13 Law Enforcemenl and
'.. •••:••'..••• , -^ •;;.-,:V • ' ••:••••.•• •..:•.••••-/••• •'•• ^^"- • THE STATEWIDE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES* X
RIME repression and traffic law en In the field of crime repression and G forcement continue'to stand out as prevention ,.the load thrust upon the the two major responsibilities of state state ^enforcement agencies has been es-; law enforcement agencies, but the impact pecraily burdensome. Counted among of the War is evidenced in every phase the/newer and pressing responsibilities of their activities. In the field of motor during 1912 were the protection of in vehicle traffic, the war effort has required dustrial areas, combatting of subversive especial attention to such important activities, training of auxiliary personnel, problems as the movement of fnen and . and the maintenance of an ever watchful niatenals to and from war plants and eye over the rising tide of crime and supply depots, the escort of military cara juvenile delinquency.^ These and many vans, the planning of convoy routes, -the of motor vehicle equipment, the replacement study' of evacuation areas in the event' and repair of which becomes a critical problem of disaster, and the enforcement of the because of priorities and scarcity of materials. gasoline and tire rationing programs.' The above data was supplied through the cour Above all Iqomcd the critical problem tesy of the National Safety Council. 3 Xake the situation in West Virginia as an ex of combatting injuries, accidents and ample. During the biennium, July I. igjb-June deaths on the highways—a problem which 30, 1912, the state police travelled^ ' t.9% miles 'struck at the heart of the war effort.^ and enSployed 919 man hours in assisting selec tive service i)oards; 4,984 miles and .joG man 1 Attention directed to convoying of military hours in assisting sugar, and gasolincl rationing caravans is. illusbative of the war load. The . boards; 27,780 miles and 4,630 man hours in ifi- Connecticut State Police averaged G15 convoys ternal security investigation: 12,61/', miles and per month in 1942, the Pennsylvania Motor Po 1,927 man hours in civilian defense activities. In lice 300," the, Klaisachusetts State Police 170. Maine, the State Bureau of Identification as Members of the California Highway Patrol tra sumed the' principal responsibility for finger velled about 57^^000 miles per month in convoy printing all members of the civilian defense, duty, those of the Florida .Highway Patrol :ap- corps. .Some 22,000 fingerprints were taken. In piroximately 40,000' miles. From the meinoran- Ohio, the State Highway Patrol launched^acom- dura of Edward J. Hickey, Chairman, State and . prehensive trajning program which included Provincial Section, International Association of training of plant guards, in 1G2 war industries, • Chiefs, of Police, to state police executives, dated trainiifg of civilian and police personnel in emer January rg. 1943. • V gency police duties~in 74 cities and. towns, and :'2This is evidenced by the crippling toll of giving motor corps unit and. safety driving in deaths, injuries,.and accidents during 1942. Esti struction in 34 cities. More, than 2,000. investiga mates now available count deaths over the na tions per month were made for the FBI by the tion at 27,800, non-fatal injuries at 1,000,000 • state police in California, Illinois. Maine, Massa .(about 8oi,ooo persons were left permanently in chusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Alexico, Penn- jured), and accidents involving only property sylvania; Rhode Island, Texas, and Washington. damage at 4,170,000. The hyin evils of this situa \ • Prepared tjy David Geeting Monroe, Interna tion in relation to the war effort are obvioiis: tional As.sbciation of Chi^ of Police, Safety Divi loss of man-hour time in war production and loss sion,. Evanston, Illinois.' 273
