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Types of Government
TYPES OF GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS, AND INDIVIDUALS THAT EXERCISE POLITICAL AUTHORITY ON BEHALF OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE CITIZEN A LEGAL MEMBER OF A COUNTRY CONSTITUTION A WRITTEN PLAN OF GOVERNMENT TYPES OF GOVERNMENT Limited Unlimited In a limited government even the people !Power in the hands of one person" who make the laws have to obey them." !In unlimited governments all the power !Usually limited by constitution (plan of belongs to the ruler." government)" !There are no rules or laws that the ruler !Examples:" must obey." ! Direct Democracy" !Examples:" ! Representative Democracy" ! Totalitarianism" ! Constitutional Monarchy" ! Monarchy" ! Dictatorship" DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS DEMOCRACY: RULE BY THE PEOPLE lGovernment! is elected by the people POWER TO THE PEOPLE lEveryone! over a certain age is able to vote and has a say in who is elected to lead lElections! are held to determine who is in charge DIRECT DEMOCRACY “ALL VOTERS IN A COMMUNITY MEET IN ONE PLACE TO MAKE LAWS AND DECIDE WHAT ACTIONS NEED TO TAKE PLACE” !Pros: ! Every citizen has equal power in matters of government. Every citizen is involved in the decision making. ! Since all citizens are involved in decision making, there is a broad base of support and loyalty. ! Individual liberties are protected. !Cons: ! Only works when a small number of people are involved. Ability to gather all citizens in one place is necessary. ! Decision making involving all citizens is time-consuming. All citizens give in-put, debate, etc... !Examples: ! Town Hall ! Ancient Greece in Athens REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY (REPUBLIC) PEOPLE ELECT REPRESENTATIVES TO CARRY ON THE WORK OF GOVERNMENT !Pros: ! Citizens are too busy to learn about and vote on all laws, electing representatives that become experts in law making helps the process. -
The Executive Survey General Information and Guidelines
The Executive Survey General Information and Guidelines Dear Country Expert, In this section, we distinguish between the head of state (HOS) and the head of government (HOG). • The Head of State (HOS) is an individual or collective body that serves as the chief public representative of the country; his or her function could be purely ceremonial. • The Head of Government (HOG) is the chief officer(s) of the executive branch of government; the HOG may also be HOS, in which case the executive survey only pertains to the HOS. • The executive survey applies to the person who effectively holds these positions in practice. • The HOS/HOG pair will always include the effective ruler of the country, even if for a period this is the commander of foreign occupying forces. • The HOS and/or HOG must rule over a significant part of the country’s territory. • The HOS and/or HOG must be a resident of the country — governments in exile are not listed. • By implication, if you are considering a semi-sovereign territory, such as a colony or an annexed territory, the HOS and/or HOG will be a person located in the territory in question, not in the capital of the colonizing/annexing country. • Only HOSs and/or HOGs who stay in power for 100 consecutive days or more will be included in the surveys. • A country may go without a HOG but there will be no period listed with only a HOG and no HOS. • If a HOG also becomes HOS (interim or full), s/he is moved to the HOS list and removed from the HOG list for the duration of their tenure. -
Thabani Thwala 0007581D Master of Arts (History
