GIS Techniques Based Mapping of Effect Rainfall on Groundwaterlevel Depth in Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh, India

EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2019

GIS Techniques Based Mapping of Effect Rainfall on GroundwaterLevel Depth in Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh, India

Vimal Shukla, and Jyoti Sarup

 in this zone is called the groundwater. Figure 1 shows the Abstract—Huzur Tehsil, District, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Groundwater ecosystem (Source: U.S Geological Survey has been become facing the problem of groundwater [12, 13]). availability in recent times. Water is very important for the sustained use of natural resources and is vital for the existence of humans. Groundwater is used for a different variety of purposes, including irrigation, drinking, and manufacturing. Spatial variations in groundwater level in the area of Huzur, Tehsil, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal District, India, have been studied using geographic information system (GIS) technique. GIS, a tool that is used for storing, analyzing and displaying spatial data is also used for investigating groundwater level information. The study of Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal evaluates and analysis the groundwater level fluctuation using the annual rainfall data (Period 1996 to 2017), and groundwater level depth data (1996 to 2017). We are observed and collected the 350 bore well in Huzur tehsil District Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Water level depth of the 350 observation wells between (Pre - Post monsoon and monsoon time) over the area indicates the net changes in the groundwater within the Fig. 1. A picture showing groundwater in the ecosystem Huzur, Tehsil, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal District. Using a GIS spatial interpolation technique and generate the map. The growth in population, urbanization, and standards of living has resulted in increased demand for water [9]. Index Terms—GIS, Spatial interpolation, Groundwater Groundwater has an important role in the environment: it Depth, Trend Analysis, Rainfall, Huzur Tehsil. replenishes streams, rivers, and wetlands and helps to

support wildlife habitat; it is used as the primary source of drinking water and also in agricultural and industrial I. INTRODUCTION activities. Around the world, groundwater resources are Groundwater refers to the water that occurs below the under increasing pressure caused by the intensification of surface of the earth. It firstly started with rain and snowmelt human activities and other factors such as growing that infiltrates into the ground. The amount of water that population and very fast Urban Sprawl. Many states in India infiltrates into the ground differs widely from place to place use the water right process to manage groundwater quantity due to different types of the land surface present. and to ensure that over drafting does not occur. Groundwater is the purest form of water on the earth and Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in rural found to be unlimited natural resources to the human at the India. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the cheapest cost. It always flows through the fractures of rock world’s population use groundwater for drinking purpose and pore spaces over a long distance in the aquifers and to [11]. In addition to rural households, public water supplies be available to the vast number of people at their firm [1]. in various parts of the world depend on wells and Water below the land surface consists of two zones - groundwater. But due to increases the number of population saturated and the unsaturated zone. When rainfall occurs, a that means urban sprawl increases and demand for water part of it infiltrates into the ground [7]. Some amount of this will be required more in urban areas. High Population in infiltrated rain is held up by the upper layer of soil in its Urban Sprawl to uses the number of bores well every house pore spaces. This layer is immediately below the land holding in the urban area, due to Groundwater Level surface and contains both air and water and is known as the decline. unsaturated zone. When all the soil pores are filled with water, then water seeps further down through the fractures A. Area Information in the rock. After a certain depth, all pores in the soil are Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal district, total over an area of about filled with water; this part forms the saturated zone. The top the 1361.77 sq.km, lies in the central part of the state of of the saturated zone is known as the water table and water Madhya Pradesh. Before the independence of India, it was a part of the Bhopal state, which was founded by Nawab Dost Mohammad Khan in the year 1722. The established states in Published on August 31, 2019. Authors are with Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology November 1956, made Bhopal the capital of Madhya Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.8.1472 120 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2019

Pradesh State, but it remained the part of Sehore district. In the year 1972 Bhopal became the new district under the Bhopal commissioner’s division. The Bhopal urban area is about 296 sq km. The Bhopal city is the district as well as state headquarter. Show the Location of Huzur Tehsil District Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh (Figure 2). And show the Observation well are plotted (Figure 3). B. Climate and Rainfall Information The average normal annual rainfall of the area is 1121.8 mm in Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal. The climate of the study area can be classified mainly into three seasons: Winter season starting from the middle of November to the end of February; March to May constitutes the summer season whereas the monsoon season starts from the second Fig. 3. Observation wells plotted on Google Earth. Green balloons: week of June to the end of September. Summers start in late Agriculture Bore wells,Blue balloons: Urban Bore wells