^•\ 274 THE BOOK OF THE iSTA TES • tf other activities have created an enormous respect to the serving of civil processes.^ drain on men and materials, and account As many officials had anticipated, the for many of the shifts and changes in inanpowc^" problem became a distressing police organization and proccdihes which isr>ue of first magnitude during the year, occurred during the year. Members of. the state police and highway The situation wit^ reference to the patrols are exceptionally vulnerable to authority, exercised by the various state military service because of their low avr enfprc-enient' agencies remained more or erage age and their aboyc-averagc physi- less static during 1942. A majority of cal coiiclition. As of October 1, 1942, for the departments (31) of the 48). cohtin- example, 16 per cent of the personnel in ued to operaie under broad authorities, the 17 departments for which informa- permitting enforcement of both criminal Vtion is avaflable was alieady in the armed and motor vehicle laws. Thirteen de- keJivices and 58 per cent^^if the remaining partments continued to be con.stricted to personnel was under ^35 5|?ars of age and enforcement of niotor vehicle laws only.* thus immediately sid)ject fe) military call.'' But, as a rule, most 6t the departments Added to the pr.oblemof losses to the which were authorized to enforce the armed services was ,the difficulty of ob criminal laws did not regularly and com taining replacements, The experience of pletely exercise sudi powers except as die Texas pepariment of Public Safety they relatecl'to special war problems is typical.. Ordinaiily, 700 ()r more candi- Police activities centered principally in dates can be counted upon to apply for the field of traffic law enlorccment. As in entrance examinations for the police serv previous years, the carrying on of a va ice. Only 130 applicants were available riety of regulatory atl ivities remainefl the for the 1942 summer examination; and responsibility of many other slate agen their physical and mental caliber was cies ojserating independently of the state definitely below previous levels, In:view: police departnients or liighway patrols.^ of the strate;gic position which state po . Jurisdictionally, siatejividc enforcement lice agencies occiipy in the enforcement continued about the same. The invesli- field and their exceptional usefulness in gation'and enforcement of criminal laws times of war and crisis, the situation is within municipalhies was enjoinedordi- ' one which is'fraught with the greatest narily, save when a state officer wit- . danger," nessed a crime perpetrated within the Diiferences in the areas of the various municipal limits, or was in pursuit of a states, their, population, road mileage, fif. violator or suspected, violator, or was nancial resources, and ideologies regard- . calledn])on for 'assistance by municipal jng enforcement continue to emphasize, authorities or the govcnior. Similarly, major variations in the . numerical-," legislative provisions which prohibited utilization of state ciiforcement agencies fi yV'ith respect to authority aiid jurisdiction of in industrial disputes were continued. the state agencies consult State-and Pwvijicial Police, hy David Geeting Monroe (Evanston, Illi This Was likewise i!rue, as a rule, with nois, i<):ii),Ch. 11. ' .t •f From the Report of Commissioner Edward J. ••Sec tabic-on page 277^ - • Hickey, Chairman. o£/,the State and Provincial 5\i\inong these regulatory activities are: fish Section of the Internaiipnal./Vssociation of Chiefs and game control, forestry and plant quarUiitine, of Police,'to Nfajor'GeiierarXllen W. Gullfdn, ~ housing inspection, narcotics control, factory \in(i Provost Nfai-shal General, United States Army, workshop inspection, and food inspection. I'ITC dated October 31, 1942, pp. 12-14. number of agencies involved iii these activities in 8 Knfoixcinent bj' the state police ^d highway each state varies from one to twenty-five or niore. |)atrols is; unique in many respects. TheV alone Some agencies arc mere fact findin3|Snnes whose operate throughout, the territorial jurisdiction of principal task is that of gathering and analy/in.g their respective states; their organization and dis statistical inforination. Others, and these arc \\\ cipline are quasi-military and membci-s arc'sub- the majority, ;\*;e actively engaged in forms of ject to call.throughout the 24-.hour period; fheir activity which rc(f •V t LAW ENFORCEMENT AND TRAFFIC SAFET}\ 275 strength of the various statewicle depart of police^personnel, the upward swing' ments. In all, these departments em toward enlargement of state police forces z ployed.9,271 police personnel and 2,209 was appareiU in nearly all tlcpartments, -civilian personnel, or a total of '11,480." This made possible ainore intensive Distribution of departments according to territorial coverage—a coverage possible their numerical strength was as follows: in large measure only by increased, adop- •; tion of. motor v'ehicle and communica'/" DisrRinuTioN OF POI.ICK STRENGTH OF ST.vrE\viDF. tion facilities. As (if March, 1941, for . I DKPARTMENTS ; » • example, the number of patrol cars .Of • Police Ntimljcrof. Per Cent Personnel-. Departments , - ofTotal the statewide departmt'nts totalled ab(5ut Less than/;-,(). 