DOCSLIB.ORG

Abraham the Friend Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Abraham the Friend Of ABRAHAM Jerald F. Dirks M.Div., Psy.D. amana publications Table of Contents Preface xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 The Friend of God : 1 Approaching Abraham.................. 2 Abraham in Context.. 5 Considering the Miraculous 6 Sources of Information 7 Caution about Anachronisms 8 Sequential Events in the Life ofAbraham 9 Chapter 2: The Birth and Family ofAbraham 11 Birth and Name ofAbraham ll The Lineage ofAbraham .11 The Account of the Torah .12 Additions to the account of the Torah .12 Comparing the Qur'.an and P .13 Problems with the Abrahamic Genealogy of P .13 The Father ofAbraham 15 Abraham's Family Tree .l6 The Family of Sarah .17 The Akkadian Tribe ofAbraham ; .20 Chapter 3: Abraham in Ur 23 Life in Ur 23 Sources of Information about Abraham in Ur 28 Abraham and Monotheism 28 Abraham, The Chosen ofAllah 31 Abraham and Da 'wa .32 Abraham destroys the Idols 36 Abraham versus Naram-Sin 40 Death by Fire 41 Continued Persecution 42 The Conversion of Lot... .43 Marriage to Sarah 44 Postscript to Abraham in Ur .45 Chapter 4: Abraham in Harran .47 The Migration to Harran .47 Life in Harran 50 Abraham at Harran 50 Abraham Leaves Harran 54 Postscript I to Abraham in Harran 55 Postscript 2 to Abraham in Harran 55 Chapter 5: Abraham in Palestine-I 57 From Harran to Palestine 57 Life in Palestine 58 Sources of Information on Abraham in Palestine-I.. .62 Abraham in Palestine-I... 62 Abraham Leaves Palestine 65 Postscript to Abraham in Palestine-I.. .65 Chapter 6: Abraham in Egypt.. 67 From Palestine to Egypt.. .67 Life in Egypt. 68 Abraham and Lot Prosper in Egypt... ,.77 Abraham and Da 'wa 78 Pharaoh and Sarah 78 Abraham leaves Egypt. 82 Postscript I to Abraham in Egypt... 82 Postscript 2 to Abraham in Egypt... 83 Chapter 7: Abraham in Palestine-II.. 85 Abraham's Return to Palestine 85 Abraham at Bethel, .85 Abraham at Hebron 90 Abraham leaves Palestine 97 Postscript to Abraham in Palestine-II 97 Chapter 8: Abraham in Makkah-I.. 99 From Palestine to Makkah 99 Abraham leaves Hagar and Ismael at Makkah 102 The Miracle of Zam-zam .1 06 Postscript I to Abraham in Makkah-I.. I08 Postscript 2 to Abraham in Makkah-I.. I09 Chapter 9: Abraham in Palestine-ID 111 Abraham's Rescue of Lot... .111 Abraham and Melchizedek. .116 Postscript to Abraham in Palestine-III 118 Chapter 10: Abraham in Makkah-II 119 The Setting , .119 The Reunion 120 The Sacrifice of the Only Son .121 The Covenant. .124 The Rite of Circumcision , ~ 125 , Abraham's Departure for Palestine 125 Postscript 1 to Abraham in Makkah-II.. .126 Postscript 2 to Abraham in Makkah-II.. .127 Chapter 11: Abraham in Palestine-IV 135 Sources of Information on Abraham in Palestine-IY. .135 The Angelic Visitors 136 The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah .142 Abraham moves to Between Kadesh and Shur ;..l49 Abraham at Beersheba .151 Birth of Isaac 151 Postscript to Abraham in Palestine-IV 153 Chapter 12: Abraham in Makkah-IIL 155 Abraham's Third Trip to Makkah 155 Ismael's First Wife .156 Abraham's Fourth Trip to Makkah..~ .157 . Ismael's Second Wife 158 Abraham's Fifth Trip to Makkah 159 The Building of the Ka'ba .161 Postscript 1 to Abraham in Makkah-III.. .165 Postscript 2 to Abraham in Makkah-III.. .166 Chapter 13: Abraham in Palestine-V ; 169 Abraham Moves to Hebron ; 169 The Death of Sarah '" .169 The Marriage of Isaac .172 Abraham Marries Keturah .178 Abraham Marries Hajur .179 The Birth of Isaac's Sons 179 The Death ofAbraham 180 Postscript 1 to Abraham in Palestine-V 180 Postscript 2 to Abraham in Pa1estine-V. , 181 Appendix I: Sources of Information l85 Qur 'an and Sahih Ahadith .185 Torah 186 Other Canonical Jewish Scripture 190 Non-Canonical Jewish Scripture .191 Archaeology and Middle Eastern History .192 Priority of Sources 192 Appendix II: Chronology 