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A Naarda Walker, 1866 Genus Palaearktikus És Indomaláji Fajainak Taxonómiai Revíziója (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Hypeninae)

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A Naarda Walker, 1866 Genus Palaearktikus És Indomaláji Fajainak Taxonómiai Revíziója (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Hypeninae) A NAARDA WALKER, 1866 GENUS PALAEARKTIKUS ÉS INDOMALÁJI FAJAINAK TAXONÓMIAI REVÍZIÓJA (LEPIDOPTERA: EREBIDAE, HYPENINAE) Egyetemi doktori (Ph.D.) értekezés Tóth Balázs Ferenc Témavezető: Prof. Dr. Varga Zoltán DEBRECENI EGYETEM Természettudományi Doktori Tanács Juhász-Nagy Pál Doktori Iskola Debrecen, 2015. 1 A doktori értekezés betétlapja Ezen értekezést a Debreceni Egyetem Természettudományi Doktori Ta- nács Juhász-Nagy Pál Doktori Iskola Biodiverzitás programja kere- tében készítettem a Debreceni Egyetem természettudományi doktori (PhD) fokozatának elnyerése céljából. Debrecen, 2015. .......................................... Tóth Balázs Ferenc Tanúsítom, hogy Tóth Balázs Ferenc doktorjelölt 2010 - 2015. között a fent megnevezett Doktori Iskola Biodiverzitás programjának keretében irányításommal végezte munkáját. Az értekezésben foglalt eredmények- hez a jelölt önálló alkotó tevékenységével meghatározóan hozzájárult. Az értekezés elfogadását javasolom. Debrecen, 2015. .......................................... Prof. Dr. Varga Zoltán 2 3 A doktori értekezés betétlapja A NAARDA WALKER, 1866 GENUS PALAEARKTIKUS ÉS INDOMALÁJI FAJAINAK TAXONÓMIAI REVÍZIÓJA Értekezés a doktori (Ph.D.) fokozat megszerzése érdekében a biológiai tudományágban Írta: Tóth Balázs Ferenc okleveles biológus Készült a Debreceni Egyetem Juhász-Nagy Pál doktori iskolája (Biodiverzitás programja) keretében Témavezető: Prof. Dr. Varga Zoltán A doktori szigorlati bizottság: elnök: Dr. Dévai György tagok: Dr. Lengyel Szabolcs Dr. Rácz István A doktori szigorlat időpontja: 2015. április 7. Az értekezés bírálói: Dr. ………………………… Dr. ………………………… Dr. ………………………… A bírálóbizottság: elnök: Dr. ………………………… tagok: Dr. ………………………… Dr. ………………………… Dr. ………………………… Dr. ………………………… Az értekezés védésének időpontja: 20… . ……………… … . 4 Tartalomjegyzék Bevezetés ......................................................................................................... 6 Irodalmi áttekintés ......................................................................................... 7 Célkitűzések .................................................................................................... 8 Anyag és módszer ........................................................................................... 8 Élőhely, életmód, elterjedés ............................................................................. 8 A vizsgált anyag eredete ................................................................................ 11 A genitália-készítmények előállításának menete ........................................... 12 Morfológia ...................................................................................................... 13 Eredmények .................................................................................................. 17 A genus jellemzése ......................................................................................... 17 A genus ázsiai fajainak szisztematikus listája ................................................ 19 Kulcs a Naarda genus jelenleg ismert palaearktikus és indomaláji fajainak azonosításához .................................................................................. 21 A fajcsoportok, fajkomplexek és fajok ismertetése ....................................... 31 A bisignata-fajcsoport ............................................................................... 31 A leptovalva-fajcsoport ............................................................................. 69 Az abnormalis-fajcsoport .......................................................................... 71 Az octogesima-fajcsoport .......................................................................... 74 Az acolutha-fajcsoport ............................................................................... 76 Az ochronota-fajcsoport ............................................................................ 87 Az egrettoides-fajcsoport .......................................................................... 97 Be nem sorolt fajok ................................................................................... 99 A genusból kizárt faj................................................................................ 104 A Naarda genus ázsiai fajainak biogeográfiája ........................................... 105 Köszönetnyilvánítás ................................................................................... 108 Irodalomjegyzék ......................................................................................... 109 Összefoglalás ................................................................................................ 