8 !7 .4,700. Two years later (March, ,:i'943) 50 to 99.,.;..,....; 11 . .23 the nuniber exceeded 6,400, or a gain of . 100.to 199...... iG 33 200 to 299...... 5 n roughly 1,700 patrolcar iihits.'VtJnques- 300 to 399...... 3. ^ () tionably, however, gains have levelled 400 to .199 2 j 4 .off in iecentmonths due to priority and /J - 500 to 999 2 1 - -1 other war difficidtie.s. In the use of mo 1,000 and over , 1 27 torcycles, decline is also, in evidence. TOTAL ..;.....:...; jS : icjo Whereas thcrcj were about 2,500 motor-, cycles in use in M^rth of 1941, there Thus, about 40 per cent of the depart were less, than 2.400'in NIarch of 1943.. ments 4 is tecl^a personnel of less than, 100 Use of other tvpcs of m?>tor vehicles re- police employees,, another .44 per cent mains about constant. ' from 100, to 300 employees. About 16 In the field of radio communication per cent of the departments had a nu- facilities, the net results during the past rnerical police strength in excess of 300 two .years jioiiit .to importaat gains in ^ peisons. the majority,of departments. Extant in " Although some changes in organiza formation indicates that as-of March, tional matters occurred during 1942, the ig.ji, some 3,100 patrol cars Were ; situation on the whole was static rather ecpiipijed with radio facilities. Yet in than dynamic. In Virginia, the Division ., two years, the number of patrol tinits of Motor Vehicles w'as abolished and u thus equij)ped jumped to approximately Department of State Police was estab- 4,600, a net apj)roximate gain of 1,500 : lished withinthe Departmeiit of Finance. unitS;'" As,may be.anticipated, however, ' Duties'of the police depaiinient w'ere re-' expansion in radio facilities has abrupt defined to include operaii(if.n.of a highway ly declined in recent months dtie to the . patrol, supervision of inspecti(m stati(^^, grave difficulties of securing new eqinp- promotion of highiVay safely, operation meiit and replacing worn facilities; Of of a state police school, and opcratidli of particular significance is the trend away a state police c6mmunications .*jystem. In from Reliance upon one-way radio facil- California, the old countv line unit basis . ities. The number of twb-wav installa- ^ i^on which police districts Avere estab- tions appears to have doubled between li!shed was abolished and districts were 1939 and 1943, while three-way installa reorganized along population and geo- tions, were established recently, in three gi-aphic lines. In Illinois, districting of departmenLs—Connecticut, Maine, and the^iate highway police force on a traffic New Jersey. Reliance iipon private and arteiy basis was abolished and the depart municipal police tiansmittcrs by motor ment was redf^ricted along a«c6unty line .^vehicles of'the state agencies has declined ; tsasis. precipitously and the gieat majority now Notable are the changes in adoption eiiiploy state-operated radio transmit- of motor vcHuFle : and communication tei"s." Some gains are evidenced in the ^ equipment by' the statewide agencies. .Until the tide of War began its ravages 10 .See tabic on pagp 278. •".Alabama amlMontana continue 'o use mu-^, nicipal radio stations. In Kentucky a move is-on% 9See table on page 277. foot to secure permit for a radio system. . •'/-^- 276 ^THE BO OK OF TJ{E S TA TES adoption of teletype installations. Ex statewide police will become the moae tant information^ndicates that thesie 5re burdensome. ^Whether they can be car now being operated-in 20 states' via ried is the question. Many key officers leased and TWX line and that the num and men will bave left their departments r-- ber of outlets is now in excess of 500. for the armed.services. As. the drain on The revealed situation respecting states manpower, continues, policing must be wide.policing is encouraging in many re maintained by older men whose skills ^ spects, disheartening in others. Import and training, on the w'hole, cannot match ant gains have been accdmplishcd on a that of their predecessors. Such a situa number of'fronts that have made for tion, coupleM with lags in equipment more effective enforcement. But the hor^ utility, will necessitate maximum per izon is clouded with problems and trials formance on the part of each and every t-.