194 Qur 'an and Sahih Ahadith .194 The Torah and Biblical References 195 Archaeological and Historical Records 199 Summary and Conclusions 207 Appendix ill: The People or Tribe of Abraham 208 The Hebrew Hypothesis 208 The Akkadian Hypothesis .210 The Amorite Hypothesis 211 The Aramaean Hypothesis 211 The Arab Hypothesis 213 Conclusions .217 Appendix IV: Sequential Events in Abraham's life 218 Major Markers in the Life ofAbraham 218 Events in Ur 218 Events in Harran 221 Events in Palestine-I 221 Events in Egypt 222 Events in Palestine-II. .224 Events in Makkah-I. 224 Events in Palestine-III.. 227 Events in Makkah-II. 230 Events in Palestine-IV. 236 Events in Makkah-III.. 238 Events in Palestine-V 238 Summary: Sequential Events in Abraham's Life 240 Appendix V: The Offspring ofAbraham 245 Notes 251 Bibliography 293 All quotations of the English translation of the meaning of the Qur'an are taken from The Meaning ofthe Holy Qur'an, translated by 'Abdullah Yusuf 'Ali, copyright 1989, Amana Publications, Maryland 20705, U.S.A. With regard to all Biblical quotations appearing in the text, unless specifically identified as being from another source, the following statement is noted in conformance with the request of the copyright holder. "The Scripture quotations contained herein are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved." Preface In the name ofAllah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful All praise and thanks are due to Allah, glorified and exalted is He. It is Allah, Who is the creator and maintainer of the universe, and of all that resides therein. It is to Allah, and only to Allah, to Whom we tum for help and for guidance. It is in Allah, and only in Allah, in Whom we seek our comfort and refuge. I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, the One, Who has no partners. Further, I bear witness that Muhammad, peace be upon him, was the slave and messenger of Allah. In presenting this modest biography on the life of Prophet Abraham, peace be upon him, I thank Allah for the time and gifts to complete this book. I readily acknowledge the limited and finite nature of my own knowledge about the subject in question, and I pray that I have not inadvertently presented information, which might cause someone to doubt or question the true revelation of Allah. Any errors in this under­ taking are mine and mine alone. Despite my own limitations, and despite any errors, which may exist within this book, I pray that Allah will guide the reader to a better understanding, and that this work may serve some humble purpose for the sake ofAllah. The following biography of Abraham represents an attempted synthesis of Islamic (Qur 'an and Sahih Ahadith) and Judaeo-Christian (Biblical and pseudepigraphical) information. Given this approach, the reader may well wonder about my qualifications to attempt such a synthesis. In that regard, my educational history is as follows: A. B., cum laude in philosophy, Harvard College, Harvard University, 1971; M.Div., cum laude in department of the church, Harvard Divinity School, Harvard University, 1974; M.A. in child clinical psychology, University of Denver, 1976; and Psy.D. in clinical psychology, School of Professional Psychology, University of Denver, 1978. Likewise, my religious history is as follows: I was born into and raised within a Christian home; License to Preach, United Methodist Church, 1969; Ordained Deacon, United Methodist Church, 1972; and reverted to Islam in 1993. Given my educational and professional background as a former ordained minister, I have attempted to share with the reader certain background information about the Bible and about Biblical criticism, in an effort to demonstrate how the Bible can be mined for nuggets of xiv Abraham: The Friend of God historical truth. In a number of such specific cases, the end result of Biblical criticism is a welcome support