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ARTICULATA?O02 17(2): 19 -31 and Tetrix Tenuicornis (SAHLBERG ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Articulata - Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopterologie e.V. DGfO Jahr/Year: 2002 Band/Volume: 17_2_2002 Autor(en)/Author(s): Hochkirch Axel, Zimmermann Marco, Keithahn Christian, Länder Stefan, Peiter Andrea, Folger-Rüter Michael, Harmuth Carola, Vogt Stefan, Zimmermann Marion, Hellwig Frauke, Gulau Anke, Mühl Helge Artikel/Article: A Field Study of the Escape Behaviour of Tetrix subulata (LINNAEUS, 1758) and Tetrix tenuicornis (SAHLBERG, 1893) (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) 19-31 Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopterologie e.V.; download http://www.dgfo-articulata.de/ Verfasser: Armin Coray ARTICULATA?O02 17(2): 19 -31 BIOLOGIE Naturhistorisches Museum Basel Augustinergasse 2 CH-400'l Basel A Fief d Study of the Escape Behaviour of Tetrix subulata (UNNAEUS, 1758) and Tetrix tenuicornis (SAHLBERG, 1893) (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) Literaturverzeichnis Axel Hochkirch, Marco Zimmermann, Christian Keithahn, Stefan Ldnder, Andrea BIRRER, s. & coRAy, A. (2000): Eine neue Grille fur die Nordschweiz: Eumodicogryllus bordi- Peiter, Michael Folger-RUter, Carola Harmuth, Stefan Vogt, Marion Zimmermann, galensls (Latreille, t]8041) (ortnoptera: Gryllidae). - Mitteilungen der Enlomologischen Frauke Hellwig, Anke Gulau & Helge M0hl Gesellschaft Basel 50(2): 74-88. BURCKHARDT, D., BAUR, B. & sruDER, A. [Hrsg.] (2003): Fauna und Ftora aufdem Eisenbahn- geldnde im Norden Basels. - Monographien der Entomologischen Gesellschaft Basel .l [in Vorbereitung]. Zusammenfassung CHOPARD, L. (1954): Gryllides de Perse. - Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Das Fluchtverhalten von Heuschrecken ist noch weitgehend unerforscht, ob- Basel 65(1) : 46-48. gleich es eine der auffelligsten Verhaltensweisen ist. lnsbesondere fehlen Unter- -richtung und der Auswirkung der Habitatstruktur cHopARD, L. (1967): Gryllides / Fam. Gryllidae: subfam. Gryllinae (Trib. Gymnogryllini, Gryllini, suchungen zur Fluchtstrategie, Gryllomorphini, Nemobiini). - Dr. w. Junk, Gravenhage (orthopterorum iatarogus, auf das Fluchtverhalten. Gerade bei den unauffdlligen Tetrigiden liegen nur sehr Pars 10);211 S. spiirliche verhaltensbiologische Daten vor. lm Rahmen eines verhaltensokologi- ELsr, A. v- & SCHULTE, T. (1995): Freilandfunde der Sudlichen Grille, Tartarogryllus burdigalen- schen Praktikums der Universitdt Bremen wurden im FrUhjahr 1998 Freiland- sls (LATR., 1804) und der ,Exotischen Grille', Gryilodes srgl//atus (WAaK., 1869)- untersuchungen zum Fluchtverhalten von Tetrix subulata und Tetrix tenuicornis (orthoptera: Gryllidae) im sudlichen Rheinland-pfarz. -Articulata l0(2): 185-191. gemacht. Hierbei sollten auch die Hypothesen kontrolliert werden, ob Tetrigiden HARz, K. ('1969): Die Orthopteren Europas / The Orthoptera of Europe. Bd. l. _ Dr. W. Junk bevorzugt in Richtung von Gewessern fluchten (HtnscHrerorR 1994), oder ob es N.V., The Hague (Series Entomologica, Vol. 5); XX + 749 S. sich um zufdllige SprUnge in Gewiisser handelt (ScHn,ttor 1996). lm Rahmen des lNGRlscH, wurde das Fluchtverhalten der beiden Arten, der Geschlechter und S. (1978): Zur Autotomie der Hinterflugel bei Grillen. - Entomologische Zeitschrift Praktikurns 88(1/2):1-6. von Tieren mit einem fehlenden Hinterbein verglichen. Der Einfluss dkologischer Faktoren (Temperatur, Wetter, Vegetationsdichte, Vegetationshohe und Aufent- LATREILLE, P.A. (1804): Histoire naturelle g6n6rale et particulidre des Crustac6s et des Insecies. Bd. Xll. - Dufart, Paris; 424 S. + f af .94-97. haltsort) auf das Fluchtverhalten wurde bestimmt. Des weiteren wurde die Aus- richtung des Fluchtsprunges untersucht. Auf der Untersuchungsfldche (einer MAAS, s., DErzEL, P. & srAUDT, A. (2002): Gefdhrdungsanalyse der Heuschrecken Deutsch- SandErube im Bremer Niedervieland) war Tetrix subulata deutlich hdufiger als lands / verbreitungsatlas, Gefdhrdungseinstufung und schutzkonzepte. - Bundesamt fUr Naturschutz, Bonn-Bad Godesberg;401 S. Tetrix tenuicornis und bei beiden Arten waren die Weibchen in der Uberzahl. Tiere mit einem fehlenden Hinterbein traten recht hdufig auf (ca. 18-20%). Beide sAUSsuRE, H. or (1877): Melanges orthopterologique (V'" Fascicule) lll. Gryllides. _ M6moires physique von de ta soci6te de et d'Histoire natureile de cendve 2s(1):43s2 + Taf. 11_15. Arten fuhren meist nur kurze FluchtsprUnge (Z 30 bis 40 cm) aus, die direkt der Quelle der Storung wegfuhren (Ublicherweise in einem Winkel von 180" von SELLTER, R. (1954): Recherches sur la morphogendse et le polymorphisme alaires chez res der Storung. der Vegetationsstruktur oder Orthoptdres-Gryllides. - Annales des Sciences naturelies (Paris), Zoologie et Biologie Diese Fluchtrichtung