- which may bode ill., As the problems of man if the enforcement situation is to be War continue,; the obligations of the. kept in check. ^ i,- r. Va...-- :'\ Ifj.!- n X' \ ^-^ t A . f- P» • • • - . ''. ' " '. : Authority " Number of -•'',••' Police'and Civilian FuU Traffic Personnel. - • , , •• •"•• • •• ^- ,•• Dale • Head 1 Police Violations Slate Name of Organitation Created >,•//« .; Authority Only . Police Civilian Total) A^ixiliary Total...;....: . . •"••••• ...... ,... .9,271 2,209 11,480 10,880 Alabama...... Department of Public Saifety *1939 " Gilbert,!Van BV ' / Director. ""'•"" • • ' - , , lSOt> 50 200 - 0 Arizona. Highway Patrol 1931 Moore. Horace •- Sui>erintendent • • 52 • 12 64 0 Arkansas... State Police 1935 Albright, A. G. Superintendent * 66 17 83 0 California State Highway Patrol 1929 Cato, E. Raymond Chief • 844 274 .. 4,825 Colorado State Highway Courtesy Patrol 193S Drain, Vernon Supervisor 100 15 0 , , ••*• .• '•li^ Connecticut State Police 1*103 Hickey, Edward J. • Commissioner * . . 275 137 412 S00» Delaware...... State Police 1923 McKendrick, Walter B. Superintendent :'*y 83 18 101 ^0 Highway Patrol Division ' 1939 Gilliam. J. J. Director ..^ 120 16 136 0 -GeorgU Department of Public Safety 1937 Williams, C. A. r Commissioner/ . • » '••''^ ••.. •* • 100. 60 160 6 Idaho... Department of Law Enforcement 1929 Spoor, Charles E. Commissioner . • 110 30 .40 0 IlllnoU. :. 278 THE BOOK OF THE STATES . MOTOR VEHICLE AND RADIO COMMUNICATION FACILITIES- OF STATEWIDE AGENCIES* Number of Motor Veliicles . 2Vi( mber of Patrol Cars Percent of Patrol Cars . • {March, 1943} Equipped with Radio iw,\ Equipped with Radio in; ' A Patrol Motor- Others . March : March March ' 'March Stale Cars circles 1941 • 1943 1941 •'^'^%_ Total... 6,239 2,374 • 256 2,966 4,472 5.7 _ 70 t Alabama.. (•) (») (») (^ • .'. (») (•) (•). Arizona... 56 0 0 9 . .56 22 100 Arkansas.. 45 5 1 .*(•)• .- 45 • (•) . 100 CaUfornia. 494 493 W. : • ,203 330'' .68: .67 . Colorado.'.!.. 64 17 0 35. • - 54 57 . • 84 Qlonnectlcut. 295 115 14 '—^-235 240 100- .81 Delaware.... 33 19 . 4 ,28. . 33 100 . 100 - Florida 128 31 0 . , ^ 50 .8-39 Georgia... 80 26 • 2 '0 /l 1 0 14 Idaho 11 0 2 :(") / 4 (.) 36 lUhpois 296 338. 17 226 296 100 100 Indiana...... ;. 300 51 • 1 232 300 100 100 Iowa...... ;.;.. 128 10 1 100 106 Kansas. .». 49 . ^ 8 0, 100 29 Kentuclcy...... 100 / 33 3 0 / 0 0 . 0 Louisiana :... ^ 81 30 19 . 9 . V 81 , , 23 100 . . Maine...... : • 92 45 •. 1 . •4 ' ''; • -AS' - 4 .49 Maryland... '.:. • \n 85 25 70 , , / 127 • 100 100 Massachusetts 112 136 0 113 . . . 112 •* . 100 100 • Michigan...... 183 50, •'2' ; 116 • . •. 183. ,100- ; * . 100 Minnesota. 70 64 0 7 •' 52 ; 11 76 Mississippi...... 88 5- ' 1 50 88 . 100 100 Missouri../....'...... 110 15- 3 104 , 110 100 100 Montapa 73-^ . 6 . 0 • : 0- 73 . 0 100 Nebraska ' 52 ; 12 0' («) , 0 Nieyada...... 1 0 0 2 • 0 • 18 , 0 .. New Hampshire..... 45 7 ' 0 43 45 ; 100 100 / New Jersey 168 50 7 12/ 161 12 • 96/\ New Mexico. • • ' 32 17 {•) • .' ,0 • • (») . . 0 , New York...... 347 133 33 125 197 North Carolina 256 •25 7 . 177: 256 100 -'"'"^00' .- North Dakota.,r-..- 20 0 0 . 20 0 TOO Ohio. ....;..., 165 • 99 0 89 165 ,100 100 Oklahoma (•) *=v 24 (") •48. . •. • C). . 100 (») Oregon. 145 2 0. 139 145. • 100 . 100 Pennsylvania. . . .. 678 76' 20 37 61 5, , . 9"; Rhode Island...... 46 32 1; ..48 46 ' 100. 100 Soiith. Carolina 139 15 0 0 0 .0 0 So.uth Dakota 20 2 0 0 0 Tennessee. US 44 0 0 80 '^ 0 70 Texas.'. „ J!3"50- - 179 6' 196 . 350 100 . ' 100 "^ Utah...... 70 ro 1 • IS' • («) .• . 29 . (•) .. Vermont.- .38 0 0. 0 0 • 0 0 Virginia-\.... 170 80 100 • 100 V 30 150 . '170 Wiuhlngton... 170 'T • 1" ISO .170 100 100 West Virginia. 126 26 4 112 126 94 100 . Wisconsin.... 55 0 0 20 32 44 • . "58- Wyontiiiig 16 2 ., 0 0 16 0 100 ,<7 Data' incomplete. Approximate. * Data respecting the number of motor vehicles as of March, 1943, and the number equipped with radio as of that date, . were supplied by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, Washington, jD. C; Other data based upon Chapter IX of David Geeting Monroe's 5/o/f and Provincial Police. A Study in Police Functioning in the United Stales and Canada (Evanston, Illinois, 1941). «S" ^^; LAW ENFORCEMENT AND TRAFFIC,. SAFETY •279 uklFORM CRIME GONTROL LEGISLATION* Interstate Parole' and Probation Supervision Inter- Intra- Out-of- Ena- Signa- state state State - bling tory to . Nar- Fresh "^resh Extra- Wit- Legislq- Cofff^ Law of- Fire- cotic State Pursuit Pursuit dition nesses tion. pact Arrest arms • Drugs i Total.,...... /.... :.,.:.... 