The Politics of Placing Princes in Historical and Contemporary Swaziland Thabani Thwala 0007581d Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (History) of the University of Witwatersrand Supervisor: Professor Bonner Johannesburg 2013 1 Chapter 1: Introduction This research report is an exercise which seeks to understand centre-regional disputes, which are now nearly two centuries old, between the Swazi royal house, and the subordinate chiefdoms of the Magagula, Tfwala, Mabuza, all located in central Swaziland, and the Fakudze of Macetjeni in the Lubombo region. It seeks to investigate what has become an increasingly critical and controversial issue in Swazi society and Swazi politics: the relationship between princes and chiefs. It will also highlight the central importance of history, or at least historical assertion, in the assumption of political power in earlier and contemporary Swaziland. These issues have attracted some attention from scholars but not nearly as much as they deserve. Centre-regional relations between kings and subordinate chiefs are on the whole neglected in Swazi historiography. This thesis seeks to correct this anomaly by exploring local, regional, and national dynamics which strained the relationship between centre and region, and to show how the former has grappled with the problem of recalcitrant chiefs in a bid to retain its power position through suppression of the latter who have constantly sought to reclaim lost autonomy. The present history of Swaziland is one that glorifies the Dlamini dynasty and projects a one-sided picture of historical events in Swaziland. For instance, it is contended that Swaziland is a homogenous, democratic and peaceful country. -
List of Delegations to the Seventieth Session of the General Assembly
UNITED NATIONS ST /SG/SER.C/L.624 _____________________________________________________________________________ Secretariat Distr.: Limited 18 December 2015 PROTOCOL AND LIAISON SERVICE LIST OF DELEGATIONS TO THE SEVENTIETH SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY I. MEMBER STATES Page Page Afghanistan......................................................................... 5 Chile ................................................................................. 47 Albania ............................................................................... 6 China ................................................................................ 49 Algeria ................................................................................ 7 Colombia .......................................................................... 50 Andorra ............................................................................... 8 Comoros ........................................................................... 51 Angola ................................................................................ 9 Congo ............................................................................... 52 Antigua and Barbuda ........................................................ 11 Costa Rica ........................................................................ 53 Argentina .......................................................................... 12 Côte d’Ivoire .................................................................... 54 Armenia ........................................................................... -
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Dipartimento di International Relations Cattedra Mediterranean Studies The Resilience of Arab Monarchies during the Uprisings of 2011 and 2012: The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan RELATORE: Professoressa Francesca Corrao CANDIDATO Uberto Marchesi Matricola 626222 CORRELATORE: Professor Marco Mayer ANNO ACCADEMICO 2015 – 2016 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 4 INTRODUCTION 6 CHAPTER 1: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 10 The Birth and Evolution of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 12 Ottoman Rule 13 Conflicting Ideologies: Arab Nationalism and Zionism 14 The First World War: The Role of Diplomacy 17 Transjordan 21 The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 25 The Coronation 26 Legitimacy of the regime 27 The Arab Awakenings in the Middle East and North Africa 32 The Boom of Young People 38 Economic and Social Marginalization 39 The Absence of Political Freedom 40 Regress of National Integration Factors 41 The growing role of Foreign and Regional Forces 42 A Comparative Overview 