Annex 7

Municipal and Environmental Infrastructure

Introduction

Gujarat has 6 municipal corporations and 143 municipal towns. Of these, 5 municipal corporations1/ and 57 municipal towns have been affected by the earthquake. The assessment team visited the worst hit towns such as , Anjar, , Rapar and in and moderately hit city during February 13 to 17, 2001 to review the damages caused to the urban and municipal infrastructure and the repairs, rehabilitation and reconstruction needs. The assessment team also received briefing from the state government and the municipal staff. From the various reports provided by the GOG and from discussions the assessment team held in the field, it was observed that the government machinery moved quite expeditiously to the affected urban areas and the basic services were restored although at a significantly lower scale.

Delimitation of the Affected Area

The impact of the earthquake on the municipal infrastructure varied widely among the districts. Severe damages were caused in several towns in Kutch, and Surendranagar districts and some damages to several cities/towns in the remaining districts. Municipal infrastructure in Ahmedabad city also suffered damages. Based on available information, urban infrastructure in 15 cities were damaged to significant degree. The table below summarizes the major impacts district-wise. Damages were reported from other Corporation/ Municipalities, but details were not readily available. The Urban Development Dept., GOG (UDD) is currently conducting a detailed survey of the damages in the municipal areas and results are awaited.

Affected Municipality/City Severely Affected District Kutch Bhuj, Anjar, Rapar, Bhachau, Gandhidham, Rajkot Morvi, Wankaner Surendranagar Surendranagar, Limdi, Thangadh, , Halwad, Wadhwan Ahmedabad Ahmedabad

Situation Prior to Disaster Event

Ahmedabad, , Rajkot, , and are the large cities which suffered medium to low damages. The services in these cities are provided, operated and maintained by the respective Municipal Corporation. Similarly, the municipalities are responsible for the provision of the services in the towns. However, there are some exceptions. For example, bulk water to Gandhidham in Kutch district, and Thangadh and Wadhwan in is obtained from the regional water supply schemes operated by the GWSSB and the retail distribution is made by the municipality.

The water supply in most of the municipalities are based on groundwater abstracted through large diameter borewells and distributed through piped reticulation. Those who take private connection

1/ Ahmedabad, Surat, Jamnagar, Rajkot, and Vadodara. pay water charges/taxes whereas the poorer communities are supplied water through public standposts, free of charge. Per capita water supplied in the affected municipalities ranged between 20 liters/day in Bhuj to 150 liters/day in Anjar. In general, the municipalities have a very weak financial base and the operation and maintenance of the services are much below the desired level.

Water borne sewerage systems existed only in Bhuj and Anjar. The municipalities also provide and maintain sanitation (on-site), solid waste management, roads, drainage, street lighting, schools, dispensary, community hall, sports stadium and recreational facilities. The operation and maintenance of these services/facilities are inadequate due to paucity of resources and limited institutional capacity.

Damages to Assets

Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation has suffered major damages to various structures and buildings and water supply and sewerage systems. In Kutch district the worst affected towns are Bhuj, Anjar, Rapar, Gandhidham, and Bhachau. In Morvi was most affected. The other municipal towns, which suffered relatively less damage, are Mandvi (Kutch district), Wankaner (Rajkot district) Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Thangadh, Dhrangadhra, Halwad and Limbdi (all in Surendranagar district).

In the severely hit towns the urban infrastructure is devastated. The water supply system is broken. The sewerage systems are damaged. At many of the places the electrical lines have snapped. The buildings (both public and private), are badly affected. In Bhuj, Anjar, Bhachau and Rapar there has been devastation of the town core areas including the urban infrastructure.

Water supply. Anjar is a typical example of the extent of damage caused in the affected towns in Kutch. Its water supply system consists of a network of 15 deep bore wells, clear water storage sumps, multistage pumps, overhead reservoirs and a 45 km long distribution network of asbestos cement and rigid PVC pipes. Eight bore wells have been damaged. The chlorination plant and the room housing the pumping unit are damaged. About 25 km of the distribution network will have to be re-laid using earthquake resistant pipe material such as cast iron or ductile iron. Three overhead reservoirs have developed cracks and will require a thorough investigation to determine their structural integrity. All civil structures are to be designed for earthquake/cyclone resistance. The sewerage system consisting of open gutters, manholes, and 66 km of gravity sewers (mainly reinforced cement concrete and glazed stoneware) and the untreated wastewater is disposed to agriculture land. The extent of damage to the network has to be determined since these are underground and their conditions need to be verified. However, it was estimated that almost half of the sewerage network will have to be re-laid. Asset damage in the severely affected towns and Ahmedabad city (see attachment) is assessed to be Rs. 48.2 crores ($10.4 million).