34 5 31 37 37 36 9 42 &^ Alabama... .>...:... .•.'. .. '.•. • • • . •••• •.'; Arizona.. .V / -k • • • ' Arkansas TA^ • • • • • California.. . . • • ;• Colorado ....'•*• -k • .•k • • Connecticut. ir • • Delaware.. .. ilr • • • • • District of Columbia.;...... " • Florida....;.,...... ;..../.;.• • Georgia...... • Idaho...... ^. • •» • • • Illinois...... ;^.,,..;.....,-.V--..V . •• •••- • '• Indiana: .1..,.,...:... ^ .;;/>.. • Iowa .,. -k . • • Kansas...... ^Ir it Kentucky...... • . •• ;•'• Louisiana...... * • • Maine...... ;.. ..:.;.•...... ;, ir • • • . Maryland ^r '.: • • Massachusetts ;..... -k • . f Michigan..... • -k • Minnesota. % '^w. • • ,• Mississippi...; ..^... • MlssourL.T".'...... ,, .. • Montana... * • • • • • • .Nebraska.. ': W •'•'••••... . • ,. Nevada •..•.;..;.....;..;..,'...... '.; • • • ;. New Hampshire...:..., .• ...'ir * • • New Jersey..... • ^ . • -k'- • • •k New Mexico...... !.'...... , -k • • •• New-York....-....-..:..... t-rT-rr-rr—• iilr"—~ • • • • • • North Carolina. ' .. . • North Dakota., * • ' : ;Ohio. ^,... ,.. • • • • • • Oklahoma...... i...,..,;...... • Oregon..... •*• Pennsylvania, ir -k- Rhode Island."...... ;..,..., * ^k • • • South Carolina South Dakota.. * * Tennessee...... '. -Ar < .. • Texas... :'...:• .. •k Utah ,...,.:.., :..-.;;.. ic • • • . Vermont it • • • • Virginia...^...... ;...... '....^ • • • • Washington...;;...... v • .West Virginia.; • • • Wisconsin -k • • • • . Wyoming;..,..,,...;- • • »• In modified form to meet local conditions. • • *The states listed with stars in the table have adopted the model acts, recommended by either the Interstate Commission on Crime or the National Conference'of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, or similar'legislation; >.• c»K- fs. f^- UNIFORM MOTOR VEHIGLE REGULATIONS \ DURING THE WAR* N THE past, one of the impediments to man of the War Production Board/ the Director I the war effort was the diversity of of the Office of Defense Transportation, and the state la.ws and regulations with respect Chairman of the War Manpower'Cbmniission. to "vveights and dimensions of commercial I suggest that yo\i communicate at once, with motor vehicles. It was apparent that Mr.. Frank Bane, Executive Director of the Coun cil of State Governments, and arrange a meeting .many of these laws were hindering the of. your committee with the Executive Commit transport of materials needed for pro tee of the Governors' Conference early next week. duction and the distribution of weapons. On May 5, 1942, the Department of Sincerely yours, J5*^ Commerce held a conference in Wash FRANKLIN D. RoosEVEt,T ington to.discuss various impediments to the \^r effort. At that conference, the On May^ 20th, the Executive Gomniit- Council of State Governments recom tee of the' Governors' Conference met mended "that a committee be established Vk^ith the President's committee. One of within the national government to work the members of die President's commit with a similar committee tb be set up tee was the Under Secretary of War. He by the states." iirged that the states. take immediate, Several days later, the Council made actiion to remove or relax state moto/ the same recommendation to the Pres vehicle regulations or restrictions which ident,, with me result that on May 16, were hampering the shipment of war President Roosevelt wrote.to the chair goods. It was jointly agreed that thp man of the conference as follows: states could and should handle the prob- . . •.". • •" • - "^ lem directly. . The Secretary .of Commerce As a result, each oiE the governors was My dear Mr. Secretary: asked by telephone or telegram to permit As you know, divergent.State laws and regu- . all commercial motor vehicles to be . lations are impeding many phases of the war loaded and operated in his state to the effort.. Those impediments to full production full extent of their capacities within the Were.'discussed, at your conference last week be-, following minimum limits: ;^.^;.,...•_;.^:,.. 