112 Függelék ...................................................................................................... 115 Ábrajegyzék ................................................................................................. 115 Ábrák ............................................................................................................. 116 5 Bevezetés Az élővilág legnagyobb fajszámú osztályának legnépesebb rendjei közé tartozik a lepkéké, mintegy 160 000 leírt fajjal (Kristensen és mts.-ai, 2007), vagyis az élőlények összes ismert fajának egytizedét ez a rend foglalja magá- ba. A legnagyobb olyan evolúciós vonalat alkotja, melyben szinte kizáróla- gos a fitofág életmód. A legfontosabb pollinátorok közé tartozik, ugyanakkor szép számmal tartalmaz olyan fajokat is, melyeket kártevőnek tekintünk. Legközelebbi rokonaik a tegzesek (Trichoptera), tőlük feltehetőleg a triász legvégén, vagy a jura kezdetén váltak el (Grimaldi és Engel, 2005); a legko- rábbi, már egyértelműen lepke-jellegeket mutató kövület az alsó-jurából származik, és 190 millió éves. Dolgozatom tárgya, a Naarda Walker, 1866 genus a lepkék legnagyobb fajszámú öregcsaládjába, a bagolylepke-alkatúakéba (Noctuoidea) tartozik, melynek ismert fajszáma a 46 000-et közelíti (Zahiri és mts.-ai, 2012). E cso- porton belül az újabban elkülönített Erebidae családhoz sorolják. Eredendően óvilági trópusi-szubtrópusi genus: Afrikában a Szaharától délre, Ázsiában az Arab-félsziget déli részén, a Himalája vonulatától délre, a Csendes-óceán partvidéke mentén, továbbá a délkelet-ázsiai szigetvilágban, valamint Auszt- rália keleti partjai mentén jelenleg összesen 106 fajukat ismerjük. A jelen kutatás gyökerei a XXI. század első éveibe nyúlnak vissza, amikor Ronkay László egy taiwani intézmény Naarda-anyagát szerette volna feldol- gozni, ám azzal a ténnyel szembesült, hogy ott sokkal több fajt őriznek, mint amennyinek valaha is közölték taiwani előfordulását. A környező területek faunájának vizsgálata hasonló eredményt hozott, ugyanakkor a korábban leírt fajokkal kevés egyezés mutatkozott. Ahogy egyre több anyagot tanulmányoz- tunk, úgy kerültek elő tucatjával az addig sohasem látott fajok. Világossá vált, hogy a genus feltártsága igen alacsony szintű. Ennek okait a követke- zőkben látom: (1) a fajok kisméretűek, (2) legtöbbjük egyszínű szürkés- barnás, a feltűnő mintázati elemek száma igen kevés, ezért (3) határozásuk- hoz genitália-preparátumok előállítása nélkülözhetetlen, ugyanakkor (4) so- káig csak egy-két faj ivarszerve volt ismert a tudomány számára. Nagyon valószínű, hogy a legtöbb expedíció a mai napig nem foglalkozik ennek a csoportnak a gyűjtésével, ráadásul a mégis gyűjteményekbe került példányok nagy része meghatározatlan marad, vagy félrehatározzák őket. Bár a legutób- bi időkben elég sok fajt írtak le, biztos vagyok benne, hogy még legalább ennyi ismeretlen taxon található a nagyobb köz- és magángyűjteményekben. A sosem gyűjtött fajok száma pedig még ennél is nagyobb lehet. 6 Irodalmi áttekintés A Naarda genusról napvilágot látott munkák száma igen alacsony. A fajok eredeti leírásaitól, valamint helyi faunát ismertető katalógusoktól, kéziköny- vektől eltekintve alig jelent meg közlemény a témában. A genust Walker (1866) állította fel egyetlen fajra (Naarda bisignata Walker, 1866), de – a kor követelményeinek megfelelően – csak rövid, latin és angol nyelvű leírást közölt. A fajok felfedezésének első nagyobb hulláma egészen 1920-ig tartott, de legtöbbjüket egészen különböző genusokban írták le (pl. Hypenodes: Snellen, 1880; Helia: Hampson, 1891; Gynaephila: Staudinger, 1892; Cerynea: Walker, 1859; Hypena: Hampson, 1893, 1902, 1912; Rhynchina: Strand, 1920). A két világháború között a fajleírások üteme jelentősen lecsökkent, ebből az időszakból Prout (1928) és de Joannis (1929) érdemel említést. Ennek az időszaknak feltűnő jellegzetessége, hogy a fajok túlnyomó többségét azon országból származó szerzők írták le, amelytől az adott fajnak otthont adó gyarmati terület függött. Ezek a fajleírások elsősor- ban a szárnyak mintázatát ismertették. Az olyan, valóban megbízható bélye- geket, mint az ajaktapogatók alakja és mérete, vagy az ivarszervek, a kor szakmai lehetőségeinek és korlátainak megfelelően nem vizsgálták. A leírá- sokhoz nem mindig tartozott ábra. Ezen okok miatt a fajokat lehetetlen meg- határozni, ha kizárólag az eredeti leírásokra támaszkodunk; az egyértelmű azonosításhoz a típuspéldányok és ivarszerveik vizsgálata nélkülözhetetlen. A lepkék ivarszerveinek vizsgálatával 1876 óta próbálkoztak, de ez az irány nagyobb figyelmet csak közvetlenül 1914 előtt kapott, Pierce (1909) munká- jának megjelenésével. A Gynaephila genust Staudinger (1892) hozta létre egyetlen faj alapján. A genust nem hasonlította egyik rokon csoporthoz sem; úgy tűnik, hogy nem ismerte Walker munkáját és az „orientális” Naarda genus létezését. A vizs- gált területről később egyetlen újabb fajt soroltak
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