April and go on till mid-June, the average temperature is around 30 °C (86 °F), with the peak of summer in May, II. OBJECTIVES when the highs regularly exceed 40 °C (104 °F). IMD The main aim of this research to analyze the rainfall normal annual rainfall of Bhopal city is 1121.8 mm. The effect on groundwater level in Huzur Tehsil, District average temperature is approximate 25 °C (77 °F) and the Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, because of water demand is humidity is quite high. The daily normal temperature of increasing rapidly due to increases in population growth and Bhopal in May - 40.70 C and minimum - 26.40 C. socioeconomic development in the earth. This encourages The study area belongs to one of the urban patch situated the study of the current research at the groundwater level so centrally of Bhopal City of Madhya Pradesh. It lies between as the finding will provide some information to the North Latitude 23° 05’ to 23° 54’ N, East Longitude 77° government for the water level behavioral in the study area, 10’ to 77° 40’ E. and provided the management and for predicting the future climatic event as well as groundwater level to avoid a Huzur Tahsil ,Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) decline or shortage of it.

III. DATA COLLECTION The well observation data was plotted on to the base map by using location (latitude & longitude) of each well. In total 350 observation wells were selected for further processing of the data for spatial Pattern of Groundwater Level analysis. Applying the GIS Techniques and maps were prepared with the help of Kriging spatial interpolation technique in Arc GIS tools and interpreted using standard The study area belongs to one of the urban methods [4,8]. In this paper, Kriging technique was used for patch situated centrally of Bhopal City of spatial distribution of Groundwater level depth (mbgl) five Madhya Pradesh. It lies within Latitude: year intervals (1996-2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010, 2011- 23° 07 to 23° 54 N, Longitude: 77° 12 to 77° 40 E. 2017) and fluctuation (mbgl) for pre-monsoon and Post- monsoon. The Total 350 bore wells data are collected in Fig. 2. Location of Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India Huzur Tehsil M.P, Bhopal District. And well Location Ground truths using the hand hold GPS and collecting the bore well information in agriculture and urban area in Huzur Tehsil M.P, Bhopal District. Show the Well Location in Figure 3. The collected Groundwater Level Bore well (mbgl) data Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal, M. P as shown in 5 Sample of table 1, 2, 3, 4(Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, India) [16].Table 5: Annual Rainfall (1996-2017) in mm [14, 15].

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.8.1472 121 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2019

Fig. 4. Survey of Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal, M.P Urban and Agriculture area data Collection Bore well

Fig. 5. The Well Location Point in Huzur, Tehsil, M.P Bhopal District.

TABLE I: FIVE-YEAR AVERAGE GROUNDWATER LEVEL 5 SAMPLES OF ROWS FROM BORE WELL POINT OF HUZUR TEHSIL, DISTRICT (1996-2000) Post-monsoon WL_ID Year monsoon (mbgl) Pre-monsoon (mbgl) LAT LON Fluctuation (mbgl) UA101 1996-2000 3.31 8.15 4.13 23.2556 77.4321 4.024 UA102 1996-2000 8.48 22.80 14.27 23.2559 77.4324 8.53 UA103 1996-2000 4.66 8.09 6.21 23.2556 77.4321 1.882 R201 1996-2000 4.68 8.09 6.25 23.2760 77.5113 1.882 R202 1996-2000 8.42 15.72 10.20 23.2759 77.5021 5.518

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TABLE II:FIVE-YEAR AVERAGE GROUNDWATER LEVEL 5 SAMPLES OF ROWS FROM BORE WELL POINT OF HUZUR TEHSIL, DISTRICT (2001-2006) WL_ID Year monsoon (mbgl) Pre-monsoon (mbgl) Post-monsoon (mbgl) LAT LON Fluctuation UA101 2001-2005 4.75 14.48 6.63 23.2556 77.4321 7.854 UA102 2001-2005 11.15 34.12 21.09 23.2559 77.4324 13.032 UA103 2001-2005 8.86 14.3 12.31 23.2556 77.4321 1.99 R201 2001-2005 8.88 14.3 12.23 23.2760 77.5113 2.064 R202 2001-2005 10.92 17.91 13.47 23.2759 77.5021 4.442

TABLE III:FIVE-YEAR AVERAGE GROUNDWATER LEVEL 5 SAMPLES OF ROWS FROM BORE WELL POINT OF HUZUR TEHSIL, DISTRICT (2006-2010) WL_ID Year monsoon (mbgl) Pre-monsoon (mbgl) Post-monsoon (mbgl) LAT LON Fluctuation UA101 2006-2010 6.29 16.65 7.92 23.2556 77.4321 8.73 UA102 2006-2010 13.67 45.18 31.71 23.2559 77.4324 13.472 UA103 2006-2010 12.96 21.292 15.16 23.2556 77.4321 6.126 R201 2006-2010 12.98 21.29 15.16 23.2760 77.5113 6.126 R202 2006-2010 12.13 18.61 13.38 23.2759 77.5021 5.228