'J^ V' tween representatives of the State Governments and Federal war agencies. Specific solutions must 1. Permissible width—go inches -A:. be developed. .' 2. Permissible height—121/^ feet. The Council of State Governments has sugV 3. Permissible length of a single vel>icle—35 gested that I appoint a committee from the war _ feet 4. Permissible length of a combination-45 agencies to meet with the Executive Committee : . " . feet ; •'••'•.•• ' of the Governors' Conference and formulate 5. Permissible weight per inch width of tire these solutions. —600 lbs. ^ I am appointing you chairman of the com • 6. Permissible weight on single axle—18,006 mittee from the Federal Government. Other', .• lbs. •,• • •• • • members are the Secretary of the Treasury, the 7. Permissible weight on two axles—30,000 Attorney General, the Under Secretary of War,'-^- lbs.••**•. -.,.,- • . •.; ••. •-- ..-, the Assistant^ Sjecretary of the Navy, thie Chair . 8. Permissible weight on three' axles—40,000 -^^s^s^. • • . -- ..•.• -r-^:- - : • ' g'lKipfeifmissible weight of semi-trailers—40,000 • Previous editions oi The Book of the States ••^•Ibs.-' . ••': •. . •'•-.•.; have contained information pertaining to prog 10. Permissible weight of other combinations ress made by the States in unifying their motor —40,000 lbs. . •vehicle laws and in adopting proyisioru of the .Uniform Motor Vehicle Cbde. This statement These minimum limits for motor car p^' describes what the staites have: done to unify certain provisions of their motor vehicle laws riers were immediately put into effect and regulations during wartime. throughout the country by the states. 280 ;e«», '^ STATE MOTO^ VEHICLE MfelSTRATIONS* Compiled for Calendar Year 1941 from Reports of State Authorities* -Motor, Vehicles- -———Private and CommerciaP'- -Publicly Owned- Passenger Vehicles- Trucks •'•Slate, Automobiles and County, (Including Tractor • and • SidU Total Total Total Taxicabs) Busses" Trucks Total Federal"^ Municipal' .. Total...... •• 34,764.996 34,383,167 29,507,113 . 29,418,313 88,800 4,876,054 381,829 84,728 297.101 Alabama...... 414,451 • 409,706 - 335.000 330,727 4,273 74,706 4,745 1,780 2,965 Arizona..... 149,440 144,401 117.712 117,377 335 26,689 5,039 2,4589 . 2.350 . Arkansas .^ 294,531 290,249 213,058 2J2,522 536 77,191 4,282 1,607 2,675 California... ^,996,775 • 2,962,222. 2,618,369 2,614,106 4,263 343,853 •• 34,553 .5.767 28,786 Colorado...... ;...... 370,180 367,768 307,402 306,182 ~ 1,220 60,366 2,412 .- 2.412 Connecticut^.....:.... 555,838 ^=r 551,101 471,845 470.566 1,279 79,256 . 4,737 488 4,249 . Delaware..'..... 77,730 76.'842 • 65.014 64.662 352 11,828 888 127 761 X>latrict of Columbia. 177,015 174,070 160,267 158,616 1,651 13,803 2,945 1.382 1,563' Florida...... 553.991 545,706 . 460,468 458,687 1,781 85,238 8,285 . i;773 6,512 Georftia...:.... 566,212 558i984 463,921 . 460,787 3,134 95,063 7,228 2.091 5,137 Idaho. 174.3S4 171,031 134.612 134,473 139" • .36,419 3,323 1.437 1,886 Illinois... 2,062,884 2,048,805 1.826,583 . 1,823,884 2,699 222,222 14,079 3.039 11,040 Indiana...'..;.., 1,087,648 1,078,954 , 934,866 928,399- 6.467 144,088 8.694 1.114 7,580 Iowa....,....:...... 834,103 . 825,112 715,108; ,,..'. 714,608 500 110,004 8.991 1.184 .7,807 Kansas..:^..... 618.480 617,793 • 504,581 503.921 660' 113,212 687 687 Kentuclcy..,..;.....% . 503,781 497.427 • • 415s764 414,845 919 .•81,663 • 6,354 1,302 "5,652 - Louisiana 437.214 •1 430.7.07 . 348,337 344.947 3.390 82,370 6,507 1,416 5,091 Maine.;.... 225,319 222.367 176,619 176,321 298 45,748« 2,952 456 2,496 Maryland...... /.,. 497,998 494,141 .429,937 .428,764 1.173 64,204 3,857 1,541 2,316 . Massachusetts...... 963,122 - 961,639 850,989 845,874 5,115 110,650 1,483 1,483 Michiganv^. :... 1,707,458 1.705.610 1,544,245 . 1,543,255'' 990 161,365h 1,848 1,848 Minnesota. .*. .90^903 903.042 773,332 , ,772,708 . 624 129.710 6,861 l,7t)3 5,158 Mississippi. •. 299,047 293.725 222,665 220;807 ..1,858 71,060 5,322 1,408 3,914 Missouri. 992,505 984.626 823.158 /, 820,080 3,078 161,468 : 7,879 . 1,887 5,992 00 Montana 204,122 , r 198.732 147,606 • 147,256 350 •51,126 5.390: 2,469 '2.921 . Nebraska.. ' 427.509 423.058 • 354,598 354,276 322 68,460 4.451 : 1,013 3,438 Nevada.. 49.868 48,160 38,636 38,480 156 9.524 1,708 902 806 New Hampshire;....; 1 "?.