44 2011 – 2012 Jordanian’s Protests 46 Conclusionary Remarks 55 2 CHAPTER 2: LEGITIMACY 56 Monarchies Today 57 Legitimacy of Arab Monarchies 58 The Hashemite King 67 Abdullah II Bin al-Hussein 70 Conclusionary Remarks 78 CHAPTER 3: STABILITY 80 The eye of the cyclone 81 The Effects of the Arab Awakenings in the Stability of the Country 84 Domestic Level 88 Intermestic Level 91 Refugees and Jordan 91 The Threat of Da’esh 93 International Level 97 Neighbors 98 The Pull of the Gulf Cooperation Council 100 Washington, Amman… and Rabat 103 Conclusionary Remarks 108 CONCLUSION 113 Areas for Improvement and Further Studies 114 ANNEX I: GENERAL TIMELINE 117 ANNEX II: LIST OF CURRENT MONARCHIES 123 REFERENCES 127 3 SUMMARY On January 2013, the Kingdom of Jordan had its first elections according to the new electoral law implemented at the end of the rush of protests that shook Jordan and the Middle East during the two previous years. -
Executive Database 10 September 2020 Nb
EXECUTIVE DATABASE 10 SEPTEMBER 2020 NB: THIS DATABASE IS BASED ON INFORMATION RECEIVED FROM SA MISSIONS POLITICAL DESKS FOREIGN MISSIONS COUNTRY HEAD OF STATE DATE OF HEAD OF GOVERNMENT DATE OF MINISTER OF FOREIGN CAPITAL CITY INAUGURATION (PRIME MINISTER) APPOINTMENT AFFAIRS African Union HE Mr Matamela Cyril 12/02/2020 HE Mr Moussa Faki 14/03/2017 Addis Ababa (AU) Ramaphosa Mahamat Chairperson Chairperson of the African Union Commission0 Islamic Republic HE Mr Ashraf Ghani 29/09/2014 Chief Executive 29/09/2014 HE Haroon Kabul of Afghanistan Chakhansuri (acting) President Mr Abdullah Abdullah Minister of Foreign Affairs 23/01/2020 Republic of HE Mr Ilir Rexhep Metaj 24/07/2017 HE Mr Edi Rama 15/09/2013 HE Mr Edi Rama Tirana Albania President Prime Minister Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs 21/01/2019 Gent Cakaj Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (with full responsibility as a Minister) 22/01/2019 Democratic HE Mr Abdelmadjid Tebboune 19/12/2019 HE Mr Abdelaziz Djerad 28/12/2019 HE Ms Sabri Boukadoum Algiers People’s President Prime Minister presiding Minister of Foreign Affairs Republic of over the Council of and International Algeria Ministers Cooperation Head of Government 02/04/2019 Principality of HE Bishop Joan Enric VIVES I 16/05/2019 HE Mr Xavier Espot 17/07/2017 HE Mrs Maria Ubach Font Andorra La Andorra SICILIA Zamora Vella Minister of Foreign Affairs (Co-Prince of Andorra) Prime Minister (Letters to each HE Mr Emmanuel Macron Co-Prince) (Co-Prince of Andorra) Republic of HE Mr João Manuel 26/09/2017 HOS is -
4133 POSITION NAME TERM DOB AFFIL AFGHANISTAN President (2Nd) Karzai, Hamid 19-06-02 07-12-04 24-12-57 Indep. Chairman, Authorit
4133 POSITION NAME TERM DOB AFFIL AFGHANISTAN President (2nd) Karzai, Hamid 19-06-02 07-12-04 24-12-57 Indep. Chairman, Authority Interim Karzai, Hamid 22-12-01/19-06-02 24-12-57 Indep. President (1st) Rabbani, Burhanuddin 13-11-01/22-12-01 1940 Jamiat First Vice President Masood, Ahmad Zia 07-12-04 01-05-56 Second Vice President Khalili, Abdul Karim 07-12-04 1946 HW ALBANIA President Topi, Bamir Myrteza 24-07-07 24-04-57 PDS President Moisu, Alfred (GEN) 24-07-02/24-07-07 01-12-99 PSS President Mejdani, Rexhep 24-07-97/24-07-02 17-08-44 PSS Prime Minister (11th) Berisha, Sali Prof. Dr. 11-09-05 15-10-44 PD Prime Minister (10th) Nano, Fatos 31-07-02/11-09-05 16-09-52 PSS Deputy Prime Minister Pollo, Genc 30-07-08 1963 PDRe Deputy Prime Minister Rusmajli, Ilir 11-09-05/14-11-07- 1965 PD Deputy Prime Minister Dokle, Namik 29-12-03/11-09-05 10-03-46 PSS Deputy Prime Minister Meksi, Ermelinda Ms. Prof. Dr. 18-07-03/11-09-05 1957 PSS Deputy Prime Minister Oketa, Gazmend 03-07/03-08 14-12-68 PD ALGERIA President Bouteflika, Abdelaziz 29-05-99 19-04-04 02-03-37 FLN President Zéroual, Liamine 31-01-94/27-04-99 03-07-41 none Prime Minister Ouyahia, Ahmed 23-06-08 02-07-52 RND Prime Minister Belkhadem, Abdelaziz 24-05-06/23-06-08 08-11-45 FLN Prime Minister Ouyahia, Ahmed 05-05-03/24-05-06- 02-07-52 RND ANDORRA Head of State/President of France Sarkozy, Nicolas 16-05-07 28-01-55 UMP Head of State/Bishop of Urgel Vives I Sicilia, Joan Enric 12-05-03 24-07-49 none Chief of Government Pintat Santolària. -
