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Rosenberg et al. 10.1073/pnas.1307243110 SI Results and Discussion domestic (horses, cows, , , camels, and pigs) Of the 83 , nonhuman hosts have been and rodents in both groups might be a consequence of spatial identified for 70 (84%); the remaining 13 are presumed to be proximity to . Sentinel monkeys were often used in pro- zoonoses because there is no indication they can be transmitted cedures to isolate arboviruses, which might account for their directly between humans by vectors (Table S1). Animal hosts have higher representation among arboviruses. In contrast, there are been identified for at least 57 (44%) of the 130 nonarboviruses; an few published records of being routinely sampled during additional 5 (8%) are presumed on epidemiological evidence to studies, and only two arboviruses (3%) have been iso- have nonhuman reservoirs (Table S1). A number of infect lated from bats. The reason a much larger number of arbovirus more than one nonhuman vertebrate host and it is likely species (n = 16) have been isolated from than have that the variety of hosts is wider than has been recorded. The nonarbovirus species (n = 1) might, however, be characteristic of predominant host groups for arboviruses (n = 70) are nonhuman the pathogenicity of the togaviruses and flaviviruses, which are primates (31%), rodents (29%), ungulates (26%), and birds (23%); much more common among the arboviruses. The most prominent for the nonarboviruses (n = 57), they are rodents (30%), ungu- vectors of arboviruses were mosquitoes (67%), (19%), and lates (26%), bats (23%), and primates (16%). The prominence of phlebotomine sandflies (11%).

Fig. S1. The cumulative discoveries of -pathogenic arboviruses (red), and nonarboviruses (blue) using different classification criteria: (A) only viruses recognized as species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (n = 185); (B) those selected for analysis and depicted in Fig. 1B (n = 213); and (C) an inclusive list of viruses (n = 237) mentioned in major reference works.

Rosenberg et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1307243110 1of12 Fig. S2. The cumulative discoveries of human-pathogenic viruses by year first found, regardless of host species (black), and year of their incrimination as a cause of human (green) for (A) arboviruses and (B) nonarboviruses.

Rosenberg et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1307243110 2of12 Table S1. Viruses pathogenic to humans Human Discovery Incrimination

