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Supporting Information Supporting Information Rosenberg et al. 10.1073/pnas.1307243110 SI Results and Discussion domestic ungulates (horses, cows, sheep, goats, camels, and pigs) Of the 83 arboviruses, nonhuman vertebrate hosts have been and rodents in both groups might be a consequence of spatial identified for 70 (84%); the remaining 13 are presumed to be proximity to humans. Sentinel monkeys were often used in pro- zoonoses because there is no indication they can be transmitted cedures to isolate arboviruses, which might account for their directly between humans by vectors (Table S1). Animal hosts have higher representation among arboviruses. In contrast, there are been identified for at least 57 (44%) of the 130 nonarboviruses; an few published records of bats being routinely sampled during additional 5 (8%) are presumed on epidemiological evidence to arbovirus studies, and only two arboviruses (3%) have been iso- have nonhuman reservoirs (Table S1). A number of viruses infect lated from bats. The reason a much larger number of arbovirus more than one nonhuman vertebrate host species and it is likely species (n = 16) have been isolated from birds than have that the variety of hosts is wider than has been recorded. The nonarbovirus species (n = 1) might, however, be characteristic of predominant host groups for arboviruses (n = 70) are nonhuman the pathogenicity of the togaviruses and flaviviruses, which are primates (31%), rodents (29%), ungulates (26%), and birds (23%); much more common among the arboviruses. The most prominent for the nonarboviruses (n = 57), they are rodents (30%), ungu- vectors of arboviruses were mosquitoes (67%), ticks (19%), and lates (26%), bats (23%), and primates (16%). The prominence of phlebotomine sandflies (11%). Fig. S1. The cumulative discoveries of human-pathogenic arboviruses (red), and nonarboviruses (blue) using different classification criteria: (A) only viruses recognized as species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (n = 185); (B) those selected for analysis and depicted in Fig. 1B (n = 213); and (C) an inclusive list of viruses (n = 237) mentioned in major reference works. Rosenberg et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1307243110 1of12 Fig. S2. The cumulative discoveries of human-pathogenic viruses by year first found, regardless of host species (black), and year of their incrimination as a cause of human disease (green) for (A) arboviruses and (B) nonarboviruses. Rosenberg et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1307243110 2of12 Table S1. Viruses pathogenic to humans Human Discovery Incrimination † ‡ Virus Date Source Species Location* Institution Date Source Family Vector Animal Host Foot and mouth 1897 (1) Cow Germany U Greifswald 1954 (2) Picornaviridae Cow disease Yellow fever 1900 (3) Mosquito Cuba US Army 1901 (4) Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey Rabies 1903 (5) Human, dog Turkey Imperial Bacteriology Rhabdoviridae Dog, bat Inst. Molluscum 1905 (6) Human Switzerland Dermatological Inst., Poxviridae contagiosum Berne Variola 1906 (7) Human Italy U Pavia Poxviridae Poliovirus 1909 (8) Human Austria U Vienna Picornaviridae (enterovirus C) Suid herpesvirus 1 1910 (9) Pig Hungary Royal Acad. Veterinary 1987 (10) Herpesviridae Pig Medicine Measles 1911 (11) Human USA NIH Paramyxoviridae Nairobi Sheep 1917 (12) Sheep Kenya Kabete Veterinary Lab. 1962 (13) Bunyaviridae Tick Sheep, goat Disease (Dugbe) Human herpesvirus 3 1919 (14) Human Czechoslovakia Deutschen Universitäts- Herpesviridae Augenklinik Human herpesvirus 1 1920 (15) Human Switzerland U Basel Herpesviridae Orf 1923 (16) Sheep, goat France Eure-et-Loir Dept. of 1961 (17) Poxviridae Sheep, goat Bacteriology Borna disease 1925 (18) Horse, sheep Germany Justus Liebig U, 1985 (19) Bornaviridae Horse, sheep Giessen Vesicular stomatitis 1927 (20) Horse USA Rockefeller Inst. 1966 (21) Rhabdoviridae Sandfly Cattle, horse Indiana Medical Research Vesicular stomatitis 1927 (20) Horse USA Rockefeller Inst. 1950 (22) Rhabdoviridae Sandfly Cattle, horse New Jersey Medical Research Newcastle disease 1927 (23) Bird UK Veterinary Lab., 1943 (24) Paramyxoviridae Bird Ministry of Agriculture Louping ill 1931 (25) Sheep Scotland Moredun Inst., 1934 (26) Flaviviridae Tick Sheep, goat Edinburgh Rift Valley fever 1931 (27) Human, goat Kenya Kabete Veterinary Bunyaviridae Mosquito Cattle, goat Lab. Western equine 1931 (28) Horse USA U California, San 1939 (29) Togaviridae Mosquito Horse encephalitis Francisco Influenza A 1931 (30) Pig USA Rockefeller Inst. 1933 (31) Orthomyxoviridae Pig, etc. Medical Research Eastern equine 1933 (32) Horse USA US Dept. Agriculture 1938 (33) Togaviridae Mosquito Horse, bird encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis 1933 (34) Human USA Rockefeller Inst. Flaviviridae Mosquito Bird Medical Research Cercopithecine 1934 (35) Human, monkey USA