for traditional Islamic positions and beliefs. Unfortunately, the process of deriving much of this informa­ tion is rather technical, so I have elected to include most of this process­ ing in a series of appendices to this book. The reader, who is interested in the process, can read about it in the appendices. The reader, who would rather just get on with the story of Abraham's life, without too much concern for how I arrived at my conclusions, can simply read through the main body of this book. With my educational and professional background as a clinical psychologist, I have been unable to resist the occasional urge to speculate about the emotions and motivations of the primary actors in Abraham's life. However, the reader will not find any "psychohistory" of Abraham within the confines of these pages. In writing this book, it is not my intent, nor my interest, to hunt through any recessed comers in anyone's psyche. In my own view, such attempts at "psychohistory" typically reveal more about the author, than about the subject of the author's inquiry. In my occasional application of clinical psychology as a frame­ work for understanding the individuals discussed in this book, the reader will, Allah willing, find that the process has been gentle, and has done nothing more than subtly enrich the reader's understanding and appreciation of the individual in question. Despite the fact that all errors in this manuscript have to be attributed only to my own shortcomings and failures, there are a number of people who deserve credit and recognition for their contributions to this book.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/27/2021 10:32:48PM Via Free Access 266 Index
    Index ʿAbd al-Nāṣir, Jamāl (Nasser) 233, 234 Almássy, László 233 ʿAbd al-Raḥmān 143, 144, 151, 152, 154 Americas 171 Abd-el-Wahad (Moroccan resident in Mecca) American Oil Company 230 128 Arab Abdülhamid ii (Sultan-Caliph and Khādim Bureau/Bureaux arabes (military system of al-Ḥaramayn) 71, 115 administration) 96, 121 ʿAbdullāh Saʿīd al-Damlūjī 196 hygiene 194 Abdur Rahman 95, 96 migrants in Poland 156 Ablonczy, Balázs 227 Revolt 96, 97 Abraham 137, 166 Arabia (see Saudi Arabia) Abul Fazl 23 Arabian Abu-Qubays (mount) 128 Peninsula 5, 119, 143 Aceh 28, 93 horse, walking on pilgrims 166 Aden 11, 25, 90, 96, 99, 101, 145, 154 architecture 166 Afghanistan 95, 103, 115, 207 music and dancing girls 165, 167 Africa 34, 41, 81, 95, 99, 113, 121, 143, 144, 148, sea 21 150, 171, 192, 198, 240 ʿArafāt África ( journal) 261 the Day of 209, 210, 211 Africanism 241 the Mountain of 90, 151, 185, 200, 201, 204, Akbar Nama 23 207, 209, 210, 223 Akbar (Emperor) 23, 30, 37 the Plain of 97, 212 ʿAlawī, Aḥmad b. Muṣṭafā al- 251 Arenberg (d’), Auguste 130 ʿAlawiyya (Sufi order) 251 Armenian 4, 148 Al-Azhar x, 221, 222, 223, 232, 233, 234, 259 Attas, Said Hossein al- 201 Album with photographs of Polish mosques Asad, Muḥammad (Weiss, Leopold) 174, 195 177 Asia 10, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24, 30, 34, 38, 43, 47, 52, Albuquerque, Alfonso de 19 59, 81, 95, 107 Alcohol 150, 230 Assimilationist 212 Alexandria 143, 144, 154, 222, 227, 229, 240, Asssemblé Nationale (French Parliament) 249, 258 121 Alexandria Aurangzeb 31 Fuad i Airport in 257 Australia 171 Spanish consul
    [Show full text]
  • The Biography of the Prophet This Book Is Not Copyrighted
    ﺳﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ The Prophet's Biography May Allah exalt his Mention 1 Copyright © This book has been adapted from The Biography of the Prophet This book is not copyrighted. Any or all parts of this book may be used for educational pur- poses as long as the information used is not in any way quoted out of context or used for profit. This material has been reviewed and forwarded for publishing and distribution by the Eng- lish language section of the Department of Islamic Resources. Form #: 4606 Date: 14/01/1427 If you have any corrections, comments, or questions about this publication, please feel free to contact us at: [email protected] www.islamhouse.com 2 Pre-Prophethood Religious Conditions Great religions of the world had spread the light of faith, morality and learning in the ages past. However, by the sixth century AD, so completely were their scriptures and teachings distorted that had the founder or the Prophet of any one of them returned to Earth, he would unquestionably have refused his own religion and denounced its followers as apos- tates and idolaters. Judaism had, by then, been reduced to an amalgam of dead rituals and sacraments with- out any spark of life left in it. Also, being a religion upholding a strong racial identity, it never had a message for other nations or for the good of the humanity at large. Through mysticism and magic many polytheistic ideas and customs again found their way among the people, and the Talmud confirms the fact that idolatrous worship is seductive.
    [Show full text]
  • Applying the Creative City Concept to Makkah
    Urban Transformation Through Creativity: Applying the Creative City Concept to Makkah Saeed A. Alamoudy A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media at the University of Salford School of Arts and Media 1 Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................6 List of Figures...........................................................................................................7 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................9 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 10 Publications ............................................................................................................ 11 Papers presented .................................................................................................... 11 Conference Co-organiser ....................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 12 Research Aim ................................................................................................................ 12 Research objectives ....................................................................................................... 12 Research Rationale .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hejaz: the First Postage Stamps of 1916 and T E Lawrence
    Final version. 16.9.05 Hejaz: The First Postage Stamps of 1916 and T E Lawrence. David R Beech FRPSL Hejaz, more correctly spelt Hijaz, is a region in the Arabian Peninsular that includes both the Red Sea littoral and the holy Islamic cities of Mecca and Medina. It had been part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire since 1517. In 1845 the Ottomans strengthened their influence by taking greater control from the local chiefs. To consolidate the position further, and to facilitate the journey for pilgrims, a railway, known as the Hijaz Railway, was built between 1900 and 1908 from Damascus to Medina. On 5th November 1914 Great Britain declared war on the Ottoman Empire which had joined the First World War on the same side as Germany. Arab Revolt against the Turks would benefit British interests and a secret agreement of 23rd October 1914 for support was made with the Sherif of Mecca in Hijaz. On 7th June 1916 Hijaz proclaimed independence, on 10th June its forces occupied Mecca, and on 27th June Hijaz declared war on Turkey. Also on 27th June Husayn [or Hussein as quoted below] ibn ‘Ali, Grand Emir and Sherif of Mecca (c1854-1931), who had been appointed to his office by the Turks in 1908, further declared independence of Ottoman rule and on 29th October was proclaimed King of the Hijaz. Into the story enters T E Lawrence, “Lawrence of Arabia” (1888-1935) in the company of Ronald (later Sir Ronald) Storrs (1881-1955), Oriental Secretary at the Arab Bureau and later High Commission, in Cairo.