TABLE IV: SEVEN-YEAR AVERAGE GROUNDWATER LEVEL 5 SAMPLES OF ROWS FROM BORE WELL POINT OF HUZUR TEHSIL, DISTRICT (2011-2017) WL_ID Year monsoon (mbgl) Pre-monsoon (mbgl) Post-monsoon (mbgl) LAT LON Fluctuation UA101 2010-2017 8.38 17.98 9.99 23.2556 77.4321 7.995 UA102 2010-2017 16.64 61.03 48.18 23.2559 77.4324 12.844 UA103 2010-2017 14.19 31.90 20.50 23.2556 77.4321 11.398 R201 2010-2017 14.21 28.01 17.19 23.2760 77.5113 10.818 R202 2010-2017 15.21 21.70 16.60 23.2759 77.5021 5.101

TABLE V: MONTHLY & ANNUAL RAINFALL (1996-2017) IN MM [14, 15]) Rainfall Annual (mm) Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal Annual Year Jan Feb March April May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec Total (mm) 1996 42.5 15.2 11.2 0 0 250 600.1 450.8 350 150 16.2 1.2 1887.2 1997 55 9.2 0 0 10.2 295.6 550.8 425.1 200 111.2 45.2 4.2 1706.5 1998 25.2 0 11.5 1.1 5.8 345 500.2 400.1 150 80.2 0 0 1519.1 1999 32.1 8.2 1.4 0 19.8 116.5 312.5 180.4 70 92.3 1.2 1 835.4 2000 15.6 9.8 2.5 1 20.1 112.8 250 145.8 213.2 28.1 0 0 798.9 2001 8.1 3.5 1.3 0 21.5 156.8 249.1 190.8 200.35 71.2 1.8 1 905.45 2002 12.5 4.5 1.5 0 23.4 312.5 341.2 211.2 180.5 80.2 0 0 1167.5 2003 16.5 3.1 2.1 0 17.5 115.8 188.2 300.12 144.2 12.5 0 0 800.02 2004 64.7 0 0 0.4 1.5 46 249.5 415.6 19.2 11.3 1.3 0 809.5 2005 1.7 1.6 14.3 0.8 0.6 45.4 672.8 149.2 238.7 0.5 0 0 1125.6 2006 0 0 108.8 17.3 94 64.6 311.2 903.8 406.7 27.8 3.6 2 1939.8 2007 0.2 21.3 0 0.3 12.1 80.5 425.8 175.1 236.5 0 0 1 952.8 2008 0 0 11.6 1.8 18.6 152.5 220.3 187.4 137.2 1.1 9.5 0 740 2009 36.3 0 0 2.6 0 111.9 528.3 110.6 130.2 143.1 104 36.2 1203.2 2010 12.4 8.2 3.6 0 0.2 76.7 244.9 200 76.3 46 113.4 4.4 786.1 2011 0 0 2.1 1.2 0 115 312 215 80 45 0 0 770.3 2012 11.2 5.2 4.12 0 0 175 380 284 100 32.8 0 2.1 994.42 2013 0 24.8 21.4 38.8 0 459.5 429.1 332.8 42 26.2 0 0 1374.6 2014 58.5 47.9 3.5 3.3 7.6 23.2 427.1 165.9 109 12.4 0 22.3 880.7 2015 40.1 0 45.5 1.6 13.1 166.7 473.8 315.2 42.6 3.2 0 0 1101.8 2016 21 0.4 5.4 0 9 150.1 660.5 531.3 122.2 76.9 0 0 1576.8 2017 3.4 2.8 1 0 17.6 102.9 334.5 126.2 217.4 0 0 0.2 806

Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh from 1996 IV. RESULTS AND TREND ANALYSIS to 2000,2001-2005,2006-2010,2011-2017 (Figure The annual rainfall (mm) variations of Huzur Tehsil 14,15,16,17). Bhopal Districts, Madhya Pradesh of the study area from 1996 to 2017 are shown in (Table 5). The maximum rainfall was found throughout June to September during the rainy season of the area. The minimum rainfall was observed from March to May and sometimes very little or none in some months between. As shown the monthly rainfall variations at Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal from (1996 -2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010, 2011-2017) (Figure 6, 7, 8, 9). And the analysis of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon in the period 1996-2017, and providing spatial information of Groundwater Level condition of the study area. As shown in below Annual rainfall variations Vs Groundwater Level Relation Pre- monsoon at Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh from 1996 to 2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010, 2011-2017 Fig. 6. Monthly rainfall variations at Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal from (Figure 10,11,12,13). as shown in below Annual rainfall 1996 to 2000. variations Vs Groundwater Level Relation Post-monsoon at

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.8.1472 123 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2019

Fig. 7. Monthly rainfall variations at Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal from Fig. 11. Annual rainfall variations Vs Groundwater Level Relation Pre- 2001 to 2005. monsoon at Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh from 2001 to 2005

Fig. 8. Monthly rainfall variations at Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal from 2006 to 2010.