The Kingdom of Swaziland: Studies in Political History
The Kingdom of Swaziland: Studies in Political History D. HUGH GILLIS GREENWOOD PRESS The Kingdom of Swaziland States and Tribes in Southeast Africa The Kingdom of Swaziland Studies in Political History D. HUGH GILLIS Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies, Number 37 GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gillis, D. Hugh, 1918– The kingdom of Swaziland : studies in political history / D. Hugh Gillis. p. cm.—(Contributions in comparative colonial studies, ISSN 0163–3813 ; no. 37) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–30670–2 (alk. paper) 1. Swaziland—Politics and government—To 1968. I. Title. II. Series. DT2777.G55 1999 968.87—dc21 98–41422 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright ᭧ 1999 by D. Hugh Gillis All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98–41422 ISBN: 0–313–30670–2 ISSN: 0163–3813 First published in 1999 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 To Celia, who shared the work and kept me going on Contents Illustrations ix Preface xi Chronology xiii Introduction 1 1. The Ngwane-Swazi 9 2. Expanding and Consolidating 19 3. Boundaries: The Transvaal 29 4. Boundaries: Portuguese Territory 37 5. The Concessions Scramble 47 6. -
High Commission of India Mbabane India
High Commission of India Mbabane India - Eswatini Relations India's relations with Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) are close, friendly and cordial. The first resident Indian Mission in Mbabane started functioning from 13 August 2019 on assumption of charge of Ms Radha Venkataraman as High Commissioner of India. Political: Exchange of visits: During the last decade several important visits have taken place between the two countries. These include those at the level of the King, Mswati III of Eswatini and our Hon'ble Rashtrapatiji. From Eswatini His Majesty King Mswati III visited India first in October, 2015 to attend the 3rd India Africa Summit (IAFS-III) and called on the President and Prime Minister which helped to advance India’s profile and presence in the Kingdom of Eswatini. His Majesty again visited India in March 2017 as a Guest of Honour for the CII-EXIM Bank Conclave and was hosted by the President. This visit of His Majesty gave further momentum to India’s commercial and cultural profile in Eswatini. Earlier, His Majesty also attended the 2nd India-Africa Summit (IAFS-II) held at Addis Ababa in May 2011, and met with the then Prime Minister, Shri Manmohan Singh. Minister of Natural Resources and Energy of the Kingdom of Eswatini, Senator Peter Bhembe with a three member delegation consisting of the Managing Director of Eswatini Electricity Company, Acting Chief Geologist and Chief Mining Engineer, visited in November 2019 Delhi, Kolkata and Ahmedabad to study iron and steel production units in India. As a follow up, Steel Authority of India has agreed to conduct a feasibility study for iron ore beneficiation and setting up of a steel plant in Eswatini. -
Lamin Sise with the Secretary-General, Durban From
08/31/01 11:17 FAX 212 963 8845 DEPUTY SECRETARY GENERAL looi FASCIMILE TRANSMISSION To : Lamin Sise with the Secretary-General, Durban From: MartaMauras1' Fax: 871-6000-59086 Date: 31 August 2001 Pages: 34 •^j Attached please find a note to the Secretary-General on his programme for the Special Session on Children\for his attention. -L.^.,aa Regards. 