† ‡ Date Source Species Location* Institution Date Source Family Animal Host

Foot and mouth 1897 (1) Cow Germany U Greifswald 1954 (2) Picornaviridae Cow disease Yellow 1900 (3) Cuba US Army 1901 (4) Mosquito Monkey 1903 (5) Human, dog Turkey Imperial Bacteriology Dog, Inst. Molluscum 1905 (6) Human Switzerland Dermatological Inst., contagiosum Berne Variola 1906 (7) Human Italy U Pavia Poxviridae Poliovirus 1909 (8) Human Austria U Vienna Picornaviridae ( C) Suid herpesvirus 1 1910 (9) Pig Hungary Royal Acad. Veterinary 1987 (10) Pig Medicine 1911 (11) Human USA NIH Nairobi Sheep 1917 (12) Sheep Kenya Kabete Veterinary Lab. 1962 (13) Bunyaviridae Sheep, Disease (Dugbe) Human herpesvirus 3 1919 (14) Human Czechoslovakia Deutschen Universitäts- Herpesviridae Augenklinik Human herpesvirus 1 1920 (15) Human Switzerland U Basel Herpesviridae 1923 (16) Sheep, goat France Eure-et-Loir Dept. of 1961 (17) Poxviridae Sheep, goat Bacteriology 1925 (18) Horse, sheep Germany Justus Liebig U, 1985 (19) Horse, sheep Giessen Vesicular stomatitis 1927 (20) Horse USA Rockefeller Inst. 1966 (21) Rhabdoviridae Sandfly , horse Indiana Medical Research Vesicular stomatitis 1927 (20) Horse USA Rockefeller Inst. 1950 (22) Rhabdoviridae Sandfly Cattle, horse New Jersey Medical Research Newcastle disease 1927 (23) UK Veterinary Lab., 1943 (24) Paramyxoviridae Bird Ministry of Agriculture 1931 (25) Sheep Scotland Moredun Inst., 1934 (26) Flaviviridae Tick Sheep, goat Edinburgh 1931 (27) Human, goat Kenya Kabete Veterinary Bunyaviridae Mosquito Cattle, goat Lab. Western equine 1931 (28) Horse USA U California, San 1939 (29) Togaviridae Mosquito Horse encephalitis Francisco Influenza A 1931 (30) Pig USA Rockefeller Inst. 1933 (31) Pig, etc. Medical Research Eastern equine 1933 (32) Horse USA US Dept. Agriculture 1938 (33) Togaviridae Mosquito Horse, bird encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis 1933 (34) Human USA Rockefeller Inst. Flaviviridae Mosquito Bird Medical Research Cercopithecine 1934 (35) Human, monkey USA New York U Herpesviridae Monkey herpes 1 1934 (36) Human Japan Okayama Medical Flaviviridae Mosquito Pig, bird Faculty 1934 (37) Human USA Vanderbilt U Paramyxoviridae Lymphocytic 1935 (38) Mouse USA Rockefeller Inst. 1936 (39) Arenaviridae Rodent choriomeningitis Medical Research Tick-borne encephalitis 1937 (40) Human, tick Russia Acad. Medical Sciences, Flaviviridae Tick Rodent USSR 1938 (41) Human Japan Sapporo City Hospital Togaviridae 1939 (42) Human, cow UK U London Poxviridae Cow, horse 1939 (42) Human, cow UK U London Poxviridae Cow, horse Venezuelan equine 1939 (43) Horse Venezuela Ministry of Agriculture 1943 (44) Togaviridae Mosquito Horse encephalitis Encephalomyocarditis 1940 (45) Mouse USA Columbia U 1948 (46) Picornaviridae Pig Influenza B 1940 (47) Human USA New York U Orthomyxoviridae West Nile 1940 (48) Human Uganda Rockefeller Foundation Flaviviridae Mosquito Bird Bwamba 1941 (49) Human Uganda Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Mosquito Monkey Sandfly fever Naples 1944 (50) Human Italy US Army Bunyaviridae Sandfly Rodent Sandfly fever Sicilian§ 1944 (50) Human Italy US Army Bunyaviridae Sandfly Rodent Semliki Forest 1944 (51) Mosquito Uganda Rockefeller Foundation 1990 (52) Togaviridae Mosquito Rodent, bird Wyeomyia 1944 (53) Mosquito Columbia Rockefeller Foundation 1965 (54) Bunyaviridae Mosquito Presumed California encephalitis 1945 (55) Mosquito USA U California, Berkeley 1952 (56) Bunyaviridae Mosquito Squirrel (La Crosse) Dengue 1 1945 (57) Human USA US Army Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey Dengue 2§ 1945 (57) Human New Guinea US Army Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey

Rosenberg et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1307243110 3of12 Table S1. Cont. Human Discovery Incrimination

Virus Date Source Species Location* Institution† Date Source Family Vector Animal Host‡