Fig. 12. Annual rainfall variations Vs Groundwater Level Relation Pre- monsoon at Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh from 2006 to 2010.

Fig. 9. Monthly rainfall variations at Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal from 2011 to 2017.

Fig. 13. Annual rainfall variations Vs Groundwater Level Relation Pre- monsoon at Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh from 2011 to 2017.

Fig. 10. Annual rainfall variations Vs Groundwater Level Relation Pre- monsoon at Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh from 1996 to 2000.

Fig. 14. Annual rainfall variations Vs Groundwater Level Relation Post- monsoon at Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh from 1996 to 2000.

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water levels are decline. Due to more open bore well in area and utilization of water is much more due to increasing urban sprawl.

Fig. 15. Annual rainfall variations Vs Groundwater Level Relation Post- monsoon at Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh from 2001 to 2005.

Fig. 16. Annual rainfall variations Vs Groundwater Level Relation Post- monsoon at Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh from 2006 to 2010.

Fig. 17. Annual rainfall variations Vs Groundwater Level Relation Post- monsoon at Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh from 2011 to 2017.

Using GIS Spatial Interpolation techniques to generate the August monsoon, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon groundwater level map duration of 1996-2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010, and 2011-2017 as shown in Fig. 18,19 ,20. The range lies between Seasonal Monsoon Groundwater Level average depths of Huzur Tehsil below in Table VI.

TABLE VI: THE RANGE LIES BETWEEN SEASONAL MONSOON GROUNDWATER LEVEL AVERAGE DEPTHS OF HUZUR TEHSIL Seasonal Groundwater Level Depth (mbgl)(1996-2017) Year Aug-Monsoon Post -Monsoon Pre-Monsoon 1996-2000 3.36-8.45 4.34-9.49 6.56-13.79 2001-2005 6.63-11.62 8.47-14.15 12.55-20.65 2006-2010 8.87-15.37 11.76-17.5 16.06-26.44 2011-2017 11.51-19.62 16.11-24.94 22.87-49.19

Above the range is analysis to find out the at the rainy seasonal time all bore well are healthy condition and post – monsoon time moderate conation. But Pre-Monsoon time numbers of bore well are declinations that mean ground

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Post-Monsoon (1996-2000)

Post-Monsoon (2000-2005) Fig. 18.Monsoon (August) average depth of the water level maps for the years 1996-2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010 and 2011-2017

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Pre-Monsoon (1996-2000)

Post-Monsoon (2006-2010)

Pre-Monsoon (2001-2005)

Post-Monsoon (2011-2017) Fig. 19. Post-Monsoon average depth of the water level maps for the years 1996-2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010 and 2011-2017

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Fig. 21. Long Term Trend of Groundwater Level in Post-Monsoon in Huzur Tehsil, M.P, District Bhopal. Pre-Monsoon (2006-2010)

Fig. 22. Long Term Trend of Groundwater Level in Pre-Monsoon in Huzur Tehsil, M.P, District Bhopal.

Pre-Monsoon (2011-2015) Fig. 20. Pre-monsoon average depth of the water level maps for the years V. CONCLUSIONS 1996-2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010 and 2011-2017 Above the analysis of three seasonal monsoon studies

(monsoon, post-monsoon, pre-monsoon) in Huzur Tehsil, A. Trend Analysis these find out the pre-monsoon time water level is downfall The long trend of analysis of post-monsoon and pre- that means groundwater level is a decline in more area and monsoon water level data for the period 1996-2017 indicates don’t get suitable water are available in bore well in that that, in general, the declining trend in water levels has been area. GIS technology can be used to analysis and monitoring registered in most parts of Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal, of groundwater level condition of bore well map on the area. Madhya Pradesh. The declining trend ranges from post- Above the study of trend analysis, the results show that most monsoon Period 1996- 2017 lies between 9.5 (mbgl) to of Huzur Tehsil are facing the problem of declining 17.33 (mbgl) (Figure 21). And pre-monsoon declining trend groundwater level in the recent past, after the year 2011 due ranges Periods 1996- 2017 lies between the 13.71 (mbgl) to to low annual rainfall (mm) in Huzur Tehsil. Since the 37.96(mbgl) (Figure 22). Period of 2011-2017, the number of a bore well in Huzur Tehsil in pre-monsoon time decline in more places and groundwater level is decline more. The result of this entails that the groundwater level fluctuations in Huzur Tehsil

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