    [Show full text]
  • TRAGEDY of KARBALA - an ANALYTICAL STUDY of URDU HISTORICAL WRITINGS DURING 19Th > 20Th CENTURY
    ^^. % TRAGEDY OF KARBALA - AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF URDU HISTORICAL WRITINGS DURING 19th > 20th CENTURY ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF JBottor of $t)tlo£;opI)p IN ISLAMIC STUDIES By FAYAZ AHMAD BHAT Under the Supervision of PROFESSOR MUHAMMAD YASIN MAZHAR SIDDIQUI DIRECTOR, SHAH WALIULLAH DEHLAVI RESEARCH CELL Institute of Islamic Studies, A.M.U., Aligarh. DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2003 :^^^^ Fed ir. Comptrf^r Aaad m >«'• Att. M "s/.-Oj Uni^ 0 2 t'S 2C06 THESIS 1 ABSTRACT The sad demise of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) (571- 622AD) created a vacuum in the Muslim Ummah. However, this vacuum was filled by the able guided and pious Khulafa {Khulafa-i-Rashidin) who ruled Ummah one after another. Except the first Khalifah, all the subsequent three Khulafa were unfortunately martyred either by their co-religionists or by antagonists. Though the assassination of Hazrat Umar (RA) did not create any sort of havoc in the Ummah, but the assassination of Hazrat Uthman (RA) caused a severe damage to the unity of Muslim Ummah. This was further aggravated by the internal dissentions caused by the assassination of the third Khalifah during the period of the fourth Khalifah, leading to some bloodshed of the Muslims in two bloody wars of Camel and Si/fin; Hazrat All's assassination was actually a result of that internal strife of the Muslims, dividing the Muslim community into two warring camps. Hazrat Hasan's abdication of the Khilafah tried to bridge the gulf but temporarily, and the situation became explosive once again when Hazrat Muawiyah (RA) nominated his son Yazid as his successor whose candidature was questioned and opposed by a group of people especially by Hazrat Husain (RA) on the ground that he was not fit for the Khilafah.
    [Show full text]
  • Neolithic Period, North-Western Saudi Arabia
    NEOLITHIC PERIOD, NORTH-WESTERN SAUDI ARABIA Khalid Fayez AlAsmari PhD UNIVERSITY OF YORK ARCHAEOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2019 Abstract During the past four decades, the Neolithic period in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) had received little academic study, until recently. This was due to the previous widely held belief that the Arabian Peninsula had no sites dating back to this time period, as well as few local researchers and the scarcity of foreign research teams. The decline in this belief over the past years, however, has led to the realisation of the importance of the Neolithic in this geographical part of the world for understanding the development and spread of early farming. As well as gaining a better understanding of the cultural attribution of the Neolithic in KSA, filling the chronological gaps in this historical era in KSA is vital, as it is not well understood compared to many neighbouring areas. To address this gap in knowledge, this thesis aims to consider whether the Northwest region of KSA was an extension of the Neolithic developments in the Levant or an independent culture, through presenting the excavation of the Neolithic site of AlUyaynah. Despite surveys and studies that have been conducted in the KSA, this study is the first of its kind, because the site "AlUyaynah", which is the focus of this dissertation, is the first excavation of a site dating back to the pre-pottery Neolithic (PPN). Therefore, the importance of this study lies in developing an understanding of Neolithic characteristics in the North-Western part of the KSA. Initially, the site was surveyed and then three trenches were excavated to study the remaining levels of occupation.
