GIS Techniques Based Mapping of Effect Rainfall on Groundwaterlevel Depth in Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh, India
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EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2019 GIS Techniques Based Mapping of Effect Rainfall on GroundwaterLevel Depth in Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh, India Vimal Shukla, and Jyoti Sarup in this zone is called the groundwater. Figure 1 shows the Abstract—Huzur Tehsil, District, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Groundwater ecosystem (Source: U.S Geological Survey has been become facing the problem of groundwater [12, 13]). availability in recent times. Water is very important for the sustained use of natural resources and is vital for the existence of humans. Groundwater is used for a different variety of purposes, including irrigation, drinking, and manufacturing. Spatial variations in groundwater level in the area of Huzur, Tehsil, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal District, India, have been studied using geographic information system (GIS) technique. GIS, a tool that is used for storing, analyzing and displaying spatial data is also used for investigating groundwater level information. The study of Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal evaluates and analysis the groundwater level fluctuation using the annual rainfall data (Period 1996 to 2017), and groundwater level depth data (1996 to 2017). We are observed and collected the 350 bore well in Huzur tehsil District Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Water level depth of the 350 observation wells between (Pre - Post monsoon and monsoon time) over the area indicates the net changes in the groundwater within the Fig. 1. A picture showing groundwater in the ecosystem Huzur, Tehsil, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal District. Using a GIS spatial interpolation technique and generate the map. The growth in population, urbanization, and standards of living has resulted in increased demand for water [9]. Index Terms—GIS, Spatial interpolation, Groundwater Groundwater has an important role in the environment: it Depth, Trend Analysis, Rainfall, Huzur Tehsil. replenishes streams, rivers, and wetlands and helps to support wildlife habitat; it is used as the primary source of drinking water and also in agricultural and industrial I. INTRODUCTION activities. Around the world, groundwater resources are Groundwater refers to the water that occurs below the under increasing pressure caused by the intensification of surface of the earth. It firstly started with rain and snowmelt human activities and other factors such as growing that infiltrates into the ground. The amount of water that population and very fast Urban Sprawl. Many states in India infiltrates into the ground differs widely from place to place use the water right process to manage groundwater quantity due to different types of the land surface present. and to ensure that over drafting does not occur. Groundwater is the purest form of water on the earth and Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in rural found to be unlimited natural resources to the human at the India. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the cheapest cost. It always flows through the fractures of rock world’s population use groundwater for drinking purpose and pore spaces over a long distance in the aquifers and to [11]. In addition to rural households, public water supplies be available to the vast number of people at their firm [1]. in various parts of the world depend on wells and Water below the land surface consists of two zones - groundwater. But due to increases the number of population saturated and the unsaturated zone. When rainfall occurs, a that means urban sprawl increases and demand for water part of it infiltrates into the ground [7]. Some amount of this will be required more in urban areas. High Population in infiltrated rain is held up by the upper layer of soil in its Urban Sprawl to uses the number of bores well every house pore spaces. This layer is immediately below the land holding in the urban area, due to Groundwater Level surface and contains both air and water and is known as the decline. unsaturated zone. When all the soil pores are filled with water, then water seeps further down through the fractures A. Area Information in the rock. After a certain depth, all pores in the soil are Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal district, total over an area of about filled with water; this part forms the saturated zone. The top the 1361.77 sq.km, lies in the central part of the state of of the saturated zone is known as the water table and water Madhya Pradesh. Before the independence of India, it was a part of the Bhopal state, which was founded by Nawab Dost Mohammad Khan in the year 1722. The established states in Published