08/31/01 11:18 FAX 212 963 8845 DEPUTY SECRETARY GENERAL i]002 e- N_ot_e Special Session on Children Enclosed you will find a third yersion.QfiyoutBr.Qaramtjae,Jfor the Special Session on Children, The programme reflects your decisions till now. MTCT Pluii Dinner on 18 September at your residence We have now agreed with Gordon Conwav to keep the guest list: under strict control. Enclosed is an updated list. You will note that President Clinton is mcludepl (a letter was sent to him by the Rockefeller Foundation following your conversation with Holbrooke). Also, Mrs. Kagame was invited (without consultation with the DSG) and has now accepted. We are trying to keep the total number at around 37/38 persons in case . there are last minute additions (for a maxium of 40 guests). President Museveni and President O'basanjo have not confirmed and we have agreed with the Rockefeller Foundation not to pursue the matter. Welcoming; Reception on 19 September It is proposed that you include UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors, iiLthe welcoming reception on Wednesday, 19 September from 7:45 to 8:45 a.m. List is enclosed for your approval. Please note it would be your and Mrs, Annan's invitation together with the President of the General Assembly and Mrs. -
Annexure 2 Visits to India by Head of State/President
ANNEXURE 2 VISITS TO INDIA BY HEAD OF STATE/PRESIDENT Dignitary / Country Period of visit 2014 1 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck of Bhutan 6-10 Jan 2014 2 Ms. Park Geun-hye President of the Republic of Korea 15-18 Jan 2014 3 Dr. Ali Mohamed Shein, President of Zanzibar 1-9 Feb 2014 4 Mr. Joachim Gauck, President of the Federal Republic of Germany 4-9 Feb 2014 5 King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain 18-20 Feb 2014 6 Mr. David Johnston, Governor General of Canada 22 Feb – 2 March 2014 7 Mr. Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom, President of Maldives 26 May 2014 8 Mr. Mahinda Rajapaksa, President of Sri Lanka 26 May 2014 9 Mr. Xi Jinping, President of China 17-19 Sept 2014 10 Mr. Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda 5 Nov 2014 11 Mr. Vladimir Putin, President of Russia 10-11 Dec 2014 12 Mr. Md. Abdul Hamid, President of Bangladesh 18-23 Dec 2014 2015 13 Mr. Barack H. Obama, President of the United States of America 25-27 Jan 2015 14 Mr. Tony Tan Keng Yam, President of Singapore 8-11 Feb 2015 15 Mr. Maithripala Sirisena, President of Sri Lanka 15-18 Feb 2015 16 Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Amir of Qatar 24-25 Mar 2015 17 Mr. Ashraf Ghani, President of Afghanistan 27-29 April 2015 18 Mr. Jakaya Kikwete, President of Tanzania 17-21 June 2015 19 Mr. Filipe Jacinto Nyusi, President of Mozambique 4-8 Aug 2015 20 Mr. Baron Divavesi Waqa, President of Nauru 21 Aug 2015 21 King Mswati III of Eswatini 26-29 Oct 2015 22 Mr. -
Amnesty International Report 2020/21
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Amnesty International is a movement of 10 million people which mobilizes the humanity in everyone and campaigns for change so we can all enjoy our human rights. Our vision is of a world where those in power keep their promises, respect international law and are held to account. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and individual donations. We believe that acting in solidarity and compassion with people everywhere can change our societies for the better. Amnesty International is impartial. We take no position on issues of sovereignty, territorial disputes or international political or legal arrangements that might be adopted to implement the right to self- determination. This report is organized according to the countries we monitored during the year. In general, they are independent states that are accountable for the human rights situation on their territory. First published in 2021 by Except where otherwise noted, This report documents Amnesty Amnesty International Ltd content in this document is International’s work and Peter Benenson House, licensed under a concerns through 2020. 1, Easton Street, CreativeCommons (attribution, The absence of an entry in this London WC1X 0DW non-commercial, no derivatives, report on a particular country or United Kingdom international 4.0) licence. territory does not imply that no https://creativecommons.org/ © Amnesty International 2021 human rights violations of licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode concern to Amnesty International Index: POL 10/3202/2021 For more information please visit have taken place there during ISBN: 978-0-86210-501-3 the permissions page on our the year.