    [Show full text]
  • Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
    Institute ofAsian and African Studies at the Hebrew University The Max Schloessinger Memorial Foundation offprint from JERUSALEM STUDIES IN ARABIC AND ISLAM 8 1986 FROM JAHIUYYA TO ISLAM I Part II THE MAGNES PRESSOTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY-JERUSALEM J5AI 8. 1986 THE KAcBA Aspects of its ritual functions and position in pre-Islamic and early Islamic times Uri Rubin The history of the Ka-ba in pre-Islamic times, as recorded in the Arab sources, is, in many cases, related from a specific Islamic viewpoint, and formulated in a special Islamic terminology, which has, sometimes, un- dergone a process of adaptation and re-adaptation. But, in spite of these disadvantages of the Muslim records, which have already been noticed by western scholars, lone may still come across many passages which seem to reflect the authentic pre-Islamic reality of the Ka-ba. Even pas- sages containing details which appear to be contradictory, or, inconsis- tent, or even legendary, are, more often than not, most revealing with respect to the history of the Ka-ba, The present study is based upon the assumption that much of the inconsistency in the information about the Ka-ba, as recorded in our sources, is essentially the result of real changes and developments which took place in the structure, ritual functions and position of the Ka'ba in pre-Islamic times, and in the attitude of the worshippers towards this sanctuary since it became part of Muslim worship. Some of these changes and developments are studied in the present article, the outline of which is as follows: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Holy Kabah History
    http://www.kabahinfo.net/eng-php/contents.php Highlights on History It has been confirmed orally that the Arabian Peninsula was the cradle of an advanced civilization since the beginning of human history. These civilizati ons successively flourished and declined, settling in the fertile parts of the Arabian Peninsula. Sometimes they isolated themselves but usually they had contact with their neighbours. There were, at different times, Old drawing Al-Masjid Al-Haram Tasm, Jadees, Saba'a and Aad in -the so uth and Thamud and Madyan were in the north. These civilizations prospered and perished, but Allah, the All-Wise, desired that the cultural history of this peninsula be perpetual. Its actual history started when Allah, the Almighty, honoured it by sending Abraham, the Father of the Prophets (peace be upon him), to build the Ancient House and settle with his family in the heart of this peninsula. Makkah, at that time an arid area, was designated as Umm UI Qura (Mother of Cities). The offspring of Ismail Ibn Ibrahim (peace be upon them) multiplied after they had raised the foundations of the Sacred House. This arid valley was changed, becoming the direction of the hearts and the place of assembly for Muslims, it nourished their spirits and refreshed their souls and fruits were brought to them from all parts of the world. Allah, the Supreme, selected from the people of Makkah and the offspring of Abraham (peace be upon him), the seal of His Prophets and Messengers, Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (blessings and peace be upon him). The Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) called to monotheism, and from Makkah Al-Mukarramah to Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, to the borders of the Arabian Peninsula, the call for righteousness poured forth to echo around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The-Holy-Sites-Of-Jordan.Pdf
    The Holy Sites of Jordan Published by TURAB (owned by The Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought) Photography [Islamic Sites]: Fakhry Malkawi Photography [Christian Sites]: Father Michele Piccirillo and Dino Politis Cover photogragh: Ammar Khammash Text [Islamic Sites]: Sheikh Hassan Saqaf Fatwa on visiting Sacred Sites: Sheikh Hassan Saqaf (Trans. Ja’far Hassan) Text [Christian Sites]: Father Michele Piccirillo Design and layout: Andrea Atalla and Susan Wood Senior Editor: Ghazi Bin Mohammed This edition is reproduced from the second edition with errata added 2013 © Copyright TURAB Second edition 1999 First edition 1996 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. The Holy Sites of Jordan TURAB Contents ..................................................................... ..................................................................... Acknowledgements 9 Preface to first edition 11 Preface to second edition 13 Introduction 14 Arabic Introduction 18 Book I 21 Islamic Sites: A Fatwa Regarding Visiting Holy Sites 22 Part I: 25 The Messengers and the Prophets The Prophet Nuh / Noah 27 The Prophet Hud 29 The Prophet Lut / Lot 31 The Prophet Khidr 33 The Prophet Shu’ayb / Jethro 35 The Prophet Harun / Aaron 37 The Prophet Musa / Moses 39 The Prophet Yosha’ / Joshua 41 The Prophet Dawud / David The Prophet Sulayman / Solomon 45 The Prophet Ayyub / Job 47 The Prophet Yahya / John 49 The Prophet ‘Isa / Jesus 51 The Prophet Muhammad 53 Part II: 55 The Companions Ja’far bin Abi Talib 56 Zeid ibn Al-Harithah 57 Abdallah bin Rawahah 58 Abu ‘Ubaydah ‘Amir ibn Al-Jarrah 59 Mu’ath bin Jabal 60 Shurhabil bin Husnah 60 •5• Contents ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Growth of Makkah