ist weder von animale (11e s6rie) 16: 595-739 + Taf. l-ll. nahe liegenden Gewessern, noch von der Ausrichtung der Korperlinie beein- flusst. Die Ursache hierfUr konnte ein ,,trade-off" zwischen den Vor- und Nach- teilen der Verhaltensweisen ,,Springen" und ,,Verstecken" sein. In der Vegetation kdnnen Tetrigiden sich verkriechen, haben allerdings Schwierigkeiten bei erneu- ten FluchtsprUngen. Auf offenem Sand ist ein erneuter Fluchtsprung einfacher durchzuf0hren, jedoch sind die Tiere hier fur einen potentiellen Prddator ein- facher zu entdecken. Die Eute Tarnung von Tetrigiden kdnnte hierbei ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Manchmal bringen sich die Tiere zundchst in eine bessere Position, um von der Storquelle zu fliehen. Die Sprungweite wird vom Geschlecht, der Zahl der Hinterbeine, der Lichteinstrahlung und der Vegetations- hohe beeinflusst. Mdnnchen von Tetrix subulata springen weiter als Weibchen, was wahrscheinlich auf das hohere Gewicht der Weibchen durch Eipakete, aber auch auf den (damit zusammenhdngenden) unterschiedlichen Energie-Haushalt ARTTCULATA 2002 17 (2) ARTTCULATA2OO2 17(2) 19 Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopterologie e.V.; download http://www.dgfo-articulata.de/ zurijckzufUhren ist. Individuen, die in der Sonne sitzen, springen weiter als bei their unusual life cycle. Many Tetrigidae species are found in marshy places, Bewolkung. Hohere Vegetation verhindert lediglich die besonders weiten some are even semi-aquatic and good swimmers and divers (PnRnNJApE et al. Spriinge, die von sonnenexponierten Individuen durchgefUhrt werden. Tetrigiden 1987). They are regarded as a primitive group of caeliferan Orthoptera, feeding nutzen meist nicht ihre volle Sprungfiihigkeit (bis zu 110 cm) um zu entkommen. mainly on lower plants, such as algae, mosses, fungi, lichens and on detritus Dies kann verschiedene Ursachen haben. Zum einen gibt es vermutlich physio- material (Pnnnn;nee et al. 1987). Ground-hoppers show polychromatism and, logische Hindernisse, wie etwa die Biegung der Hinterbeine zum Zeitpunkt der therefore, are well camouflaged. Only sparse data is available on escape be- Storung, oder die Synchronisierung beider Beine (nur bei synchroner Ausldsung haviour of Tetrigidae. Tetrix undulafa (SOWERBY, 1806) is known to jump a dis- des Sprungmechanismus ist die maximale Weite erreichbar). Es ist allerdings tance of 0.7 m, which is an enormous range in relation to its mass of 0.05 g wahrscheinlicher, dass die energetischen Kosten eines weiten Sprunges hoher (Gnanrel 1984). Tetrix subulata is believed to have a directed escape behavlour, sind als der Profit. Aufgrund der guten Tarnung und der kleinen Korpergro8e trying to reach a water, where it escapes by swimming and diving (HIRSCHFELDER potentieller Prddatoren, ist ein kurzer Fluchtsprung (30-40 cm) ausreichend. Die 1994). This observation, however, was doubted by ScHMrDr (1996), who Fluchtrichtung (weg von der Storung) scheint bedeutender zu sein als eine hohe assumed that jumps into waters are accidental and that the species escape in all Sprungdistanz. directions. The research objectives of this study were: Abstract a comparison of the escape strategy and jumping performance of two closely related, similar-sized fefrx species in the same habitat, of males behaviour Tetrix subulata and Tetrix tenuicornis was The escape of studied in and females and of individuals with both hind legs and those missing one their natural environment in northern Germany. Both species perform usually a hind leg jump 40 short (A30b cm) directed straight from the stimulus when disturbed the influence of ecological factors on jumping performance, such as tem- jump (usually in an angle of 180'). The direction is neither influenced by vegeta- perature, weather, vegetation density, vegetation height and location tion structure or nearby waters, nor by the direction of the body axis. A trade-off the direction of the escape jump in relation to the direction of the stimulus possibilities jumping between the of and hiding seems not to favour dense vege- and to vegetation structure. tation or bare sand as a landing point. The jumping range is affected by sex, number of hind legs, radiation and vegetation height. Male Tetrix subu/afa jump significantly longer than females, probably due to the weight of egg-loads and Methods different energy budgets of egg-producing females. Sun-exposed individuals Subjects and Study Site jump longer distances than during clouded conditions. High vegetation inhibits The two studied species Tetrix subulata and Tetrix tenuicornis are dimorphic in only longer jumps, which are performed by sun-exposed insects. The species appearance. ln both species a short-winged (and brachypronotal) and a long- usually do not use theirfull jumping powerto escape (up
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