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Upper Watershed Areas Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 37282 Disclaimer and Copyright Discussion papers are published to communicate the results of the South Asia Agriculture and Rural Development Sector Unit’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally edited texts. Some sources cited in the paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. All rights reserved. Copying and/or transmitting portions of all of this work without prior permission may be in violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages enquiries to be made to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, email: [email protected]. CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES Currency Unit: Indian Rupee per US$ (annual average) 2000 47.0 2001 48.5 2002 49.3 2003 46.7 2004 45.0 2005 44.1 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES The Metric System is used throughout this report FISCAL YEAR April 1 to March 31 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CAPART Council for Promotion of IWDP Integrated Wastelands Development Participatory Action and Rural Program Technology JGSY Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource MDT Multi-Disciplinary Team Management MHA Million Hectares CBO Community Based Organization MOA Ministry of Agriculture (superceded CRIDA Central Research Institute for MOAC) Dryland Agriculture MOAC Ministry of Agriculture and CSE Centre for Science and Environment Cooperation CSWRTI Centre for Soil and Water MORAE Ministry of Rural Areas and Conservation, Research and Training Employment Centre MORD Ministry of Rural Development DDP Desert Development Program NAS New Agricultural Strategy DOLR Department of Land Resources NGO Non-Government Organization DFID Department for International NLBA Non Land Based Activity Development (UK) NWDP National Watershed Development DPAP Drought Prone Areas Program Program DPIP District Poverty Initiatives Project NWDPRA National Watershed Program for DRDA District Rural Development Agency Rainfed Areas EAS Employment Assurance Scheme PMP Panchayat Micro-Plan FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of PIA Project Implementation Agency the United Nations RTDC Rural Technology and Development GOI Government of India Centre HRC Hanumantha Rao Committee SPS Samaj Pragati Sahyog ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture SWC Soil and Water Conservation Research WSD Watershed Development ICRISAT International Crop Research Centre WDT Watershed Development Team for the Semi-Arid Tropics ZP Zilla Panchayat Vice President: Praful Patel Country Director: Michael Carter Sector director:Glossary Constance Bernard Sector Manager: Adolfo Brizzi Task Manager: Grant Milne GLOSSARY Adivasi: Indigenous ethnic groups outside of the mainstream of society, often referred to as “tribals” or “scheduled tribes.” The latter refers to a government policy that grants them certain affirmative action rights. Block: A block is an administrative level of government between the panchayat and the district. District: India is divided into states and states are divided into districts. Many government development programs operate at the district level under the district collector, who is the top civil servant at the district level. Gram Panchayat Village-level elected body Gram Sabha Gathering of all villagers within the jurisdiction of a gram panchayat Joint Forest Management: A government program in which the state Forest Departments, which officially control all Indian forest land, partner with local communities to protect forests. Community members share the proceeds of timber and other forest products as part of a joint agreement. Specific terms vary by state. Nalla: Drainage line through which water in the watershed flows. In India’s semi-arid areas many drainage lines contain seasonal streams. Panchayat: A local unit of government covering a small number of contiguous villages. Scheduled caste (SC): Low caste groups, also called dalit, untouchable, or Harijan, who traditionally have been at the bottom of the social hierarchy in India. “Scheduled caste” is the official and most socially acceptable term used for these groups. “Scheduled” refers to government policy that grants these groups certain affirmative action rights. Scheduled tribe (ST): see Adivasi. Taluk panchayat: Block-level elected body Tribal: see Adivasi Zilla panchayat District-level elected body iii India Managing Watershed Externalities in India Table of Contents Page No. Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................vi Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 The Evolution of Watershed Development in India....................................................................5 The Colonial Period – Focus on Soil and Conservation Works.................................................5 After Independence – Focus on Food Production in the 1960s and 1970s................................5 The 1980s – Renewed Attention to Drylands ............................................................................6 1990s – Transition to Rural Development and Greater Community Participation....................6 2000 and Beyond - The Hariyali Watershed Program...............................................................8 Institutional Frameworks ........................................................................................................9 Program Monitoring ............................................................................................................11 Economic Benefits of Watershed Development in India.........................................................12 Conceptualizing Externalities in Watershed Development ......................................................19 Key Characteristics of Externalities.........................................................................................19 Watershed Externalities ...........................................................................................................20 Internalizing Watershed Externalities......................................................................................23 Summary of Common Approaches to Internalizing Watershed Externalities in India............34 Unintended Effects of Watershed Development Projects in India...........................................36 Watershed Externalities and Project Responses: Workshop and Case Study Findings........39 Background..............................................................................................................................39 Types of Externalities Observed..............................................................................................40 Observed Approaches to Addressing Externalities..................................................................41 Other Local Innovations ..........................................................................................................46 Unintended Project Outcomes with Uneven Distribution of Costs and Benefits ....................48 Conclusions and Recommendations ...........................................................................................52 Conclusions..............................................................................................................................52 Recommendations....................................................................................................................53 References .....................................................................................................................................60 Annexes Annex 1. Background On Workshop And Case Studies ...............................................................66 List of Tables Table 1: Nature and causes of unintended impacts of watershed development projects................37 Table 2. Conceptual approaches to internalizing externalities, likely effectiveness in watershed development, and status in India. ..........................................................................42 iv List of Figures Figure 1. Typical land-based treatments in watershed development on arable and degraded areas................................................................................................................13 Figure 2. The causes and impacts of human destruction of natural resources in watersheds.........14 Figure 3. Upper and lower watershed linkages and typical externalities .......................................21 Figure 4: Spatial framework of watershed externalities with a watershed development
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