Bunyamwera 1946 (58) Mosquito Uganda Rockefeller Foundation 1958 (59) Bunyaviridae Mosquito Monkey Colorado tick 1946 (60) Human USA U Colorado Tick Squirrel, rodent fever Ilheus 1947 (61) Mosquito Brazil Rockefeller Foundation 1956 (62) Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey, bird Omsk hemorrhagic 1947 (63) Human, tick Russia Acad. Medical Sciences, Flaviviridae Tick Muskrat, lizard fever USSR Human enterovirus A 1949 (64) Human USA New York State Dept. Picornaviridae Health Human enterovirus B 1949 (65) Human USA New York State Dept. Picornaviridae Health Influenza C 1950 (66) Human USA Johns Hopkins U Orthomyxoviridae Dog, pig Ntaya 1951 (67) Mosquito Uganda Rockefeller Foundation 1978 (68) Flaviviridae Mosquito Presumed Murray Valley 1952 (69) Human Australia Walter & Elisa Hall Flaviviridae Mosquito Bird encephalitis Uganda S 1952 (70) Mosquito Uganda Rockefeller Foundation 1959 (71) Flaviviridae Mosquito Rodent Zika 1952 (72) Monkey Uganda Rockefeller Foundation 1952 (73) Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey Human A 1953 (74) Human UK Common Cold Reseach Picornaviridae Unit Sindbis 1953 (75) Mosquito Egypt Rockefeller Foundation 1963 (76) Togaviridae Mosquito Bird Human adenovirus B 1954 (77, 78) Human USA NIH/US Army Human adenovirus C 1954 (77) Human USA NIH Adenoviridae Human adenovirus E 1954 (77) Human USA NIH Adenoviridae Simian foamy 1954 (79) Cow USA Harvard U 1971 (80) Retroviridae Cow, cat, chimpanzee Human adenovirus D 1955 (81) Human USA U California, San Adenoviridae Francisco Crimean-Congo 1956 (82) Human DRC Provincial Medical Lab., Bunyaviridae Tick Cow, goat hemorrhagic Kisangani 1956 (83) Human Tanzania Rockefeller Foundation Togaviridae Mosquito Monkey, bird, bat Human herpesvirus 5 1956 (84) Human USA NIH Herpesviridae Human parainfluenza 2 1956 (85) Human USA U Cinncinati Paramyxoviridae Lebombo 1956 (86) Human, mosquito South Rockefeller Foundation 1968 (87) Reoviridae Mosquito Rodent Rio Bravo 1956 (88) Bat USA US Army 1962 (89) Flaviviridae Bat Bovine papular 1957 (90) Cow Germany Fed. Research Inst. 1967 (91) Poxviridae Cow stomatitis Animal Virus Dis. Human adenovirus A 1957 (92) Human Netherlands RK U, Tilburg Adenoviridae Kyasanur Forest 1957 (93) Human India Rockefeller Foundation Flaviviridae Tick Monkey disease Mayaro 1957 (94) Human Trinidad Rockefeller Foundation Togaviridae Mosquito Lizard, opossum, monkey Spondweni§ 1957 (95) Mosquito South Africa Rockefeller Foundation 1961 (96) Flaviviridae Mosquito Presumed Wesselsbron 1957 (97) Human, mosquito South Africa Onderstepoort Lab. Flaviviridae Mosquito Sheep Human parainfluenza 1 1958 (98) Human USA NIH Paramyxoviridae Human parainfluenza 3 1958 (98) Human USA NIH Paramyxoviridae Cow Human respiratory 1958 (99) Human France Pasteur Paramyxoviridae syncytial Junin 1958 (100) Human Argentina U Buenos Aires Arenaviridae Rodent Banzi 1959 (101) Human, mosquito South Africa Rockefeller Foundation Flaviviridae Mosquito Rodent Bussuquara (Aroa) 1959 (102) Monkey Brazil Rockefeller Foundation 1971 (103) Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey Guaroa 1959 (104) Human Colombia Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Mosquito Presumed Powassan 1959 (105) Human Canada Hospital for Sick Flaviviridae Tick Marmot, rodent Children Yaba monkey tumor 1959 (106) Monkey Nigeria National Inst. Medical 1965 (107) Poxviridae Monkey Research, UK Candiru 1960 (86) Human Brazil Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Presumed Presumed Dengue 3§ 1960 (108) Human Philippines U Pittsburgh Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey Dengue 4§ 1960 (108) Human Philippines U Pittsburgh Flaviviridae Mosquito Monkey Human parainfluenza 4 1960 (109) Human USA NIH Paramyxoviridae Human rhinovirus B 1960 (110) Human UK Common Cold Reseach Picornaviridae Unit 1960 (111) Monkey USA Merck Sharp Dohme 1972 (112) Poxviridae Monkey Corp. Piry 1960 (113) Mosquito Brazil Rockefeller Foundation 1964 (114) Rhabdoviridae Mosquito Opossum Quaranfil§ 1960 (115) Human, tick Egypt Rockefeller Foundation Orthomyxoviridae Tick Bird Caraparu 1961 (116) Human, mosquito, Brazil Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Mosquito Monkey monkey Catu 1961 (116) Human Brazil Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Mosquito Monkey, mouse

Rosenberg et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1307243110 4of12 Table S1. Cont. Human Discovery Incrimination

Virus Date Source Species Location* Institution† Date Source Family Vector Animal Host‡