New York U Herpesviridae Monkey herpes 1 Japanese encephalitis 1934 (36) Human Japan Okayama Medical Flaviviridae Mosquito Pig, bird Faculty Mumps 1934 (37) Human USA Vanderbilt U Paramyxoviridae Lymphocytic 1935 (38) Mouse USA Rockefeller Inst. 1936 (39) Arenaviridae Rodent choriomeningitis Medical Research Tick-borne encephalitis 1937 (40) Human, tick Russia Acad. Medical Sciences, Flaviviridae Tick Rodent USSR Rubella 1938 (41) Human Japan Sapporo City Hospital Togaviridae Cowpox 1939 (42) Human, cow UK U London Poxviridae Cow, horse Vaccinia 1939 (42) Human, cow UK U London Poxviridae Cow, horse Venezuelan equine 1939 (43) Horse Venezuela Ministry of Agriculture 1943 (44) Togaviridae Mosquito Horse encephalitis Encephalomyocarditis 1940 (45) Mouse USA Columbia U 1948 (46) Picornaviridae Pig Influenza B 1940 (47) Human USA New York U Orthomyxoviridae West Nile 1940 (48) Human Uganda Rockefeller Foundation Flaviviridae Mosquito Bird Bwamba 1941 (49) Human Uganda Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Mosquito Monkey Sandfly fever Naples 1944 (50) Human Italy US Army Bunyaviridae Sandfly Rodent Sandfly fever Sicilian§ 1944 (50) Human Italy US Army Bunyaviridae Sandfly Rodent Semliki Forest 1944 (51) Mosquito Uganda Rockefeller Foundation 1990 (52) Togaviridae Mosquito Rodent, bird Wyeomyia 1944 (53) Mosquito Columbia Rockefeller Foundation 1965 (54) Bunyaviridae Mosquito Presumed California encephalitis 1945 (55) Mosquito USA U California, Berkeley 1952 (56) Bunyaviridae Mosquito Squirrel (La Crosse) Dengue 1 1945 (57) Human USA US Army Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey Dengue 2§ 1945 (57) Human New Guinea US Army Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey Rosenberg et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1307243110 3of12 Table S1. Cont. Human Discovery Incrimination Virus Date Source Species Location* Institution† Date Source Family Vector Animal Host‡ Bunyamwera 1946 (58) Mosquito Uganda Rockefeller Foundation 1958 (59) Bunyaviridae Mosquito Monkey Colorado tick 1946 (60) Human USA U Colorado Reoviridae Tick Squirrel, rodent fever Ilheus 1947 (61) Mosquito Brazil Rockefeller Foundation 1956 (62) Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey, bird Omsk hemorrhagic 1947 (63) Human, tick Russia Acad. Medical Sciences, Flaviviridae Tick Muskrat, lizard fever USSR Human enterovirus A 1949 (64) Human USA New York State Dept. Picornaviridae Health Human enterovirus B 1949 (65) Human USA New York State Dept. Picornaviridae Health Influenza C 1950 (66) Human USA Johns Hopkins U Orthomyxoviridae Dog, pig Ntaya 1951 (67) Mosquito Uganda Rockefeller Foundation 1978 (68) Flaviviridae Mosquito Presumed Murray Valley 1952 (69) Human Australia Walter & Elisa Hall Flaviviridae Mosquito Bird encephalitis Uganda S 1952 (70) Mosquito Uganda Rockefeller Foundation 1959 (71) Flaviviridae Mosquito Rodent Zika 1952 (72) Monkey Uganda Rockefeller Foundation 1952 (73) Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey Human rhinovirus A 1953 (74) Human UK Common Cold Reseach Picornaviridae Unit Sindbis 1953 (75) Mosquito Egypt Rockefeller Foundation 1963 (76) Togaviridae Mosquito Bird Human adenovirus B 1954 (77, 78) Human USA NIH/US Army Adenoviridae Human adenovirus C 1954 (77) Human USA NIH Adenoviridae Human adenovirus E 1954 (77) Human USA NIH Adenoviridae Simian foamy 1954 (79) Cow USA Harvard U 1971 (80) Retroviridae Cow, cat, chimpanzee Human adenovirus D 1955 (81) Human USA U California, San Adenoviridae Francisco Crimean-Congo 1956 (82) Human DRC Provincial Medical Lab., Bunyaviridae Tick Cow, goat hemorrhagic Kisangani Chikungunya 1956 (83) Human Tanzania Rockefeller Foundation Togaviridae Mosquito Monkey, bird, bat Human herpesvirus 5 1956 (84) Human USA NIH Herpesviridae Human parainfluenza 2 1956 (85) Human USA U Cinncinati Paramyxoviridae Lebombo 1956 (86) Human, mosquito South Africa Rockefeller Foundation 1968 (87) Reoviridae Mosquito Rodent Rio Bravo 1956 (88) Bat USA US Army 1962 (89) Flaviviridae Bat Bovine papular 1957 (90) Cow Germany Fed. Research Inst. 1967 (91) Poxviridae Cow stomatitis Animal Virus Dis. Human adenovirus A 1957 (92) Human Netherlands RK U, Tilburg Adenoviridae Kyasanur Forest 1957 (93) Human India Rockefeller Foundation Flaviviridae Tick Monkey disease Mayaro 1957 (94) Human Trinidad Rockefeller Foundation Togaviridae Mosquito Lizard, opossum, monkey Spondweni§ 1957 (95) Mosquito South Africa Rockefeller Foundation 1961 (96) Flaviviridae Mosquito Presumed Wesselsbron 1957 (97) Human, mosquito South Africa Onderstepoort Lab. Flaviviridae Mosquito Sheep Human parainfluenza 1 1958 (98) Human USA NIH Paramyxoviridae Human parainfluenza 3 1958 (98) Human USA NIH Paramyxoviridae Cow Human respiratory 1958 (99) Human France Pasteur Paramyxoviridae syncytial Junin 1958 (100) Human Argentina U Buenos Aires Arenaviridae Rodent Banzi 1959 (101) Human, mosquito
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