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NOTES on the EAELDOM of CAITHNESS. by W. F. SKENE, LL.D., F.S.A

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NOTES on the EAELDOM of CAITHNESS. by W. F. SKENE, LL.D., F.S.A NOTES ON THE EAELDOM OF CAITHNESS. By W. F. SKENE, LL.D., F.S.A. SOOT. The earldom of Caithness was possessed for many generations by the Norwegian Earls of Orkney. They held the Islands of Orkney undur e Kinth f Norwago y accordin o Norwegiagt n custom whicy b , e titlhth e of Jarl or Earl was a personal title. They held the earldom of Caith- ness unde Kine f th rScotland o g s tenuraccordancn it i s d ewa an , e with lawe th Scotlandf o s . fine W d fro Orkneyinge mth a Saga that during this perio Orknee dth y islands were frequently divided into two portions, and each half held by different members of the Norwegian family, each bearing the title of earl. We likewise find that the earldom of Caithness was at such times also frequently divided, and each half held by different Earls of Orkney, though whether both bore the title of Earl of Caithness does not appear. It is unnecessary for our purpose to go further back than the rale of Thorfinn, Ear f Orkneyo l dieo dwh , about A.U. 1056 undoubtedld an , y held the whole of the Orkneys and the entire earldom of Caithness for lona g period. He had two sons, Paul and Erlend, who after his death ruled jointly without dividing the earldoms theid an , r descendant termee b y e dth sma line of Paul and the line of Erlend. 572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 11, 1878. After their deat e islandth h s were divided between f Hakono n so , Paul, and Magnus, son of Erlend, each bearing the title of earl. The e greath latte s t earwa r l know t MagnusS s na . Afte s deathhi r , Earl Hakon appear havo st e possesse wholee dth . Earl Hakon had two sons, Harald and Paul, who again divided the islands, each havin earl'n ga s title t Earbu , l Harald appear o havst e held the whole of Caithness from the King of Scots. On his death Earl Paul obtained possessio e wholeth f no . In the meantime the line of Erlend failed in the male line, in the person of Earl Magnus, but his sister Gunhild married a Norwegian n Kaliclaimeo so wh a , e a shardth m f hi o e y calleb d dha Kold an , islands, when the King of Norway gave him the name of Bognwald, an earl's title, and divided the islands between him and Earl Paul. Earl Paul's sister Margaret had married Madad, Earl of Atholl, and had revolutioa Haraldn y b so d a an ,m bny hi whic h took place Earl Pau- ab l dicated, and his nephew Harald was made earl in his place, and shared the islands with Earl Eognwald. The latter then went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and in his absence Malcolm IV. made Erlend Ungi, son of Harald Slettmali, Earl of Caithness, and gave him half of Caithness, Earl Harald Maddadson having the other half. Earl Eognwald then returns, and on Erlend's death, Orkney and Caithness wore shared Earbetweed an l Haraldm nhi . The line of Erlend again failed on the death of Earl Eognwald, who left 'an only daughter Ingegerd, who married a Norwegian, Eirik Slaghrellir d threha ed sonsan , , Harald Ungi, Magnus Mangid an , Eognwald thred an , e daughters, Ingibiorg, Elin Eagnhildd an , . Earl Harald now possessed both Orkney and Caithness, bnt soon after Kine th f Norwago y gave Harald Ung earl'n a i s title wit e half th ho f e Orkneysy th agreemenb d an , t with Earl Harald, King Williae mth Lion gave Harald Ungi the half of Caithness which had belonged to Earl Eognwald t thebu , y afterwards quarrelled Eard an ,l Harald Ungi was slain by the other Earl Harald, who again possessed the whole. Owing to the mutilation of the Bishop of Caithness by Earl Harald, s attackewa e Kiny h b d g Willia n 1201mi d onlan , y allowe o retaidt n Caithness on payment of 2000 merks of silver, while the district of Sutherlan takes gived wa n an Hugo frot n m mhi o Ereski Moraviae nd . EARLDOE NOTETH 3 N 57 CAITHNESSSO F M O . Earl Haral dDavidn succeedes dieso o s wa 1206n dwh i ,hi d y an ,b d die n i 1214d , whe s brothehi n r John became Ear f Orkneo l d an y Caithness. Forduu tell thas u s t King William mad treata e f pe%cyo e n thai wittm yearhhi tood s daughtean khi , a e hostage th s a rt bu , burnin f Bishoo g p Ada n m122i 2 brought King Alexande . dowII r n upon Earl John, who was obliged