Trans-Acting RNA–RNA Interactions in Segmented RNA Viruses
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Development of a Real-Time Reverse Transcription
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY FOR EQUINE ENCEPHALOSIS VIRUS by Ntungufhadzeni Maclaughlin Rathogwa Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Veterinary Science (MSc) in the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria South Africa Supervisor: Prof Moritz van Vuuren Co-supervisor: Dr Melvyn Quan November, 2011 © University of Pretoria TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................................... II DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... IV ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ VII LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ VIII ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ IX 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... -
Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana
Sampling and Testing Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana Please click on the species of interest: Cattle Deer and Small Ruminants The Louisiana Animal Swine Disease Diagnostic Horses Laboratory Dogs A service unit of the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine Adapted from Murphy, F.A., et al, Veterinary Virology, 3rd ed. Cats Academic Press, 1999. Compiled by Rob Poston Multi-species: Rabiesvirus DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 1 Cattle Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 2 Deer and Small Ruminants Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral disease Respiratory viral disease Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 3 Swine Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 4 Horses Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Neurological viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Abortifacient/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 5 Dogs Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. -
Rapid Identification of Known and New RNA Viruses from Animal Tissues
Rapid Identification of Known and New RNA Viruses from Animal Tissues Joseph G. Victoria1,2*, Amit Kapoor1,2, Kent Dupuis3, David P. Schnurr3, Eric L. Delwart1,2 1 Department of Molecular Virology, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 3 Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California State Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America Abstract Viral surveillance programs or diagnostic labs occasionally obtain infectious samples that fail to be typed by available cell culture, serological, or nucleic acid tests. Five such samples, originating from insect pools, skunk brain, human feces and sewer effluent, collected between 1955 and 1980, resulted in pathology when inoculated into suckling mice. In this study, sequence-independent amplification of partially purified viral nucleic acids and small scale shotgun sequencing was used on mouse brain and muscle tissues. A single viral agent was identified in each sample. For each virus, between 16% to 57% of the viral genome was acquired by sequencing only 42–108 plasmid inserts. Viruses derived from human feces or sewer effluent belonged to the Picornaviridae family and showed between 80% to 91% amino acid identities to known picornaviruses. The complete polyprotein sequence of one virus showed strong similarity to a simian picornavirus sequence in the provisional Sapelovirus genus. Insects and skunk derived viral sequences exhibited amino acid identities ranging from 25% to 98% to the segmented genomes of viruses within the Reoviridae family. Two isolates were highly divergent: one is potentially a new species within the orthoreovirus genus, and the other is a new species within the orbivirus genus. -
A New Orbivirus Isolated from Mosquitoes in North-Western Australia Shows Antigenic and Genetic Similarity to Corriparta Virus B
viruses Article A New Orbivirus Isolated from Mosquitoes in North-Western Australia Shows Antigenic and Genetic Similarity to Corriparta Virus but Does Not Replicate in Vertebrate Cells Jessica J. Harrison 1,†, David Warrilow 2,†, Breeanna J. McLean 1, Daniel Watterson 1, Caitlin A. O’Brien 1, Agathe M.G. Colmant 1, Cheryl A. Johansen 3, Ross T. Barnard 1, Sonja Hall-Mendelin 2, Steven S. Davis 4, Roy A. Hall 1 and Jody Hobson-Peters 1,* 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia; [email protected] (J.J.H.); [email protected] (B.J.M.); [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (C.A.O.B.); [email protected] (A.M.G.C.); [email protected] (R.T.B.); [email protected] (R.A.H.) 2 Public Health Virology Laboratory, Department of Health, Queensland Government, P.O. Box 594, Archerfield 4108, Australia; [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (S.H.-M.) 3 School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia; [email protected] 4 Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Darwin 0828, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-7-3365-4648 † These authors contributed equally to the work. Academic Editor: Karyn Johnson Received: 19 February 2016; Accepted: 10 May 2016; Published: 20 May 2016 Abstract: The discovery and characterisation of new mosquito-borne viruses provides valuable information on the biodiversity of vector-borne viruses and important insights into their evolution. -
Diversity of Plant Virus Movement Proteins: What Do They Have in Common?
