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CHERISIIING DIFFERENCE: THEORETICÄL PERSPECTIVEs oN NON_I]IN^RY ETHICS ÂS À FEMINIST RESPONSE TO VIOLENCE BY KAREN L. SCHMIDT Ä Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Social Work Faculty of Social Vort University of Mantitoba Vinnipeg, Manitoba (c) March, 199l 8ib{io{h€qu€ na(ionate E*E i,"åäxLi"* du Canada Cacadiao Theses Service Service des ftèsès c¿natlie*i,res O(ewa. Cãô¿da KIA ON4 The. author has granted en inevocable non. L'auteur a accordé une l¡cence lnévocabte l¡c€nce aflowiqg et :Ilysiv9 üþNaüo{iat Ubrary nol pemetþnt å la BiHiothfuue ot canada to reproduce. lqan, cfsttbute .ex$u-sive orsá nat¡or¡ale du Ca¡rada ¿e reprodulre. coples of hls/her hesis by an¡l mear¡s orêiãr. r¡nd ln osmþuer ou veodre des coples de sd nesd af¡y fom or formaE {¡ìaldng ü¡¡s ftes¡sar¡ailable de quehue manière et sous quelqüe forme to interested personb, que ce soit pour mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition ¿es dèrsor¡nãs intéressées. Theeuthor retains ownership of the copyright L'auteur ¡n his/her consave la propriété du drol-t d auteur . thesis. Neither the thesìõ fur qur protqTe sa thise. Ni la thèse ni des substantial exkacts from it may be printe¿ ãi exü-ajts otherw¡se substantiels de cefleci ne doivent être reproduced w¡thoùt hid/he; per- rmpnmes mission. ou autrement reproduits sans son autorisation ISBN ø-315-768ø4-5 Carradä CHERISHING DIFFERENCE: T H EO R ETIC AL P ER S P EC TIV ES ON NON-BIN.A RY ETHICS AS Á FEMINISÎ RESPONSE TO VIOLENCE BY KAREN L. SCHMIDT A tl¡esis subnrincd to thc Faculty of G¡aduate Studies of tlre University of Menitoba in partial fullillment of thc requircnren ts of the deg¡ee of ITIASTER OF SOCIAL WORK o 1991 Permission has bccn granted to thc LIBRARY OF THE UNMR. S¡TY OF MANITOBA to lend o¡ s¿ll copies of rhis rhcsis. ro lhc NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA ro rnicrofilm rhís thesis and to lcnd o¡ scll copics oi tle film, and UNIVERSITY MICROF¡LMS to publish an abst'âct of ¡his thcsis. The author ¡cscrvcs othcr publ¡cation rig¡ts, end ncithcr thc thesis nor cxtensive cxlracts from il may bc pnntcC or othcr- wise reproduccd without thc âuthor's writtcn pcrmiss¡on. ÄBSTRACT A paradigm of binar.isn teaches a politic of delense that prevents open development of nonviolence. In a theoretical studv of nonviolence I put forward an alternative that considers insLeacf Lhe development of responses that are non-binary and non-enemy: in other words, non- oppositional and non-divisionary directions - ethics that seek to cherish and bridge difference. Using a feminist framevork the dichotomy bets/een violence and nonviolence is considered in the context of Buddhist, North A merican .A.boriginal and French Feminist ethics. In all, spiritual and political dimensions of nonviolence are studied in relationship to social change. ,ACKNOWLIDGMENTS I am grateful for mv conlnlittee. Dr. Joan pennell, my advisor who supporled my independent and "idiosl'ncralic' approach to social change ethics and healing. Dr. Dal,ne À,fcCance who ga\¡e ne the encouragement I needed to rvrite Co),ote and \\'ho introduced nìe to the necessity of retrieving the poetic as the political force behind gestures of "reaching out" lo the Ínonstrous. instde and out. Dr. Joe Kypers for his kindness, enthusiasm and gentle regard lor my work. All three for their intelligence and integrity. I am lucky to have loving family and friends. This thesis was much more than an acadenic exercise and vould not have been completed s/ithout the faith and support of my parents, Alice and Henry Schmidt and those f¡iends vho kept me spiritually and politically fed. Especially, thank-you to Marl' Sweeney and llilly Ruth Wood for reading my draft with such love and interest; Ron Schvartz lor late-night dialogues and tea; Richard Claxton, Lilith li4cClellan and Marilyn Wolovick in the Kootenal''5 for their tenderness and for treating my vriting space with respect. Deep gratitude to Debbie Schwartz for introducing me to quantum physics theory and sharing vith me a jourirey into Buddhist and Natural Lav ethics with renewed questioning and committment to our feminist visions. Finally, it needs to be acknowledged that at my 'defense'there sat three women, all mothers vho have not had the luxury of studying in the way I have, yet $/ere so generous in their support. Thank-you, Pat, Erica and Debbie. TABLE OF EUNT:EI{TE PÄCT INTRODUCTION I THE ABYSS I 2. ETHICS AND VIOLENCT 2 I \I'ÄLLS 0F DrSC0NNECIIoN .. 9 {. WEBS OF CONNECIION lû ) THEORFIICAL FRÄMTWORK t2 ó THI PASSAGES .... t5 I PASSAGE INTO POWER I, POWER OITR 20 .COLONIZATION, -cLûsED SYSTÎMS . ..,... ......... .,., 22 2 POWER WITH .. ..... 