Municipal buildings. Most of the civic buildings such as primary and high schools, town hall, city gate, stadium, clock tower, octroi collection posts, municipal office building, staff quarters, municipal dispensary, library, municipal market, community halls, sports stadium and community toilets/urinals have been badly damaged in the affected municipal towns. Most of them require reconstruction. Asset damage (see attachment) is assessed to be Rs. 4.3 crores ($0.9 million).

Roads. The municipal roads are intact except for minor damage to the top surfaces in some places. In Anjar 30 km of roads need minor repair and resurfacing. Asset damage (see attachment) is assessed to be Rs. 26.4 crores ($5.6 million). Bulk water source. The Tappar dam, source of water supply of Gandhidham, has been severely damaged. The damage repair and strengthening of the Tappar dam has been included in the rural water supply and sanitation damage assessment annex.

The estimate for asset damage is Rs. 141 crores ($30.3 million) and the estimated cost of upgrading them to earthquake resistant is up to Rs. 209 crores ($45.0 million) (see attachment) as below:

Municipal and Urban Environmental Infrastructure: Assessment of Asset Damage

Total (cost of asset Total (with upgrade) Reconstruction/repair period (Years) replacement) in Rs. in Rs. Crores Crores ($ million) ($ million) Public 141.1 (30.34) 209.3 (45.00) Repairs/Rehabilitation: 1.5 years Reconstruction: 3 years Urban 141.1 (30.34) 209.3 (45.00) Repairs/Rehabilitation: 1.5 years Reconstruction: 3 years Sources: Government of Urban Development and Urban Housing Department, Gujarat Municipal Finance Board, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Anjar Municipality, joint mission estimates.

Assessment of Asset Damage: District-wise table

Total (cost of asset replacement) Total (with upgrade) In Rs. Crores ($ million) In Rs. Crores ($ million) Kutch 70.8 (15.23) 82.6 (17.77) Rajkot 30.5 (6.55) 36.4 (7.84) Surendranagar 8.1 (1.75) 9.7 (2.09) Ahmedabad 18.8 (4.05) 61.4 (13.21) Other districts 12.8 (2.76) 19.0 (4.09) Total 141.1 (30.34) 209.2 (45.00)

Other Impacts

In the towns with major damage, the affected inhabitants have moved to temporary shelters. The provision of basic amenities to these temporary shelters is marginal. There are inadequate water supply and sanitation facilities. This has resulted in loss of productive time, unsanitary conditions leading to health consequences and degradation of the local environment.

The lack of disposal of household waste from temporary shelters and the surviving houses will have a profound impact on the health of the inhabitants.

The loss of shops and markets has slowed down the local economy, both in immediate and medium terms. The damage to municipal offices have adverse impacts in terms of the revenue due to municipalities and efficient functioning of municipalities. The loss of office records, files and related important documents has adversely impacted post-earthquake operations–e.g., verification of the bonafides of the inhabitants and verification of land records and noncollection of dues, etc. The impacts related to damage of health centers, libraries and schools maintained by the municipalities are significant. Assessments of these impacts are covered under education and health annexes separately. Needs

From the various reports furnished to the assessment team, observations from the field visits and consultations with the local staff, it was evident that several services and facilities can be repaired, some will have to be retrofitted to make them multi-hazard resistant while others will have to be reconstructed to bring them back to pre-earthquake, level of their productive functioning. However, there are possibilities that those services and facilities which will be reconstructed will help upgrade the quality of the services as existing prior to the earthquake.

The piped water supply system in Bhuj, Anjar, Bhachau, Rapar, Gandhidham in Kutch district and Ahmedabad city, and the sewerage network in Anjar and Ahmedabad, have suffered considerable distress. There is some evidence of major leakage in the water transmission and distribution network, but the majority of the leak points are not identifiable at this stage as currently the systems are being used under very low pressure. Similarly, the sewerage system is also being run with considerable under-loading. These will have to be studied extensively to determine the extent of repairs and rehabilitation needed. As a result of the likely relocation of the affected families to newer locations in Bhachau, Bhuj and Anjar, the services to be provided there could be upgraded with marginal additional costs.

Other municipal infrastructure such as street lights, markets and community halls have also suffered heavy damages in Bhuj, Anjar, Bhachau, Rapar, Gandhidham and Morvi, and will need reconstruction.

About 20 million tons of debris and rubbles from damaged structures will have to be removed from the urban areas. Debris removal in urban areas alone is estimated to cost about $33 million2/. See annex on environment.

Recovery Strategy Under Urban Infrastructure

The ongoing relief efforts have somewhat restored basic levels of essential services such as power, water and transportation. However, there is a continuing problem with water supply and sanitation in the temporary shelter areas. In addition, thousands of people remain without normal basic services to their homes.