processes Review Diversity of Plant Virus Movement Proteins: What Do They Have in Common? Yuri L. Dorokhov 1,2,* , Ekaterina V. Sheshukova 1, Tatiana E. Byalik 3 and Tatiana V. Komarova 1,2 1 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (E.V.S.); [email protected] (T.V.K.) 2 Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia 3 Department of Oncology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 November 2020; Accepted: 24 November 2020; Published: 26 November 2020 Abstract: The modern view of the mechanism of intercellular movement of viruses is based largely on data from the study of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 30-kDa movement protein (MP). The discovered properties and abilities of TMV MP, namely, (a) in vitro binding of single-stranded RNA in a non-sequence-specific manner, (b) participation in the intracellular trafficking of genomic RNA to the plasmodesmata (Pd), and (c) localization in Pd and enhancement of Pd permeability, have been used as a reference in the search and analysis of candidate proteins from other plant viruses. Nevertheless, although almost four decades have passed since the introduction of the term “movement protein” into scientific circulation, the mechanism underlying its function remains unclear. It is unclear why, despite the absence of homology, different MPs are able to functionally replace each other in trans-complementation tests. Here, we consider the complexity and contradictions of the approaches for assessment of the ability of plant viral proteins to perform their movement function. -
Orbiviruses: a North American Perspective
VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES Volume 15, Number 6, 2015 ORIGINAL ARTICLES ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1699 Orbiviruses: A North American Perspective D. Scott McVey,1 Barbara S. Drolet,1 Mark G. Ruder,1 William C. Wilson,1 Dana Nayduch,1 Robert Pfannenstiel,1 Lee W. Cohnstaedt,1 N. James MacLachlan,2 and Cyril G. Gay3 Abstract Orbiviruses are members of the Reoviridae family and include bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hem- orrhagic disease virus (EHDV). These viruses are the cause of significant regional disease outbreaks among livestock and wildlife in the United States, some of which have been characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. Competent vectors are clearly present in most regions of the globe; therefore, all segments of production livestock are at risk for serious disease outbreaks. Animals with subclinical infections also serve as reservoirs of infection and often result in significant trade restrictions. The economic and explicit impacts of BTV and EHDV infections are difficult to measure, but infections are a cause of economic loss for producers and loss of natural resources (wildlife). In response to United States Animal Health Association (USAHA) Resolution 16, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), in collaboration with the Department of the Interior (DOI), organized a gap analysis workshop composed of international experts on Orbiviruses. The workshop participants met at the Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit in Manhattan, KS, May 14–16, 2013, to assess the available scientific information and status of currently available countermeasures to effectively control and mitigate the impact of an outbreak of an emerging Orbivirus with epizootic potential, with special emphasis given to BTV and EHDV. -
NSP4)-Induced Intrinsic Apoptosis
viruses Article Viperin, an IFN-Stimulated Protein, Delays Rotavirus Release by Inhibiting Non-Structural Protein 4 (NSP4)-Induced Intrinsic Apoptosis Rakesh Sarkar †, Satabdi Nandi †, Mahadeb Lo, Animesh Gope and Mamta Chawla-Sarkar * Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India; [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (S.N.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (A.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-33-2353-7470; Fax: +91-33-2370-5066 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Viral infections lead to expeditious activation of the host’s innate immune responses, most importantly the interferon (IFN) response, which manifests a network of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that constrain escalating virus replication by fashioning an ill-disposed environment. Interestingly, most viruses, including rotavirus, have evolved numerous strategies to evade or subvert host immune responses to establish successful infection. Several studies have documented the induction of ISGs during rotavirus infection. In this study, we evaluated the induction and antiviral potential of viperin, an ISG, during rotavirus infection. We observed that rotavirus infection, in a stain independent manner, resulted in progressive upregulation of viperin at increasing time points post-infection. Knockdown of viperin had no significant consequence on the production of total Citation: Sarkar, R.; Nandi, S.; Lo, infectious virus particles. Interestingly, substantial escalation in progeny virus release was observed M.; Gope, A.; Chawla-Sarkar, M. upon viperin knockdown, suggesting the antagonistic role of viperin in rotavirus release. Subsequent Viperin, an IFN-Stimulated Protein, studies unveiled that RV-NSP4 triggered relocalization of viperin from the ER, the normal residence Delays Rotavirus Release by Inhibiting of viperin, to mitochondria during infection. -