    Durham E-Theses Conservation in an Islamic context a case study of Makkah Touba, El Sayed M. How to cite: Touba, El Sayed M. (1997) Conservation in an Islamic context a case study of Makkah, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4981/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk El Sayed M. Touba CONSERVATION IN AN ISLAMIC CONTEXT A CASE STUDY OF MAKKAH DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY. 1997 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the written consent of the author and information derived from it should be acknowledged. ~= 1 DEC 1998 Dedication To Makkah, the heart ofthe Islamic world, I dedicate this research, may Allah accept my humble work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hajj and Europe in the Age of Empire Leiden Studies in Islam and Society
    The Hajj and Europe in the Age of Empire Leiden Studies in Islam and Society Editors Léon Buskens (Leiden University) Petra M. Sijpesteijn (Leiden University) Editorial Board Maurits Berger (Leiden University) – R. Michael Feener (Oxford University) – Nico Kaptein (Leiden University) Jan Michiel Otto (Leiden University) – David S. Powers (Cornell University) volume 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/lsis The Hajj and Europe in the Age of Empire Edited by Umar Ryad leiden | boston This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the cc-by-nc License, which permits any non-commercial use, and distribution, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Cover illustration: Ansicht de Moschee, während darin ein gemeinschaftliches Çalät abgehalten wird. English translation: View of the mosque, while congregational Çalat [i.e., Salat] are being held inside. Photograph attributed to al-Sayyid ʿAbd al-Ghaffār, Physician of Mecca, by scholar Claude Sui. From Volume ii, page 88. Plate no. i in portfolio: Bilder aus Mekka, C. Snouck Hurgronje. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1889. lot 7088 [item] [p&p], Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, d.c. 20540 usa. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ryad, Umar, editor. Title: The hajj and Europe in the Age of Empire / edited by Umar Ryad. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2017] | Series: Leiden studies in Islam and society ; V. 5 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2016035042 (print) | lccn 2016036427 (ebook) | isbn 9789004323346 (pbk.) : alk. paper) | isbn 9789004323353 (e-book) Subjects: lcsh: Muslim pilgrims and pilgrimages–Saudi Arabia–Mecca–History.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 a 17Th-Century View and Map of Mecca
    A 17th-century View and Map of Mecca: the inscriptions In 1717 Uppsala University Library acquired a large painting of Mecca that had been brought to Sweden by Michael Eneman (1676-1714). The painting has most recently been described by Karin Ådahl1 and Friederike Voigt.2,3 The painting has been discussed at a symposium at the Uppsala University Library “The Image of Mecca”, May 5th 2014. The painting can now be studied in detail at the site http://app.ub.uu.se/epub/bildsok/bibrecord.cfm?bibid=9554 4 The superimposed inscriptions in red on the painting have never, however, been studied systematically. These inscriptions inform the viewer of the name of a place or a building.5 Sometimes they just indicate a function, e.g. kahve “café”. There are similar views of Mecca from the 17th and 18th centuries. The main parallel is a painting in the Ulu Cami (Great Mosque) in Bursa, which is probably much younger.6 There is also the view in Johannes Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Entwurff einer historischen Architectur, Leipzig 1721,7 and the 1 Karin Ådahl, Orientalismen I svensk konst: islamiska föremål, förebilder och influenser I konst och konsthantverk (Höganäs: Wiken, 1990) 124-27. ---, ”Unknown Artist c. 1700: View of Mecca and the Ka’ba,” Uppsala University Art Collections: Painting and Sculpture (Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2001) 256-57. 2 Friederike Voigt "Painting," Discover Islamic Art. Place: Museum With No Frontiers, 2013, 22 Aug. 2013 < http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;se;Mus01_A;37;en >eict.org/. id=object;ISL;se;Mus01_A;37;en&cp] 3 Further research has shown that the painting (93 x 119 cm.) was acquired by Michael Enemans companion Johan Silfwercrantz in Cairo on 7 March 1712, as is described in more detail in a contribution to this volume by Johan Heldt.
    [Show full text]