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Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Institute of Technology School of Graduate Studies Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Institute of Technology School of Graduate Studies PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY OF HYDRAFORM BLOCK AS WALLING MATERIAL FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN JIGJIGA BY ABDULKADER BESHIR AHMED A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering (Construction Technology and Management) April, 2015 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES A PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY OF HYDRAFORM BLOCK AS WALLING MATERIAL FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN JIGJIGA BY ABDULKADIR BESHIR AHMED APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS Name Signature Prof. -Dr. Ing. - Abebe Dinku _________________________ _______________________ ADVISOR Dr. - Ephraim Senbetta _________________ ______________________ EXAMINER (INTERNAL) Dr. - Ing. Adil Zekaria ________________________ ______________________ EXAMINER (EXTERNAL) Dr. - Bikila Teklu ______________________ ______________________ CHAIRPERSON DECLARATION “I declare that this research report entitled “Potential And Production Possibility Of Hydraform Block As Walling Material for Affordable Housing in Jigjiga” is original work of my own, has not been presented for a degree of any other university and that all sources of material used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged.” Signature: Name of candidate: Abdulkadir Beshir Ahmed Date : I DEDICATION I dedicate this work for my loving families who supported me all the way. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I praise the Almighty Allah, for providing me with the power and grace to carry out this thesis work. I am very pleased to thank my advisor Professor Dr.-Ing. Abebe Dinku for his kind cooperation, constant encouragement and valuabl e comments at the various stages of this research work. I am also very pleased to thank Ato Abdulkarim Mohammed for his constructive suggestions. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the Addis Ababa University for financing my thesis work. In addition, I am extremely thankful to East-Horizon consultant for providing me to the Hydraform Machine center. My profound gratitude also goes to the following people for their invaluable material as well as technical support, which was extremely essential to my work. Ato Muktar Abib from East-Horizon Consultant, Hydraform Production center. W/ro Netsanet form Ethiopian Water Work Design and Supervision Enterprise, Laboratory technician. Special thanks go to all my family members in general and my mother in particular for her lovely support and encouragement. Abdulkadir Beshir Addis Ababa, April, 2015 III TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents DECLARATION................................................................................................................... I DEDICATION..................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. III TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. IV ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ XI CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................. 1 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Backgroun d ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Justification for the thesis ........................................................................................ 4 1.3 Objectives of the thesis ........................................................................................... 5 1.4 Scope of the study ................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Structure of the research .......................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................. 9 2 The Literature Reviews on the production of Hydraform blocks ............................ 9 2.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Housing Standard and Affordability ....................................................................... 9 2.3 Need to improve the building materials ................................................................ 10 2.4 Traditional housing constu r ction in Ethiopia ........................................................ 10 2.5 Traditional Housing construction in Ethiopian Somali region .............................. 11 2.6 Problems of Traditional Housing Construction Resources ................................... 13 2.7 The properties of soil using as building materials ................................................. 15 2.7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 15 2.7.2 Earth as a Su stainable Material ...................................................................... 15 2.7.3 Cost and Energy efficient ............................................................................... 15 2.7.4 Efficient Use of Finite Resources .................................................................. 16 IV 2.7.5 Minimizing Pollution ..................................................................................... 16 2.7.6 Non-Toxic ...................................................................................................... 16 2.8 Other properties of Soils ....................................................................................... 17 2.8.1 Strength .......................................................................................................... 17 2.8.2 Durability ....................................................................................................... 17 2.8.3 Effect of Weathering and Abrasion ............................................................... 18 2.8.4 Maintenance and Pests ................................................................................... 19 2.8.5 Shrinkage ....................................................................................................... 19 2.8.6 Thermal Properties ......................................................................................... 20 2.8.7 Soil as a Humidity Regulator ......................................................................... 20 2.8.8 Soil as a Preservative ..................................................................................... 20 2.8.9 Fire Resistance ............................................................................................... 20 2.8.10 Sound Resistance ........................................................................................... 20 2.8.11 Uses of available and abundant raw materials ............................................... 21 2.8.12 Aesthetically pleasing .................................................................................... 21 2.9 Use of Local Subsoil’s .......................................................................................... 22 2.9.1 Soil Selection for Hydraform Block .............................................................. 22 2.9.2 Soil Characterization ...................................................................................... 23 2.10 Unified Soil Classification System........................................................................ 24 2.11 Techniques Using Soil as Construction Materials ................................................ 25 2.11.1 Mud wall ........................................................................................................ 25 2.11.2 Rammed Earth ............................................................................................... 25 2.11.3 Earth Brick ..................................................................................................... 25 2.11.4 Compressed Earth Block (Hydraform Blocks) .............................................. 26 2.11.5 Soil Infill in Timber Frame Construction ...................................................... 26 2.12 Hydraform B lock .................................................................................................. 27 2.12.1 Historical background of Hydraform block ................................................... 27 2.12.2 Hydraform blocks role in development ......................................................... 29 2.13 The future of Hydraform blo cks ........................................................................... 30 2.14 Social acceptance .................................................................................................. 31 2.15 Comparison of Hydraform blok c s with other building materials .......................... 31 V 2.15.1 Compre ssive strength of Hydraform Blocks .................................................. 32 2.15.2 Density and Ther mal Properties of Hydraform Bk loc s ................................
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