Dhori 1961 (117) Tick India Rockefeller Foundation 1987 (118) Orthomyxoviridae Tick Camel Guama 1961 (116) Human, mosquito, Brazil Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Mosquito Monkey monkey Human 1961 (119) Human USA U Cinncinati Picornaviridae Marituba 1961 (116) Human, monkey Brazil Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Mosquito Monkey O’nyong-nyong 1961 (120) Human, mosquito Uganda East African Virus Togaviridae Mosquito Rodent Research Inst. Oriboca 1961 (116) Human, monkey Brazil Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Mosquito Monkey, rodent Oropouche 1961 (121) Human Trinidad Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Mosquito Tacaiuma 1961 (116) Monkey Brazil Rockefeller Foundation 1974 (86) Bunyaviridae Mosquito Monkey Foundation Equine rhinitis A 1962 (122) Horse, human UK Wellcome Research Picornaviridae Horse, monkey, Laboratories guinea pig Orungo 1962 (13) Mosquito Uganda East African Virus 1976 (123) Reoviridae Mosquito Sheep, monkey Research Inst. Edge Hill 1963 (124) Mosquito Australia Queensland Inst. 1993 (125) Flaviviridae Mosquito Rodent Medical Research Kemerovo 1963 (126) Human, tick Russia/USSR Acad. Medical Science, Reoviridae Tick Rodent, bird (Great Island) USSR Kokobera 1963 (124) Mosquito Australia Queensland Inst. 1986 (127) Flaviviridae Mosquito Kangaroo, horse Medical Research Pseudocowpox virus 1963 (128) Cow USA NIH 1963 (129) Poxviridae Cow Ross River 1963 (130) Mosquito Australia Queensland Inst. 1972 (131) Togaviridae Mosquito Bird, wallaby Medical Research Everglades 1964 (132) Human, mosquito USA CDC Togaviridae Mosquito Opposum, cotton rat Human herpesvirus 4 1964 (133) Human Uganda Middlesex U Medical Herpesviridae School Madrid 1964 (134) Human Panama Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Mosquito Spiny rat Mucambo 1964 (135) Human, mosquito, Brazil Rockefeller Foundation Togaviridae Mosquito Monkey monkey Usutu 1964 (136) Mosquito South Africa East African Virus 1995 (137) Flaviviridae Mosquito Bird, rodent Research Inst. Chagres§ 1965 (138) Human Panama NIH Bunyaviridae Sandfly Rodent Human coronavirus 1965 (139) Human UK Common Cold Reseach OC43 Unit Machupo 1965 (140) Human Bolivia NIH Arenaviridae Rodent Nyando 1965 (141) Mosquito Kenya East African Virus 1972 (142) Bunyaviridae Mosquito Presumed Research Inst. Thogoto 1965 (143) Tick Kenya East African Virus 1975 (87) Orthomyxoviridae Tick Cattle Research Inst. Bagaza 1966 (144) Mosquito CAR Pasteur 2009 (145) Flaviviridae Mosquito Bird Changuinola 1966 (146) Sandfly Panama NIH 1984 (147) Reoviridae Sandfly Presumed Human coronavirus 1966 (148) Human USA U Chicago Coronaviridae 229E Tataguine§ 1966 (149) Human Senegal Pasteur Bunyaviridae Mosquito Presumed Chandipura 1967 (150) Human India Rockefeller Foundation Rhabdoviridae Sandfly Monkey, horse, goat Human enterovirus D 1967 (151) Human USA California Dept. Health Picornaviridae 1967 (152) Monkey Kenya U Liverpool 1971 (153) Poxviridae Monkey Vesicular stomatitis 1967 (154) Human, horse Brazil Universidade Federal do Rhabdoviridae Sandfly Horse, cattle Alagoa Rio de Janeiro Human herpesvirus 2 1968 (155) Human USA Baylor U Herpesviridae Marburg 1967 (156) Human Uganda Porton Bat Bhanja§ 1969 (157) Tick India Rockefeller Foundation 1975 (158) Bunyaviridae Tick Cattle, sheep, goat § 1969 (159) Seal Canada Ontario Veterinary 1987 (160) Poxviridae Seal College Hepatitis B 1970 (161) Human USA Inst. Cancer Research, Philadelphia Lassa 1970 (162) Human Nigeria Columbia U Arenaviridae Rodent Mokola 1970 (163) Shrew Nigeria Rockefeller Foundation 1972 (164) Rhabdoviridae Shrews Punta Toro 1970 (165) Human Panama U Pittsburgh Bunyaviridae Sandfly Presumed Wanowrie§ 1970 (166) Tick India Virus Research Centre, 1976 (167) Bunyaviridae Tick Presumed Poona BK 1971 (168) Human UK Central Public Health Lab.