2j -sELr-c0!'¡tNANC8 ..................... -NATURAL LÄW MHICS 27 -OPEN SYSTTMS 30 II PASSAGE INTO PERSONÀL DISARMÄMENT I. CROSSING OVER RATHER THAN DRAWING TI{E LINÐ ..... J) pR0cEss 2. FEMINTST ....... .. ... , .. 38 3. DISARMING THE ENEMY VITHIN 42 4. MY CALL T0 H0PE ... .. .,, 47 III PASSAGE INTO PEACE I. THE BOUNDLESS IiEAXT 49 2. TI{E B0UNDINc HIÁRT ................ ............................. 53 3. INTERBEiNG t6 -AHIMSA 57 -TIEP HIEN 60 {. APPENDIX: TIEP HIEN PRECEPTS ....,......,.,...., ...... ......... 64 IV PASSAGE INTO POETICS I, BEOINNING 66 2, ANOTI{ER BEGINNING,.,.....,..,,.., 67 3.'THE VÁLLS DO NOTF.{LL'' 70 -AGORAPHOBIA -CROSSING OVER TI{E V¡,LLS 74 .{. TRÁNSGRESSIyE JTSTATI0NS ., ........ ............. 78 -MiSÊ EN PROCES -KEEPING TI{E POET FRTE ....,...,..,.. 82 IN THE NAME OF LoW ,......,......,, EE ', -"TI{E SINGABLE REMAINS' -PUTIING OURSELVES ONTRIAL SO WE DON'T HAVE TO HÄNG OTHERS .,.,,...,. 9t 6. BEGINNING AGAIN .,.,.,..,.,.,,,,..... 9t V PASSAGE INTO PARADOX 1. COYOTT AS CRISIS YORKER 97 2. COYOTE ÂS LAW BREÁKER 99 poFI 3. COYoTE AS ................... LÙz BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION fr*tuecn útz cottscint*s o;nÁ. thz unoonscior¿s, dw mtnd. fios putup a. swlnj. ÀJL earl:h's cteal-*res, wen Íhø supørtrruøs, swøt4 bøtwtzn tlwsø ttuo lre.cs, ønd, Lbnevp¡ wLnds d.owtt. Angrl, aninrals, humans, insxlr..lrs bg ths fil;.lhiÐtt, otso thø ary go bg, and, tt- goe^s on. Everytlrlung rs swLngïng: hwett, æ-rth, wolør, fke, olnl, fræ seerøl onz dawLg growíng *bod4. X;a.Htr saw lhat lor f|ftæt seconds, o;t:d, Lt madø Íu"m a w volú. lor LïJø. K,ahl.t I. THE ABYSS TÍw mtnd, creatns úo ahyss ønd, 6tøÍlrlar¡, crossøs ovøÍ Lt.. I,ovø ts ltz brldry. E. Lepi¡tø There is an immense abyss called r/ar. The war is taking place daily in our own bodies and souls, in our homes, aûd betveen countries. We have all created the monsters inhabiting this planet. We are all responsible for finding ways of deconstructing the enemy carBps here inside of each of us and there outside all around. It is a deep abyss. The muscles in my neck strain wi!h efforl as I bend cauliously anO takS a look. My head moves slowly, laboriously looking I'or one point of focus - an opening into understandrng what this abyss has to teach and vhere I can ever find rhe bridge to cross over. l{ell, the litany shows, the only way is through. This thesis signifies five passages or praxes in this journey. This introductjon maps lhe preparation and principles I bring to these passages. 2. fiHICS AND VIOLENCE fñt gesburø, cach word,, tp,tú,Et )e., øaút rrr:æn *ware ol Ítow wsrúß ønd. pvut a[,wør1s dnrfuø Jrom frw snw sourcs, al;poys sezÅ.¡î tÐ llt in lhzstlpr. Thc, iÅú,ør ftÃtlah!.ø *a.tfl r lÃæ r ela açlng jour tæ,.ç ¡ht ough ctt&s aú. yt**trys:tdøønnptiad, oJ wíæ and. laæ as íJ onhg silzncøæutd.æ.rrg útz wer4ht ol whal's fut said.. ..wle.n plutosophy afld, gú,tlnrl- grown silctrl l'n aÍLl*,guagøs ' L. Ttst*,lÅr, To whom {nes annlhi.tabíon spcqÉ, as i.f Jor thølLrsltLntz? Å.. f,ioÍt Since the mid 1970's, the battered s/omen's movement has brought attention to a global scale, the scope and urgency of violence suffered by t soplle, "by the smallest possible margin," (Toro¡to:Coach House press, lggE) p,4E, poeq ("addressing .This absen ce tulns th¿t absence into presen ce,, ) c-ulmínat¿s in above quote: a description of Claude Lanzmann'j film SÁoaá. "Sboah, , aonihilation, a title, a proroise. Nine and ¿halfhours of inte¡vievs of Jevish vitness survivors, Nazi officers aqd functionaries, potish peasants and tovnspeople vho lived in the ¿reas of the extermination camps.,' 3 women ancl children.2 Today, signs of decreasing violence are difiicult to lind. Abuse shelters remain lull, refugee camps cannot contain the overflow, and the Persian Gulf War rages. Models of binarism teaching oppressive sexual, race and class divisions seep into our children's lives through most educational and religious institutions and a multi-million dollar pornography industry that has infiltrated rock videos. Cynicism and negativism are easy to lind and stand as important clues that the vorld is in need of deep caring. Competition and greed, if continued at the present pace, threatens 500,000 species of plants and animals by year 2,000 3 Economic 'solutions' continue along a linear logos that defies ethics of indeterminancy, redistribution and global mutuality.4 All in all, ve live in a catastrophic time vhere the ìnterdependence of all life has become a fragile web brutalized by politics of prolir and milita¡ization. The reality of our lives calls us to acknowledge the divisions experienced and practised daily.