Rotavirus Fact Sheet
ROTAVIRUS FACT SHEET What is Rotavirus? commonly spreads in families, hospitals, and childcare Rotavirus is a virus that commonly causes inflammation centers. A person with rotavirus disease is most likely to of the stomach and intestines (acute gastroenteritis). spread the virus from the time they are sick through the first 3 days after they recover. Who can get Rotavirus disease? Anyone. However, it is most common in infants and Is there a vaccine for Rotavirus? young children. A person may be infected more than Yes. The vaccine is highly effective at preventing severe once. Nearly every child who is not vaccinated as an rotavirus disease in infants and young children. The infant is expected to be infected within the first years of vaccine is given orally starting at age 2 months as a life. series of 2 doses or 3 doses, depending on the specific type. What are the symptoms of Rotavirus disease? Children with rotavirus disease may have severe watery How can the spread of Rotavirus be prevented? diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and loss of The virus spreads so easily that frequent handwashing appetite. Vomiting and diarrhea can lead to dehydration. with soap and water is important, but not sufficient for Signs of dehydration include decreased urination, dry controlling the spread of the disease. Rotavirus mouth and throat, and feeling dizzy when standing up. A vaccination is the best way to protect children against child who is dehydrated may have few or no tears when rotavirus disease. crying and be unusually sleepy or fussy. Usually a person’s first infection with rotavirus tends to cause the How is Rotavirus disease treated? most severe symptoms. -
Peruvian Horse Sickness Virus and Yunnan Orbivirus, Isolated from Vertebrates and Mosquitoes in Peru and Australia
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Virology 394 (2009) 298–310 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yviro Peruvian horse sickness virus and Yunnan orbivirus, isolated from vertebrates and mosquitoes in Peru and Australia Houssam Attoui a,⁎,1, Maria Rosario Mendez-lopez b,⁎,1, Shujing Rao c,1, Ana Hurtado-Alendes b,1, Frank Lizaraso-Caparo b, Fauziah Mohd Jaafar a, Alan R. Samuel a, Mourad Belhouchet a, Lindsay I. Pritchard d, Lorna Melville e, Richard P. Weir e, Alex D. Hyatt d, Steven S. Davis e, Ross Lunt d, Charles H. Calisher f, Robert B. Tesh g, Ricardo Fujita b, Peter P.C. Mertens a a Department of Vector Borne Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK b Research Institute and Institute of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidad San Martín de Porres Medical School, Lima, Perú c Clemson University, 114 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0315, USA d Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia e Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia f Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA g Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA article info abstract Article history: During 1997, two new viruses were isolated from outbreaks of disease that occurred in horses, donkeys, Received 11 June 2009 cattle and sheep in Peru. -
Pink Book Webinar Series: Rotavirus and Hepatitis a Slides
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Rotavirus and Hepatitis A Pink Book Webinar Series 2018 Mark Freedman, DVM, MPH Veterinary Medical Officer Photographs and images included in this presentation are licensed solely for CDC/NCIRD online and presentation use. No rights are implied or extended for use in printing or any use by other CDC CIOs or any external audiences. Rotavirus: Disease and Vaccine Rotavirus . First identified as a cause of diarrhea in 1973 . Most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children . Nearly universal infection by age 5 years . Responsible for up to 500,000 diarrheal deaths each year worldwide Rotavirus . Two important outer shell proteins—VP7, or G-protein, and VP4, or P-protein define the serotype of the virus . From 1996–2005, five