Rosenberg et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1307243110 5of12 Table S1. Cont. Human Discovery Incrimination

Virus Date Source Species Location* Institution† Date Source Family Vector Animal Host‡

Duvenhage 1971 (169) Human South Africa Polio Research Rhabdoviridae Bat Foundation JC 1971 (170) Human USA U Wisconsin Polyomaviridae Norwalk 1972 (171) Human USA NIH calicivirus Shuni 1972 (172) Human, midge Nigeria Rockefeller Foundation Bunyaviridae Midge Cattle, horse B19 1973 (173) Human UK S. London Blood Apes Transfusion Centre Bangui§ 1973 (174) Human CAR Pasteur Bunyaviridae Mosquito Presumed Gan Gan§ 1973 (175) Mosquito Australia Australian National U 1990 (176) Bunyaviridae Mosquito Presumed Hepatitis A 1973 (177) Human USA Jefferson Medial Picornaviridae College Issyk-Kul§ 1973 (178) Tick, bat Kyrgyzstan Academy Medical 1980 (179) Bunyaviridae Tick Bat Science, USSR A 1973 (180) Human Australia Royal Childrens’ Reoviridae Hospital, Melbourne Human 1975 (181) Human UK Central Public Astroviridae Health Lab. Tamdy§ 1976 (182) Tick Uzbekistan Academy Medical 1984 (183) Bunyaviridae Tick Rodent Science, USSR Tonate 1976 (184) Bird French Guiana Pasteur 2000 (185) Togaviridae Mosquito Bird Hepatitis delta 1977 (186) Human Italy U Turin Detavirus Zaire 1977 (187–189) Human DRC Porton/CDC/Antwerp Filoviridae Presumed Sudan Ebola 1977 (187–189) Human Sudan Porton/CDC/Antwerp Filoviridae Presumed Hantaan 1978 (190) Human Korea Korean U Medical Bunyaviridae Rodent School 1979 (191) Human Japan Sapporo Medical College Human T-lymphotropic 1980 (192) Human USA NIH Retroviridae 1 (PTLV-1) Puumala 1980 (193) Human, vole Finland U Helsinki Bunyaviridae Voles, rodent Barmah Forest 1982 (194) Mosquito Australia Australian National U 1988 (195) Togaviridae Mosquito Bird European bat 1982 (196) Bat Russia/USSR Acad. Medical Science, 1989 (197) Rhabdoviridae Bat 1 USSR Rotavirus C 1982 (198) Human Australia Royal Childrens Reoviridae Hospital, Victoria Seoul 1982 (199) Human Korea Korean U Medical Bunyaviridae Rodent School Hepatitis E 1983 (200) Human Russia/USSR Inst. Polio & Viral Pig Encephalitis, USSR HIV 1 1983 (201, 202) Human France/USA Pasteur/NIH Retroviridae Human adenovirus F 1983 (203, 204) Human Sweden/Japan U Hospital, Adenoviridae Uppsala/Sapporo Med. College Human papillomavirus 1983 (205) Human Germany U Freiburg 16 (Alpha 9) Human papillomavirus 1984 (206) Human Germany U Freiburg Papillomaviridae 18 (Alpha 7) Human 1984 (207) Human UK East Birmingham Coronaviridae Horse, cow Hospital Rotavirus B 1985 (208) Human China Inst. Virology, Beijing Reoviridae Pig European bat 1986 (209) Bat Finland Aurora Hospital Rhabdoviridae Bat lyssavirus 2 HIV 2 1986 (210) Human France Pasteur Retroviridae Human herpesvirus 6b 1986 (211) Human USA NIH Herpesviridae Human 1986 (212) Human USA BRL Inc. Papillomaviridae papillomavirus-31 Human 1986 (213) Human France Pasteur Papillomaviridae papillomavirus-33 Kasokero§ 1986 (214) Bat, human Uganda Uganda Virus Research Bunyaviridae Bat Inst. Human 1987 (215) Human USA BRL Inc. Papillomaviridae papillomavirus-35 Human 1987 (216) Human USA Johns Hopkins U Papillomaviridae papillomavirus-45 Human 1988 (217) Human USA Georgetown U Papillomaviridae papillomavirus-52 1988 (218) Rat Brazil Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1993 (219) picobirna Rodent, pig

Rosenberg et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1307243110 6of12 Table S1. Cont. Human Discovery Incrimination

Virus Date Source Species Location* Institution† Date Source Family Vector Animal Host‡

Hepatitis C 1989 (220) Human USA Chiron Corp. Flaviviridae Reston Ebola 1989 (221) Monkey USA US Army 1990 (222) Filoviridae Monkey, pig Banna 1990 (223) Human China Chinese Academy Reoviridae Mosquito Presumed Preventive Medicine Human 1990 (224) Human Japan Nationa. Inst. Health, Papillomaviridae papillomavirus-58 Japan Guanarito 1991 (225) Human Venezuela Yale U Arenaviridae Rodent Dobrava-Belgrade 1992 (226) Human, mouse Slovenia Ljubljana Medical Bunyaviridae Mouse School Sin Nombre 1993 (227) Human USA CDC Bunyaviridae Rodent Human herpesvirus 7 1994 (228) Human Japan Osaka Medical School Herpesviridae Human herpesvirus 8 1994 (229) Human USA Columbia U Herpesviridae New York 1994 (230) Mouse USA NIH 1995 (231) Bunyaviridae Rodent Sabia 1994 (232) Human Brazil Inst. A. Lutz Arenaviridae Rodent Bayou 1995 (233) Human USA CDC Bunyaviridae Rodent Black Creek Canal 1995 (234) Rat USA CDC 1995 (235) Bunyaviridae Rodent Cote d’Ivoire Ebola 1995 (236) Human Cote d’Ivoire Pasteur Filoviridae Chimpanzee (Taï Forest Ebola) Hendra 1995 (237) Human, horse Australia CSIRO Paramyxoviridae Horse, bat Andes 1996 (238) Human Argentina National Inst. Bunyaviridae Rodent Microbiology Australian bat 1996 (239) Human, bat Australia Australia Dept. Rhabdoviridae Bat lyssavirus Agriculture, NSW Laguna Negra 1997 (240) Human Paraguay CDC Bunyaviridae Rodent Menangle§ 1998 (241) Human, pig, bat Australia MacArthur Agricultural Paramyxoviridae Pig, bat Inst., NSW Nipah 1999 (242, 243) Human Malaysia U Malaysia Paramyxoviridae Pig, bat Human 2001 (244) Human Netherlands Erasmus U Paramyxoviridae metapneumovirus Severe acute respiratory 2003 (245–247) Human Hong Kong U Hong Kong/CDC/ Coronaviridae Bat syndrome Nocht Hamburg Human coronavirus 2004 (248, 249) Human Netherlands U Amsterdam/ Coronaviridae NL63 Erasmus U 1§ 2005 (250) Human Sweden Karolinska U Parvoviridae Human coronavirus 2005 (251) Human Hong Kong U Hong Kong Coronaviridae HKU1 Human adenovirus G 2007 (252) Human USA US Air Force Adenoviridae KI§ 2007 (253) Human Sweden Karolinska U Polyomaviridae Melaka§ 2007 (254) Human, bat Malaysia National Public Reoviridae Bat Health Lab. Saffold (SAF-V)§ 2007 (255) Human USA US Air Force Picornaviridae WU§ 2007 (256) Human USA Washington U Polyomaviridae Astrovirus MLBI§ 2008 (257) Human Australia Washington U Astroviridae Bundibugyo Ebola 2008 (258) Human Uganda CDC Filoviridae Presumed Chapare 2008 (259) Human Bolivia CDC Arenaviridae Presumed Human E1§ 2008 (260) Human Australia Washington U Picornaviridae Merkel cell 2008 (261) Human USA U Pittsburgh Polyomaviridae polyomavirus§ Astrovirus VA1§ 2009 (262) Human USA Washington U Astroviridae Human klassevirus/ 2009 (263) Human Australia Washington U Picornaviridae § Lujo§ 2009 (264) Human South Africa Columbia U Arenaviridae Presumed

Ordered chronologically by date of discovery from 1897 through 2010, with the countries of discovery and the institutions of the senior authors. If discovery was in a species other than humans, the date incriminated as a cause of human disease is also given. Vector-borne viruses (arboviruses) are in boldface; major taxonomic synonyms for virus names are in parentheses. *Current country names are used for discovery locations. CAR, Central African Republic; DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo; UK, United Kingdom. † The Rockefeller Foundation and The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now The Rockefeller University) are separate entities; Pasteur includes Institut Pasteur, Paris and overseas stations with the name. CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CSIRO, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; NIH, US National Institutes of Health; Porton, Microbiological Research Establishment, UK; U, university. ‡The list of animal hosts is representative of major known zoonotic reservoirs but is not comprehensive. Viruses for which no host is known but which epidemiological evidence indicates must be zoonotic are “presumed.” §Viruses not given specific status by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (Methods).

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Rosenberg et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1307243110 11 of 12 Table S2. Comparison of virus taxonomic families for the 83 arbovirus and 130 nonarbovirus species listed in Table S1 Arboviruses Nonarboviruses

Family Genome No. (proportion) Family Genome No. (proportion)

Bunyaviridae ssRNA− 31 (0.37) Picornaviridae ssRNA+ 14 (0.11) Flaviviridae ssRNA+ 26 (0.32) Paramyxoviridae ssRNA− 12 (0.09) Togaviridae ssRNA+ 12 (0.15) Bunyaviridae ssRNA- 11 (0.08) Reoviridae dsDNA 6 (0.07) Poxviridae dsDNA 11 (0.08) Rhabdoviridae ssRNA− 5 (0.06) Herpesviridae dsDNA 10 (0.08) Orthomyxoviridae ssRNA− 3 (0.03) Arenaviridae ssRNA− 8 (0.06) 83 Papillomaviridae dsDNA 8 (0.06) Adenoviridae dsDNA 7 (0.06) Rhabdoviridae ssRNA− 6 (0.05) Coronaviridae ssRNA+ 6 (0.05) Filoviridae ssRNA− 6 (0.05) Polyomaviridae dsDNA 5 (0.04) Reoviridae dsDNA 4 (0.03) Retroviridae ssRNA (RT) 4 (0.03) Astroviridae ssRNA+ 3 (0.02) Orthomyxoviridae ssRNA− 3 (0.02) Caliciviridae ssRNA+ 2 (0.02) Flaviviridae ssRNA+ 2 (0.02) Parvoviridae ssDNA 2 (0.02) Togaviridae ssRNA+ 1 (0.01) Bornaviridae ssRNA− 1 (0.01) Deltavirus circ ssRNA 1 (0.01) Hepadnaviridae circ DNA 1 (0.01) Hepeviridae dsDNA 1 (0.01) Picobirnaviridae dsRNA 1 (0.01) 130

Genomes: circ, circular; ds, double stranded; RT, ; ss, single stranded.

Table S3. Institutions primarily responsible for discovering two or more pathogenic viruses Nonarboviruses Arboviruses

NIH 12 (0.09) The Rockefeller Foundation* 35 (0.42) CDC 6 (0.05) Academy Medical Science, USSR 5 (0.06) Institut Pasteur 5 (0.04) East African Virus Research Inst. 5 (0.06) Washington University 5 (0.04) US Army 5 (0.06) Columbia University 4 (0.03) Institut Pasteur 4 (0.05) Common Cold Research Unit, UK 3 (0.02) Queensland Inst. Medical Research 3 (0.04) Sapporo Hospital/Medical School 3 (0.02) Rockefeller Inst. Medical Research* 3 (0.04) BRL Inc. 2 (0.02) University of Pittsburgh 3 (0.04) Central Public Health Laboratory 2 (0.02) Australian National University 2 (0.02) Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto 2 (0.02) Kabete Veterinary Laboratory 2 (0.02) The Johns Hopkins University 2 (0.02) NIH 2 (0.02) Karolinska University 2 (0.02) Korean University Medical School 2 (0.02) New York State Dept. Health 2 (0.02) New York University 2 (0.02) Rockefeller Inst. Medical Research.* 2 (0.02) US Air Force 2 (0.02) US Army 2 (0.02) University Freiburg 2 (0.02) University of Cincinnati 2 (0.02) University of London 2 (0.02)

Shown are the number of virus discoveries credited to each institution and, in parentheses, the proportions of all nonarboviruses (n = 130) or arboviruses (n = 83) discovered. *The Rockefeller Foundation and Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now The Rockefeller University) are separate entities even though the Foundation’s International Health Division Laboratory was located on the Institute campus.

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