to give up part of his lands into the hande kingth f ,so which, however e redeemeh , e followinth d g yeay b r paying a large sum of money, and by his death in 1231 the line of Paul again endcamn a o .et In 1232, we find Magnus son of Gillebride, Earl of Angus, called Earl of Caithness earldoe th d man , remaine thin di s family till between 1320 1329d an , when Magnus, Ear f Orkneo l Caithnessd yan , died t durinbu ; g this timcleas i t ei r that these earls only possessed one-hal f Caithnesso f , and the other half appears in the possession of the De Moravia family, for Freskin, Lor f Dulfusdo marrieo wh , d Johanna possesseo wh , d Strathnaver in her own right, and died before 1269, had two daughters, Mary married to Sir Eeginald Cheyne, and Christian married to William do Fedrett, and each of these daughters had one-fourth part of Caithness, for Willia e mEedretd t resign r Eeginals fourtSi hi s o t h d Cheyneo wh , then appears in possession of one-half of Caithness. These daughters probably inherite hale Caithnesf dth o f s through their mother Johanna, and Gillebride having called one of his sons by the Norwegian nam f Magnuseo , indicate a Norwegia d s ha tha e h t n mother. This is clear from his also becoming Earl of Orkney, which the King of Scots coul t havno d e given him. Gillebride die n 1200i d o thas , t Magnus must have been born before that dated abou an e tim, th t e of Earl Harald Ungi, who had half of Caithness, and died in 1198. Magnus is a name peculiar to this line, as the great Earl Magnus belonged to it, and Harald Ungi had a brother Magnus. The probability is that hale f Caithnesth o f s which belonge e Anguth o dt s famil thas ywa t half usually possessed by the earls of the line of Erlend, and was given by King Alexander with the title of Earl to Magnus, as the son of one of Earl Harald Ungi's sisters, while Johanna, through who e Moramth y family inherited the other half, was, as indicated by her name, the daughter of John, Earl of Caithness by the line of Paul, who had been kept by the king as a hostage, and given in marriage to Freskin de Moravia. 574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 11, 1878. , Magnus, Earl of Orkney and Caithness, the last of the 'earls of the Angus line, died before 1329, when " Caterina Comitissa Orcadiae et Cathanesiae " grant chartesa r "viduitate.n i 133n finI "e clai0da w n mo e earldoth f Caithnesmo y Simob s n Erase d Margarean r s spotisehi t , one of the heirs of the Earls of Caithness (Acta. Parl. vi.) In 1331 we find Malise, Ear f Stratherneo l , chargee Chamberlaith n o d n Eoll. s(p 404) with the rents of the fourth part of Caithness ; and in 1334 Malise appears e earldoas-earth f o f Strathernemlo , Caithness d Orknean , y (Cart. Inchaffray). It is clear, therefore, that the half of Caithness which belonged to the Angus earls, had like the other half passed to two co-heirs, and that the title of earl, with one-fourth of the earldom, had gone to the Earl of Stratherne. There is some difficulty in clearing up the history of the last few Earls of Stratherne, and of discriminating between them, as they all have the f Eobertnamo u Malisef e nam eso o th firse ,f e f MaliseTh o o tth .s ewa Earl of Stratherne, and Pordun (Bower) fixes the date of his death when he says, in 1271, " Malisius comes de Stratherne in partibus Gallicanis decessi t apue t d Dunblane sepelitur. n givinI " e deatth g h of Magnus, King.of 'Man, in 1269, he adds, " cujus relictam comes Malisius de Stratherne postea duxit videlicet filiam Eugenie de Ergadia;" but the postea refers to after 1271, and this was the second Malise the son of the former, for we find in 1291, Malise, Earl of Stratherne, does homage to Edwar t Stirlina . I d 12tn go h July d twelvan , e days after "Maria Eegina de Man et Comitissa de Stratherne" does homage at Perth in presenc f Earo e l Malise e dieH d. before 1296 s amona , e widowth g s wh securee oar thein di r possession Kine th Englanf gy o sb than di t year "s i Maria quas fuit uxor Malesii Comiti Stratherne.e sd " In point of fact Malise (2d) must have died before February 1292, for than i t year " Maria Comitiss Stratherne d a e quse fuit uxor Hugonie sd Abernethyn "summones i Parliameno dt shoo tt w caus Alexandey ewh e rd Abernethyn, son of Hugo, should not have his lands in Pyfe and Perth (Act.
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