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Selenium and Zinc Enriched Bioproducts Generated from Wastewater As Micronutrient Feed Supplements and Biofertilizers

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Selenium and Zinc Enriched Bioproducts Generated from Wastewater As Micronutrient Feed Supplements and Biofertilizers Selenium and zinc enriched bioproducts generated from wastewater as micronutrient feed supplements and biofertilizers Jun Li 2021 Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University & Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Promotors: - Prof. Dr. ir. Gijs Du Laing Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium - Prof. Dr. ir. Prof. Piet Lens UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands - Prof. Dr. ir. Ivet Ferrer Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain Members of the examination committee: - Prof. Stefaan De Smet Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium - Prof. Diederik Rousseau Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium - Prof. Dongli Liang Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China - Dr. Gary Banuelos USDA-ARS, Water Management Research Unit, California, United States - Dr. Rubén Díez-Montero Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Spain Dean of the faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Prof. dr. ir. Marc Van Meirvenne Rector of Ghent University Prof. dr. ir. Rik Van de Walle Dutch translation of the title: Selenium en zink verrijkte bioproducten gegenereerd uit afvalwater als voedingssupplementen voor micronutriënten en micronutriëntenmeststoffen ISBN: Please refer this work to: Li, J. (2021). Selenium and zinc enriched bioproducts generated from wastewater as feed micronutrient supplements and micronutrient fertilizers. Ph.D. dissertation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium & Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. © 2021 by Jun Li. The author and the promotors give the authorization to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. Table of Contents Summary ..................................................................................................................... 6 Samenvatting ............................................................................................................. 10 Resumen ................................................................................................................... 14 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 1 General introduction .................................................................................. 21 1.1 Motivation ......................................................................................................... 22 1.2 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 23 1.3 Outline of the dissertation ................................................................................. 24 Chapter 2 Literature review ....................................................................................... 26 2.1 Occurrence of Se.............................................................................................. 27 2.2 Se toxicity and deficiency ................................................................................. 29 2.3 Approaches for addressing Se deficiency - biofortification ............................... 34 2.4 Approaches for addressing Zn deficiency – biofortification ............................... 37 2.5 Micronutrient-enriched organic materials as Se/Zn biofertilizers for biofortification ......................................................................................................... 38 2.6 Local “green” micronutrient-enriched bioproducts production by micronutrient removal from wastewater ....................................................................................... 40 Chapter 3 Production of selenium- and zinc-enriched Lemna and Azolla as potential micronutrient-enriched bioproducts............................................................................ 42 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 43 Keywords ................................................................................................................ 43 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 44 3.2 Materials and methods ..................................................................................... 45 3.2.1 Experimental materials ............................................................................... 45 3.2.2 Experimental design ................................................................................... 46 3.2.3 Analytical methods ..................................................................................... 46 3.2.4 Statistical analysis ...................................................................................... 48 3.3 Results ............................................................................................................. 49 3.3.1 Plant growth ............................................................................................... 49 3.3.2 Se concentration in Lemna and Azolla ....................................................... 51 3.3.3 Se accumulation and removal by Lemna and Azolla .................................. 53 3.3.4 BCFSe ......................................................................................................... 53 3.3.5 Zn concentration in Lemna and Azolla ....................................................... 57 3.3.6 Zn accumulation, removal and BCFZn ........................................................ 58 1 3.3.7 Protein content ........................................................................................... 58 3.3.8 Se speciation in the plants ......................................................................... 59 3.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 61 3.4.1 Se uptake and toxic effects of Se and Zn on Lemna and Azolla ................ 61 3.4.2 Simultaneous uptake of Se and Zn ............................................................ 63 3.4.3 Potential of Lemna and Azolla for wastewater treatment and production of micronutrient-enriched bioproducts ..................................................................... 65 3.5 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 67 Supplementary Information .................................................................................... 68 Chapter 4 Valorization of Se-enriched sludge and duckweed generated from wastewater through ecotechnologies as micronutrient biofertilizers .......................... 75 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 76 Keywords ................................................................................................................ 76 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 77 4.2 Materials and methods ..................................................................................... 78 4.2.1 Soil collection and characterization ............................................................ 78 4.2.2 Crops screening pot experiment ................................................................ 79 4.2.3 Valorization of Se-enriched biomaterials as Se biofertilizers ...................... 80 4.2.4 Analytical methods ..................................................................................... 82 4.2.5 Estimated daily intake and health risk assessment of the bean seeds ....... 83 4.2.6 Statistical analysis ...................................................................................... 84 4.3 Results ............................................................................................................. 84 4.3.1 Crops screening for five plants ................................................................... 84 4.3.2 Characterization of the Se-enriched biomaterials....................................... 87 4.3.3 Se released to non-planted soils (availability) amended with Se-enriched biomaterials ......................................................................................................... 89 4.3.4 Se released to planted soils (bioavailability) amended with Se-enriched biomaterials ......................................................................................................... 91 4.3.5 pH, TC and TOC contents in the soil pore water ........................................ 99 4.3.6 Evaluation of the Se-enriched biomaterials produced from wastewater as micronutrient fertilizers ........................................................................................ 99 4.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 100 4.4.1 Se toxicity and accumulation in different
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