•• \ 282. THE BOOK OF THE ST A TES ir> MOTOR VEHICLE LAWS* As of January I, 1943 New License Driving Safety . Plates License Border Re Certifi Can Be Mini '/•i _OAto " Re sponsi 'Safety cate V Used Re mum . Gaso Prop Period of stric bility Inspec of Title Stale •'••-'' -9? . '..• quired Age line Sales • erty Stay* tion Law tion Required Alabama... Oct. 1 '; • . . 16 $ .06 . •k • Reciprocal Arizona...... Dec. 15 • 16 .05 2% (=) • '• ..'. . •' Arkansas , Nov. 1 • • 18« .065 .2% • *. 90 days'' 0' ...... -' California. Jan. 1 • 16" .03 3% - . . 1 . (') • i • • •.' • Colorado....; Dec. 1 • 16 .04 • 2% jf . • • . Reciprocal • . • •. • Connecticut... Feb. 15 - • 16 :03 . • . Reciprocal . "... • («) . . . Delaware...... (h). • 16 . .04 . • i • • . • • Reciprocal (v • • • Dist. of Colun;ibia Mar. 1 • 18° .03 • Reciprocal • • • Florida Dec. 1 • 16" .07 . . • Reciprocal • . • . . .• • Georgia Jan. 1 • • 16' .06 '. t. • 30 days • • • •• • . . . !'. . . . ." • Idaho Jan. 1 . • 16" ..051 Reciprocal • • • ... • Illinois Dec. 5 • 18? . ^.03 2% Reciprocal .., > • .0) • Indiana :.. Jan. 1 16" .04 .". -• 60 days ; ..'. • * Iowa...'...... Dec. 1 .$• 16" .03 2% . . . Reciprocal' • >y. ... Kansas ^.... Dec. 1 • 16" .03 , 2% '• •' Reciprocal •(•'') • (....- . •• • Kentucky...... Dec. 29 .*. • 18" • .05 ". * Reciprocal . . * . • ("f) Louisiana. Jan. 1 ., . ". *• 14 .07 il- • • » Reciprocal ...... • . • Maine....;..:... Dec. 25 • •'. • 15 .04 (")• . Reciprocal ' .•. . • . I . . • f • • Maryland. ' Mar. 15 • 16 .04 e -^ 90 days •• .•, • Massachusetts... Jan. 1 •. 16 • .03 •(•„•) . . . Reciprocal" • : * (P) • . . . Michigan. ....: (0) • 14 .03 3% 90 days . • * • . i' • • . Minnesota: Jan. 1 *• 18" .03 . . .' '. . • Reciprocal' • . . . • • (i) : Mississippi Nov. 1 • 17" , .06 : .1% • •-•• 25 daysr , . ', • • "... Missouri Jan. 1 • . 16 . .02 2% • .'• • Reciprocal ... - ..."-, • Montana.. Jan. 1 . 15 .05 30 days' - »'. . (i)'. .-,..•: • • • • • •. .• (u) Nebraslca Dec. 20 • 16 .05 • •". • (') . ' . t t • -• .• . . • Nevada. Dec. 15" "16" .04 • • (') - . . 1 •• • . • 1 ' * • '•*• New Hampshire.. Mar. 1 • 16 .04 r , . , 6 months •. • ... New Jersey.'...... Mar. 1 • 17 .03 . . • Reciprocal ... • •• • -. (") ' ,New Mexico...... Dec. 1 • • 14 .05 i% • • . , ,' 90 days ... • • . • • New York.... • Jan. 1 ^ . 18" .04 • . '•> . R&iprocal'. • . . . • North Carolina... Dec. 1 . • .16 .06 3%' ..-.". Reciprocal ... •. •, • . • . . • North Dakota Jan. 1 • . • 16" , .04' 2% . . • 30 days • . • . . . • Ohio. Mar. 1 • .04 • . • •Reciprocal •*•... • • .••'•• ' • Oklahoma....,;. Dec. 21 • •• . i6° .055 '2% . . . •' ' ReciprocalV ^ • -. . . . .".* ... • • • • . • Oregon Dec. 15 • 16" .05 • . • ' Reciprocal' '. . . . • (') •.• Pennsylvania. . . . Mar. 15 • 18" .04 • • • • ..• Reciprocal ' " '. • . • : • •••• . Rhode Island.... Mar. 1 • . 16 .03 ...... ^Reciprocal. ^ . . . (• • ...... South Carblina... Sept. 30 ,* ' 14 .06 • 90 days . . . • ... - ^' South Dakota.... , Jan. 1 . . . IS / .04^ 2%" • • 90 days- . • . • • . . . • Tennessee Mar. 1 ••• 16" ' .07 i J . 30 days (•") • • . •! • Texas Mar. 1 • 16" .04 -. •* ,• . 120 days» . . . . ' 8 •k - Utah.'...... Dec. 15 • . 16 ;o4 2'fo 60 daysy • • . '.• • ,..• • . Vermont... Mar. 15 • 18" .04 J* ' • . • •. • •' Reciprocal . . • • • / •. " • • • Virginia...... ;;. Mar. 15 • 16" .05 •' • • Recipfocal' ... • •• \ •*:• Washington..;... Dec. 1 • 16 .05 .3% ;• •••• 90.days '. . . • • • • • West Virginia.... . June 21 • •: 16 .05 • 90 days . . . .' •' • • . • • Wisconsin. ... .v. Nov. 1 16" .04 Reciprocal .,,,., • • • • .:*••• • • '^ Wyoming. Dec! ..." 15 .04 2% - ..... 90 days (')" ... • Applies to non-residents. The term "reciprocal" means I Use tax on new cars, first registration of tiued cars. that the state will e.xtend to a non-resident the identical '» Bill of sale must he.filed. , privileges granted by his home state to non-resident ° Excise tax. motorists. In.most states persons who intend to reside "Permit showing compliance with state compulsory lia- permanently must.buy new plates and secuj-e new driving 'bility insurance law must be obtained after 30 days.- licenseaf once, or within a limited period. Acquisition of. p State has compulsory insurance.-. , ' • employment or placing children in public school is often "i- When issued. considered intention :to reside permanently. ' After which nonresident's permit may be secured for None on used cars. ' • 120 days; fee. $1. Full period for which vehicle is licensed in owner's hom^ '• • For recreational travel. Extension for same period when state; must obtain permit after 10 days. , ' -^-—•requested. Stickers issued, . Registration after 30 days. ' Full period for which vehicle is licensed in.owner's home Special junior permit. . ' state. . . ..,..