuk memperkaya pemahaman tentang variasi bahasa Bugis diharapkan juga tersedianya kajian bahasa Bugis secara komprehensif. Dengan demikian, lokasi Bugis yang ada di Pulau Sumbawa dapat turut diperhitungkan dalam kajian linguistik diakronis (bandingkan dengan Collins, 1983&1994; Nothofer, 1995; dan Fernandez, 1998). Dengan melihat kondisi keberadaan bahasa Bugis yang ada di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu yang masing–masing memiliki penutur Bahasa Bugis di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu (Damhujin) 5 yang cukup besar serta saling mempertahankan keberadannya dan tidak menutup kemungkinan bahasa tersebut dipengaruhi oleh bahasa yang dominan yaitu bahasa Bima, dan dipengaruhi pula oleh munculnya varian-varian setempat, yaitu bahasa yang ada di Bima dengan yang ada di Dompu. Oleh karena itu, masalah ini sangat menarik diteliti terutama yang berkaitan dengan munculnya variasi lingual yang terdapat pada tiap-tiap bahasa. Variasi-variasi lingual itu akan memunculkan perbedaan bahasa bersangkutan secara geografis dengan bahasa asalnya. Hal ini didasarkan atas pemikiran bahwa secara geografis penutur bahasa daerah tersebut akan terjadi kontak bahasa yang menimbulkan adanya perubahan bahasa. Dengan demikian, bahasa Bugis di Pulau Sumbawa khususnya di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu diprediksikan secara lambat laun mengalami perubahan-perubahan baik yang menyangkut bidang fonologi maupun leksikonnya. 2. Tinjauan Pustaka Dan Kerangka Teori 2.1. Kajian Pustaka Penelitian tentang bahasa daerah (Nusantara) di Pulau Sumbawa sudah banyak dilakukan, baik bidang fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis, dan semantik, antara lain: Mahsun (1994) dengan disertasinya yang berjudul “Penelitian Dialek Geografis Bahasa Sumbawa”, Rahman Abd. H.A dkk. (1985) “Sistem Morfologi Kata Kerja Bahasa Bima”, Arifin Usman (1979) dengan Tesisnya berjudul Proses Morfemis dalam bahasa Bima yang menghasilkan kata kerja”, Kurnia (2004 ) “Medan Makna Aktivitas Tangan dalam Bahasa Sumbawa Dialek Sumbawa Besar”. 6 Mabasan – Vol. 2 No. 1 Januari—Juni 2008 Penelitian terhadap bahasa Sasak dan bahasa Bali di Lombok sudah pernah dilakukan dengan judul “Korespondensi Bunyi Bahasa Sasak dan Bahasa Bali di Lombok” (2003) oleh Sudika. Dalam penelitian tersebut pengkajiannya disasarkan pada bentuk-bentuk dan pola-pola korespondensi bunyi bahasa Sasak dan bahasa Bali di Lombok. Di samping itu, penelitian ini penekanannya hanya pada bidang fonologi. Penelitian bahasa di daerah Nusa Tenggara Barat telah dilakukan oleh Herusantoso, dkk. Penelitian yang dilakukan itu berjudul Pemetaan Bahasa-Bahasa di Nusa Tenggara Barat pada tahun 1987. Penelitian ini pada dasarnya merupakan penelitian dialektologi yang disasarkan pada bahasa-bahasa yang ada di Nusa Tenggara Barat, termasuk di dalamnya bahasa Bugis. Penelitian terhadap bahasa Bugis di Sulawesi (daerah asal) sudah pernah dilakukan, antaralain oleh Syahruddin Kaseng ( 1974 ), dengan judul “ Morfologi bahasa Bugis Soppeng ”, bahasa Bugis di Sumbawa oleh Syarifuddin
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