predominate strains in the U.S. (G1–G4, G9) accounted for 90% of the isolates . G1 strain accounts for 75% of infections . Very stable and may remain viable for weeks or months if not disinfected Rotavirus Immunity . Antibody against VP7 and VP4 probably important for protection • Cell-mediated immunity probably plays a role in recovery and immunity . First infection usually does not lead to permanent immunity . Reinfection can occur at any age . Subsequent infections generally less severe Rotavirus Clinical Features . Short incubation period . First infection after 3 months of age generally most severe . May be asymptomatic or result in severe, dehydrating diarrhea with fever and vomiting . Gastrointestinal symptoms generally resolve in 3–7 days Rotavirus Complications . Infection can lead to severe diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and metabolic acidosis . -
Detailed Review Paper on Rotavirus Vaccines
Rotavirus Vaccines 17 March 2009 Detailed Review Paper on Rotavirus Vaccines To be presented to the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization, April 2009 Ad-hoc group of experts on rotavirus vaccines Chair : G. Peter Members: T. Aguado, Z. Bhutta, L. De Oliveira, K. Neuzil, U. Parashar, D. Steele WHO Secretariat: C. Mantel, S. Wang, G. Mayers, E. Derobert Rapporteur: D. Payne 1 Rotavirus Vaccines 17 March 2009 Table of Contents I. Rotavirus Epidemiology and Rationale for Vaccination 1. Disease burden 2. Rationale for vaccination as the primary preventive measure II. Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy and Safety in Pivotal Pre-Licensure Trials Brief summary of rotavirus vaccines 1. Rotarix ® 2. RotaTeq ® III. Newly Available Data from Clinical Trials in Africa and Asia and Post-introduction Vaccine Effectiveness Evaluations in the Americas 1. South Africa and Malawi clinical trials (Rotarix ®) 2. Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore clinical trials (Rotarix ®) 3. Nicaragua post-introduction vaccine effectiveness case- control study (RotaTeq ®) 4. El Salvador post-introduction vaccine effectiveness case- control study (Rotarix ®) 5. United States post-licensure impact evaluation studies 6. Status of other ongoing studies IV. Vaccine Safety, Co-Administration, and Special Populations 1. Vaccine safety 2. Co-administration with other vaccines, particularly OPV 3. HIV-infected populations 4. Breast-feeding and Pre-term Infants V. Vaccine Schedules and Age Restrictions VI. Vaccine Cost-effectiveness and Decision-Making Regarding Program Implementation 1. Cost-effectiveness and affordability 2. Decision-making regarding vaccine introduction VII. Vaccine Program Implementation and Vaccine Delivery Logistics VIII. Integration with Diarrheal Control and Other Health Interventions and Communication 1. -
An Insect Nidovirus Emerging from a Primary Tropical Rainforest
RESEARCH ARTICLE An Insect Nidovirus Emerging from a Primary Tropical Rainforest Florian Zirkel,a,b,c Andreas Kurth,d Phenix-Lan Quan,b Thomas Briese,b Heinz Ellerbrok,d Georg Pauli,d Fabian H. Leendertz,c W. Ian Lipkin,b John Ziebuhr,e Christian Drosten,a and Sandra Junglena,c Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germanya; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USAb; Research Group Emerging Zoonosesc and Center for Biological Safety-1,d Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; and Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germanye ABSTRACT Tropical rainforests show the highest level of terrestrial biodiversity and may be an important contributor to micro- bial diversity. Exploitation of these ecosystems may foster the emergence of novel pathogens. We report the discovery of the first insect-associated nidovirus, tentatively named Cavally virus (CAVV). CAVV was found with a prevalence of 9.3% during a sur- vey of mosquito-associated viruses along an anthropogenic disturbance gradient in Côte d’Ivoire. Analysis of habitat-specific virus diversity and ancestral state reconstruction demonstrated an origin of CAVV in a pristine rainforest with subsequent spread into agriculture and human settlements. Virus extension from the forest was associated with a decrease in virus diversity (P < 0.01) and an increase in virus prevalence (P < 0.00001). CAVV is an enveloped virus with large surface projections. The RNA genome comprises 20,108 nucleotides with seven major open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1a and -1b encode two large pro- teins that share essential features with phylogenetically higher representatives of the order Nidovirales, including the families Coronavirinae and Torovirinae, but also with families in a basal phylogenetic relationship, including the families Roniviridae and Arteriviridae.