• Visitors: until expiration of home registration; residents: " For cars not previously registered in state and for those reciprocal. beihg.transferred to another owner. Discontinued for the. duration. " $15 maximum. Three months before current, registration expires. " Registry tax on first registration in state. Visitors must, register within a specified time. *. Permit must be secured within f5 days; fee, SO cents, Certain orall cities may prbvide for compulsory inspec y Registration within 5 days.. >•'' tion, ' » * Highway patrol authorized to establish checking stations. Commercial vehicles only. Prepared from Digest of Motor Laws, Tenth Edition, 1942-43, American Automobile Association, Washingtani_IL_f. Speed limit provisions Carried inthe 1941-1942 edition of the Boofe of the States are omitted from this table, in view of the 03^' •TA-i-JS ff'-- \AyV EKFORCEMENT AND TRAFFIC SAFETY 283 MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS BY STATES* . 1941-1942 Motor Vehicle Death'Rate,'1942 No. of Motor Source of -Vehicle Deaths- Per 100.000 Per 100,000.000 Slate Slalislics-^ 1942 1941 Population'^ • Vehicle- Af lies'' Total. 27,800 39,969 20.7 10.5 Alabama... TS 614 '701 21.3 15.9 Arizona.... TS 230 272 15.6 Arkansas.. TS 265 503 %:f' 18.7 California.. TS • 2,551; 3.487 ; • 35.5 9.9 C!oIorado... . TS * 239. 306 21.9 8.1 Ckinrtectlcut. < TS . 289 • 415 16.4 .. 5;6 Delaware:,.. TS • 72 93 , .26.1 8.6 Floridai. TS 526 768 ; • 27.1 9.9 Georgia TS • --si. < 609 981 19:9 . .11.5 Idaho...... ^ TS •; 105 ,• 181 22.0 7;7 Illinois..;... TS . 1,718 . ' 2,600 21.5 . 8.6 Indiana'.. TS 1,016 1,393 29.2 10.6 Iowa: TS r 397 .601 16.2 " 5.8 Kansas.... TS ^ -318 • "512 • 18.5 . , 6T4 Kentucky., TS 511 863 18.6 12.3 Louisiana., .K-i vs 440 : , 665 . 18.6 11.7' Maine... TS 150' ' 210 . 18.2 :"' 7.0 , Maryland TS . 457 ,600 24.1 10.5 ..Massachusetts.. TS . 508 681 11.9 5.2 Michigan,'. . VS 1,313 . . 2,002 • -23.7 8.2 Minnesota.. TS- • •• • • • • 438 ' , • 590 .16.4 . , 6.3 Mississippi TS •• ••• r . 418 624 19.6 . 13.-7 Missouri... TS 691 1,074 , 18.5 7.1 Montana.... TS 101 194 ^ 19.4 6.6 • • . ) Nebraskia...... TS 196 -^ • 255 15.8 6.6 Nevada;.-.. TS •ri04 102 81.1 . 18;3 New Hampshire. TS ; • 43 .103 9,0 3.4 New Jersey:.... TS'. ; 771. 989 • i8;2 - 6.4 New Mexico vs i ' 168 227 . 32.3 •12.2 New York TS 2,184 2.661 17.0 ' 8.6 North Carolliia.. . TS •• . ••843 1.289 ; 24.4: •• . 12.6 North Dakota... TS- '... 79 . ' 117 . 13.3 : « 6.7 Ohio .:...... VS •1,783. •"•• 2,458 25.7 9.3 Oklahoma..... TS. 326..^ .560 15.0 6.4 Oregon.:....;.. TS , • 271^ 371- • 25.5 7.8- Pennsylvania;.. TS ; 1,684 • • 2,298 . 17.3 8.0 Rhode Island. . TS . ; 72 90 10.0 3.9 South Carolina. TS . 404.. 678 21.3 12.3 South Dakota.. TS .74 .' . 158 • . •. 12.6' 4.7 Tennessee..... TS . 513 . 745 17.6:- 11,2 Texas.... TS 1,316 1,981 20.4 7.5 Utah TS- • 147 205 '26.5 10.2 -Vermont^...... • TS • . •51 •-,...• . • S4 . 14.8 .. .•5.4 Vh^inla,;.,... -TS.,, ••':'• 704 1.093 ; . ; 25.2 11.3 • • . • • Washington...... TS 440 631 •' 25.1 8.6 West,Virginia.. TS • • 346 • 452 18.6 J1; 3 Wisconsin:.; .. TS , 561 870 17.9 • 7.4 3' Wyoming.... TS 69 127 29.8 r-- 7.6 Explanation of sympols: ' ' • •> Based on Bureau of the Census estimates of civilian TS—(traffic statistics) supplied by state motor vehicle population for May 1, 1942. ' .. j departments,: highway departments, highway pa- ' = Mileage estimates are based on'consumption data sup-, trols, state safety-councils, and other organizations plied-by the U. S. Public Roads Administration based on V primarily- interested in traffic safety.' Figures in- reports from'state'tax authorities, supplemented by a elude only motor vehicle deaths occurring in traffic; few reports received directly from state a.uthorities: they are classiped by place and time of accident. . i . VS—(vital statistics) furnished by state registrars of •^ i ' .vital3tatisticsJliguresinclude1notorvehiclefataliti.es " I - occurring on home or industrial premises as well as •' ^ . . ^ ! • in traffic; clarification is by place and time of death. . "^ i • Prepared by National. Safety Council, 20 North Wacker Drive. Chicago, March 30, 1943. All figures are provisional. . d 9^