on August 31, 2019. Authors are with Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology November 1956, made Bhopal the capital of Madhya Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.8.1472 120 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2019 Pradesh State, but it remained the part of Sehore district. In the year 1972 Bhopal became the new district under the Bhopal commissioner’s division. The Bhopal urban area is about 296 sq km. The Bhopal city is the district as well as state headquarter. Show the Location of Huzur Tehsil District Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh (Figure 2). And show the Observation well are plotted (Figure 3). B. Climate and Rainfall Information The average normal annual rainfall of the area is 1121.8 mm in Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal. The climate of the study area can be classified mainly into three seasons: Winter season starting from the middle of November to the end of February; March to May constitutes the summer season whereas the monsoon season starts from the second Fig. 3. Observation wells plotted on Google Earth. Green balloons: week of June to the end of September. Summers start in late Agriculture Bore wells,Blue balloons: Urban Bore wells April and go on till mid-June, the average temperature is around 30 °C (86 °F), with the peak of summer in May, II. OBJECTIVES when the highs regularly exceed 40 °C (104 °F). IMD The main aim of this research to analyze the rainfall normal annual rainfall of Bhopal city is 1121.8 mm. The effect on groundwater level in Huzur Tehsil, District average temperature is approximate 25 °C (77 °F) and the Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, because of water demand is humidity is quite high. The daily normal temperature of increasing rapidly due to increases in population growth and Bhopal in May - 40.70 C and minimum - 26.40 C. socioeconomic development in the earth. This encourages The study area belongs to one of the urban patch situated the study of the current research at the groundwater level so centrally of Bhopal City of Madhya Pradesh. It lies between as the finding will provide some information to the North Latitude 23° 05’ to 23° 54’ N, East Longitude 77° government for the water level behavioral in the study area, 10’ to 77° 40’ E. and provided the management and for predicting the future climatic event as well as groundwater level to avoid a Huzur Tahsil ,Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) decline or shortage of it. III. DATA COLLECTION The well observation data was plotted on to the base map by using location (latitude & longitude) of each well. In total 350 observation wells were selected for further processing of the data for spatial Pattern of Groundwater Level analysis. Applying the GIS Techniques and maps were prepared with the help of Kriging spatial interpolation technique in Arc GIS tools and interpreted using standard The study area belongs to one of the urban methods [4,8]. In this paper, Kriging technique was used for patch situated centrally of Bhopal City of spatial distribution of Groundwater level depth (mbgl) five Madhya Pradesh. It lies within Latitude: year intervals (1996-2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010, 2011- 23° 07 to 23° 54 N, Longitude: 77° 12 to 77° 40 E. 2017) and fluctuation (mbgl) for pre-monsoon and Post- monsoon. The Total 350 bore wells data are collected in Fig. 2. Location of Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India Huzur Tehsil M.P, Bhopal District. And well Location Ground truths using the hand hold GPS and collecting the bore well information in agriculture and urban area in Huzur Tehsil M.P, Bhopal District. Show the Well Location in Figure 3. The collected Groundwater Level Bore well (mbgl) data Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal, M. P as shown in 5 Sample of table 1, 2, 3, 4(Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, India) [16].Table 5: Annual Rainfall (1996-2017) in mm [14, 15]. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.8.1472 121 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2019 Fig. 4. Survey of Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal, M.P Urban and Agriculture area data Collection Bore well Fig. 5. The Well Location Point in Huzur, Tehsil, M.P Bhopal District. TABLE I: FIVE-YEAR AVERAGE GROUNDWATER LEVEL 5 SAMPLES OF ROWS FROM BORE WELL POINT OF HUZUR TEHSIL, DISTRICT (1996-2000) Post-monsoon WL_ID Year monsoon (mbgl) Pre-monsoon (mbgl) LAT LON Fluctuation (mbgl) UA101 1996-2000 3.31 8.15 4.13 23.2556 77.4321 4.024 UA102 1996-2000 8.48 22.80 14.27 23.2559 77.4324 8.53 UA103 1996-2000 4.66 8.09 6.21 23.2556 77.4321 1.882 R201 1996-2000 4.68 8.09 6.25 23.2760 77.5113 1.882 R202 1996-2000 8.42 15.72 10.20 23.2759 77.5021 5.518 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.8.1472 122 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol.