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Electric Light: Automating the Carceral State During the Quantification of Ve Erything

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Electric Light: Automating the Carceral State During the Quantification of Ve Erything City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2018 Electric Light: Automating the Carceral State During the Quantification of vE erything R. Joshua Scannell The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2571 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Electric Light: Automating the Carceral State During the Quantification of Everything by R. Joshua Scannell A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Sociology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2018 i © 2018 R. Joshua Scannell All Rights Reserved ii Electric Light: Automating the Carceral State During the Quantification of Everything by R. Joshua Scannell This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Sociology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________ __________________________________________ Date Patricia Ticineto Clough Chair of Examining Committee ______________________ __________________________________________ Date Lynn Chancer Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Victoria Pitts-Taylor, Department of Sociology Michael Jacobson, CUNY Institute for State and Local Governance Jasbir K. Puar, Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University The City University of New York iii ABSTRACT Electric Light: Automating the Carceral State During the Quantification of Everything Author: R. Joshua Scannell Advisor: Patricia T. Clough This dissertation traces the rise of digitally-driven policing technologies in order to make sense of how prevailing logics of governance are transformed by ubiquitous computing technology. Beginning in the early 1990s, police departments and theorists began to rely on increasingly detailed sets of metrics to evaluate performance. The adoption of digital technology to streamline quantitative evaluation coincided with a steep decline in measured crime that served as a proof- of-concept for the effectivity of digital police surveillance and analytics systems. During the turbulent first two decades of the 21st century, such digital technologies were increasingly associated with reform projects designed to improve the transparency and accountability of police departments. This dissertation challenges that assertion, and argues that digitization functions to make “numerical” and “mathematical” racial and sexual violence that is internal to policing neoliberal political economy. Rather than transparency and accountability, this dissertation posits that the effect of digitally-driven police technology is the accelerative disentangling of the “human” from “life” and “life” from government. The consequence has been the ossification of a racialized carceral state under the aegis of putatively anti-racist technocratic governance. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation doesn’t have a single author. It is the work of so many people, most of whom I’m afraid I will forget to thank. Thanks, first and “beyond measure” to my chair and mentor Patricia Ticineto Clough, about whom I cannot ever say enough. Enormous thanks to my committee, Victoria Pitts-Taylor, Michael Jacobson, and Jasbir Puar, and also to Ruth Wilson Gilmore (it still counts). There is no better group of people to learn from not only about how to be an academic, but just how to be. I am incredibly fortunate. Thank you to my Graduate Center family and friends. Erin, Ben, and Karen all know what they’ve done and that I won’t forget it. The 2010 sociology cohort is such a wellspring of support and inspiration, and I am so lucky to have gone through grad school with such a crew of brilliant troublemakers. So many students across so many years made the Graduate Center a place that sometimes almost felt like a home, and I so cherish all of the wonderful friendships I’ve made there. Thanks to Rati, who is the only reason I actually manage to finish anything. I did much of the research and preliminary drafting while a dissertation writing fellow at the GC’s Center for Place, Culture, and Politics. Thank you to Ruthie, Peter Hitchcock, David Harvey, and Mary Taylor for giving me the opportunity. And thank you to the 2015-2016 fellows for teaching me more than I would have dreamed possible in such a short time. This dissertation, quite literally, could not and would not have happened without the generosity of scholarship and of spirit that I found at CPCP. v Many of the concepts in this dissertation were first explained to me at seminars, working groups, and events organized through the GC Center for Humanities. I’d like in particular to thank everyone involved in the Life of Things seminar, which seems to have successfully made all of us who came near it a degree or two weirder. Much of this is an outgrowth of presentations I gave at a number of conferences. These include annual meetings of the Cultural Studies Association, Society for Literature Science and the Arts, Eastern Sociological Society, American Studies Association, and Theorizing the Web, as well as Hacking Feminism, Queer Circuits in Archival Times, and the ESRC Futures in Question conference. Thank you so much to the organizers of these forums for giving me the opportunity to share my work, and to the many panelists and scholars who have given me so much incredible feedback and useful pushback. A version of part of the conclusion is forthcoming in Captivating Technology: Reimagining Race, Resistance, and Carceral Technoscience in Everyday Life. Thank you to my colleagues at Hunter college, who have been supportive, accommodating, and willing to put up with the neuroses of a dissertating adjunct when they didn’t really need to. And thank you to my students, who don’t believe me that I’m really their student and that they’re great teachers. Finally, thank you to my friends and family. There are, actually, quite a lot of you. And while I love you all dearly, I want specially to thank mom, dad, Anna, and Niki, for loving me even when I don’t love myself, and supporting me in this when I’m really not sure about my life choices. You all have my whole heart. vi Last, thank you Stevie. You added easily a year to this process, but you’re cute and I’m glad that you make me go outside with you every day. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... V INTRODUCTION: ELECTRIC LIGHT.............................................................................................. 1 COMPSTAT ........................................................................................................................................ 45 ONE: BREAKING WINDOWS .......................................................................................................... 46 TWO: POLICING LARGE NUMBERS ............................................................................................ 69 ANALYTICS ..................................................................................................................................... 111 FOUR: ALL YOUR BYTES ARE BELONG TO US ........................................................................ 112 FIVE: CALCULATING COUNTERINSURGENCY .................................................................................... 143 SIX: GAMING BRUTE FORCE ....................................................................................................... 168 CONCLUSION: POLICING THE VIRTUAL ................................................................................. 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................................. 249 viii INTRODUCTION: ELECTRIC LIGHT The machine could swallow everything, incorporate it seamlessly, like a giant loom that reweaves all fabric, no matter how recalcitrant and jarring its raw form, into what my hero would have called a master-pattern – or, if not that, then maybe just the pattern of the master. Tom McCarthy Satin Island Mimetic becomes apocalyptic in the penal landscape that is passing for a homeland – and logically so, for this is where death is manufactured. Joy James Warfare in the American Homeland On December 15, 2014, twelve days after a Staten Island Jury fails to indict NYPD Officer Daniel Pantaleo for choking Eric Garner to death, Newsweek publishes an op-ed called “Can Big Data Help Build Trust in the Police?” (Lim 2014). The pitch is simple. The failure of Grand Juries to indict Pantaleo in New York, and Officer Darren Wilson, the man who shot teenager Michael Brown to death in Ferguson, Missouri, have “spurred a national conversation on police- community relations.” President Barack Obama’s effort to engage in that “conversation” is a Task Force on 21st Century Policing that the op-ed argues is doomed to fail unless it embraces a “21st century approach.” That approach has to harness the way “individuals and organizations use data to improve performance.” The problem with policing and
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