Table of Figures

11/06/2008, Table of Figures TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Study area location plan. Segment of the NATMAP 1:1,000,000 International Map of the World, SYDNEY Sheet, showing the east coast of New South Wales, Newcastle to Nowra area, including Wollongong. Inset Map of Australia showing Study area................................................ 1-2 Figure 1.2 The Wollongong City Council Local Government Area. The general Study area is the escarpment slopes north of Wollongong. The 1:4000 Map area considered during this research project is shaded in grey. The Subject area, defined for a spatial analysis carried out during this research project is highlighted with a red border. ..................................................................................... 1-3 Figure 1.3 Wollongong City Council 1:4000 map sheet index map. Map area for this research project is bordered by heavy black line. Table 1.1 relates these map names to co-linear Central Mapping Authority 1:4000 scale map names............................................................................................ 1-9 Figure 2.1. Proposed Risk Management Process, an overview. ............................................................. 2-19 Figure 2.2. Risk for selected engineering projects, Whitman (1984). Note slope stability at 10-2.......... 2-20 Figure 2.3. Detailed view of the proposed Risk Management Process showing use of maps, spreadsheets and databases. .................................................................................................................... 2-23 Figure 2.4. Conceptual representation of the decrease of a slopes Factor of Safety with time (Popescu, 1996, after Terzaghi, 1950). ................................................................................................... 2-25 Figure 2.5. A classification system for landslide causal factors. For example, preparatory causes 1.4, triggering cause 3.1 (Popescu 1996, adopted by WP/WLI)............................................................. 2-27 Figure 2.6. Definition of terrain units at different scales. With larger map scale contours are more accurate, and more land units are recognisable; (a) 1:25000 scale, (b) 1:5000 scale (after Shih- Chia Chang, 1992). ................................................................................................................................. 2-28 Figure 2.7. Anbalagan and Singh (1996), general procedure for risk assessment mapping developed in the Himalayas. ................................................................................................................... 2-37 Figure 2.8. Sukhidang area, Kumaun Himalaya, India. Hazard and Risk are assessed on the basis of factor maps, which are not shown. The slope facet map delineates the areas upon which assessments are based, Anbalagan and Singh (1996). ............................................................................ 2-38 Figure 2.9. Damage potential tables and associated risk assessment matrices, Anbalagan and Singh (1996)...................................................................................................................................................... 2-39 Figure 2.10. Landslide management strategy for the Undercliff, Isle of Wight, England. Strategy aims to reduce and limit the likelihood of future movement by adopting four approaches (South Wight Borough Council, 1995)............................................................................................................... 2-42 Figure 2.11. Railway Geotechnical Services, Railway Services Authority of New South Wales, Australia, Geotechnical Risk Assessment matrix, with definitions of terms and example assessments (Railway Geotechnical Services, 1995).............................................................................. 2-47 Figure 2.12 Simplified version of Fells flow chart probability procedure.............................................. 2-55 Figure 3.1. Rainfall contours for the Illawarra; (a) Maximum annual rainfall, period unknown (Young 1976), (b) Annual average rainfall 1931-1960 (Young 1976), (c) Average annual rainfall Bureau of Meteorology records (Ghobadi 1994)...................................................................................... 3-3 Figure 3.2. Dana’s Geological Map of the District of the Illawarra dated 1848 (Viola and Margolis, 1985) Yellow represents the ‘Sydney Sandstone Formation’, Purple the ‘Coal Formation’, Red the ‘Wollongong Sandstone Formation’ and brown is ‘Basalt’..................................... 3-5 Figure 3.3. Regional Structural Geology of the study area (Herbert and Helby, 1980). (a) Extent of Permian sedimentation over eastern Australia; (b) Sydney-Gunnedah-Bowen Basin within New South Wales; (c) Structural subdivisions within the Sydney Basin. ......................................................... 3-7 Figure 3.4. A generalised stratigraphic column of the Illawarra Region (after Bowman 1974)............. 3-11 Figure 3.5 Portion of Bowmans original scale 1:6336 Geology maps. Scarborough Sheet. Only spatial reference is limited cadastre of main roads and the coastline...................................................... 3-26 1 11/06/2008, Table of Figures Figure 3.6 Portion of Bowmans original scale 1:6336 Land Stability maps. Scarborough Sheet. The top of the escarpment crosses the upper left side of this segment, and Buttenshaw Drive diagonally crosses the page..................................................................................................................... 3-27 Figure 3.7 Portion of Bowmans Geology maps enlarged and superimposed onto a 1:4000 scale orthophotograph map of the Balgownie area. A clear lack of correlation between the geology and contour lines is visible............................................................................................................................. 3-29 Figure 3.8. Locality diagram of the Seafoam Avenue/Thirroul Public School Landslide, Adamson 1962......................................................................................................................................................... 3-31 Figure 3.9. Shellshear (1890) discussed the treatment of slip land near the cliff edge on the Illawarra railway line at chainage 33 miles (now, approx 53.8km) south of Sydney; a) Location plan showing position of railway, road and subsurface drainage lines. Position of railway and road is now reversed, b) Cross sections of drainage trenches/drives 3 and 4. ................................................ 3-41 Figure 4.1. Example Borehole Data Sheet for borehole C0013, one of the 154 boreholes in the BOREHOLE database and the GIS based GEOWELLS ‘overlay’. ......................................................... 4-6 Figure 4.2. GIS generated summary plan showing distribution of boreholes in BOREHOLE database and location of the major faults included in the ‘FAULTS’ overlay.......................................... 4-7 Figure 4.3. Computer model of geology within area of ‘clipped contours’, bounded by boreholes in BOREHOLE database. Stratigraphic surface generated for the Base of the Wongawilli Seam. Surface examined by cross sections at 500m spacing, orientated approximately perpendicular to the escarpment. North is vertical, and the map is at a scale of 1:50,000. Mount Kembla is situated within the area of closed contours on the right hand side of the map. .................................................... 4-12 Figure 4.4. Cross section WongC8 (fifth from the left hand side of Figure 4.3) of the computer model of the base of the Wongawilli Coal Seam. The interpolated intersection point with the face of the escarpment is digitised and plotted in plan, as shown by the blue crosses in Figure 4.3.............. 4-13 Figure 5.1. 1:4000 scale E12 map segments from northeastern Stanwell Park. Irregular, non symmetrical contours within two sites of land instability. Sites 001 and 002; (a) Topographic base map with cadastre and ‘GEOWELLS’ borehole location overlay, (b) Geotechnical Landscape Map series. ........................................................................................................................................................ 5-6 Figure 5.2. Site 128. a) Segment of Geotechnical Landscape Map J9 including Site 128, and b) Pitsis (1992) 1:25000 scale Sheet 3 “Guide to Land Instability Stanwell Park to Wollongong” map segment showing, amongst others, Site 128. ............................................................................................ 5-7 Figure 5.3. The Microsoft Access v2.0 database window, with ‘Tables’ selected. This is the first window to open when the Land Instability Database file is opened. This window shows the four Tables that are available within the Land Instability Database file. Also accessible through this window in Microsoft Access v2.0 are lists of the Queries, and Forms available within the Land Instability Database file........................................................................................................................... 5-12 Figure 5.4. Example Record/Site Data Form (SITEDATA) for the Land Instability Database.............. 5-13 Figure 5.5. The database window, Queries selected, in Microsoft Access v2.0. This window shows the Queries that are available within the Land Instability Database file................................................. 5-14 Figure 6.1. Map Legend, Geotechnical Landscape Map Series, Version 2.1. .......................................... 6-4 Figure 7.1. Histogram of

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