UDD and GSDMA have developed an initial strategy for restoration of basic services in the larger urban areas. The strategy follows a three phase approach: (a) mmediatei needs to restore essential services such as water supply, power, sanitation, and roads to a level that will sustain both the people still remaining in their homes and the large displaced population during the reconstruction period; (b) medium-term, for the next three years, to rehabilitate and reconstruct the urban infrastructure and civic facilities; and, (c) longer-term to develop improved capacity at the local level enabling them to properly operate and maintain their local systems for which they have become responsible for under the 74th Constitutional Amendment.

Immediate needs. The design of the immediate needs, benefiting the maximum population, will require careful planning to ensure that the most cost effective and efficient approach is followed so that the works done are compatible with and can be readily incorporated into the permanent works that will be undertaken in parallel. This urban plan should be prepared with extensive community input, to

2/ Estimated cost of per ton/km of debris removal is Rs 75.0 (equivalent $1.61). determine solutions to housing relocation issues related to loss of private property, and to enable widening of roads and providing for adequate sized building plots. The cost of rubble clearing will be in the order of one third that of constructing new sites and services.

In order to achieve this, the following steps are envisaged:

· establishment of a Reconstruction Committee in each town, with civic leaders and elected or appointed representatives from the major interest groups and cultural communities, participating in the decision making process of the administrative authorities, and the monitoring of the reconstruction works;

· public consultations and information campaigns to explain the strategy and procedures;

· detailed examination and testing of existing public structures and systems to determine what is structurally sound and suitable for rehabilitation and use as is, or if it should be demolished (if done by a respected team and properly promoted this will help overcome the current fear and get many people back into their homes, enable school to resume, and civil servants to get back to their offices);

· temporary repairs to restore water and sewerage systems as much as possible through patching, jury rigging, above ground lines and setting up a regular tanker service for water to unserviced areas and the numerous temporary camps around the major centers. Public toilets and solid waste disposal facilities will be required near all water outlets and these must be cleaned and hauled away on a regular basis to designated disposal sites;

· rehabilitation of superficially damaged buildings on a permanent basis; and,

· removal of rubble to enable private house and building owners and builders to access their sites, and to clear the roads of the current congestion and dangerous driving conditions.

The cost of the immediate needs program for reconstruction without upgrading is estimated at Rs. 63 million ($13.4 million).

Medium term reconstruction. This phase will continue for the estimated three years required to complete rehabilitation and reconstruction of all facilities and systems, incorporating standards and specifications to strengthen the reconstructed facilities against damage from all disasters. The urban planning initiated in the first phase would be expanded to incorporate future requirements into the reconstruction. During this period all works would be completed to enable full restoration of services. This could include new building sites for swapping or sale to existing owners who elect to relocate their houses or businesses.

During this period, capacity building of municipal authorities will be initiated so that they can properly operate and maintain the new systems. This will include a detailed assessment of professional and technical expertise and personnel requirements within the municipal authority (the assessment team found that in some cities there were few or no staff with these basic skills). This will require a rationalization of the local civil service and a massive training program. The reconstruction does afford an opportunity to institute such changes since the involved staff could practice their newly acquired skills by taking advantage of the expertise and specific capacity building programs provided under the reconstruction program. The cost of the medium term reconstruction program without upgrading is estimated to be Rs. 79 crores ($16.89 million).

Long term. In the longer term, strategies need to be developed and installed for coping with future disasters, to avoid the delays and problems incurred in the recent earthquake. The Kutch region unfortunately suffers from annual calamities related to cyclones and droughts. In the past, municipalities have been fully dependent on the State to provide emergency services, relief and rehabilitation of these calamities. Disaster management capability needs to be developed at the local municipal level.

The municipalities have been very dependent on grants and subsidies from the State to manage, operate and maintain local services and public facilities. For example, in one town visited by the assessment team, the local cost recovery for water, sewerage and solid waste was less than 10 percent of the cost of operation. This has caused severe deterioration of all facilities, which undoubtedly contributed to the extensive damage caused by the earthquake, and deteriorating levels of service. Once recovery from the earthquake is well underway, rationalization of property taxes and water tariffs and fees for sewerage, sanitation and other services should be instituted through a plan to achieve cost recovery of the operation and maintenance costs.

Institutional and implementation arrangements

The reconstruction will be implemented under the auspices of the UDD, by the Gujarat Urban Development Company Ltd. (GUDCOL), a semi-autonomous entity established with the longer term mandate of developing into an independent financing institution for urban development, along the lines of similar entities in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, which were developed through support from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank, respectively. The reconstruction program affords a unique opportunity to strengthen GUDCOL. This may be achieved by having institutions such as Infrastructure Leasing and Financing Services (ILFS) tie-up with GUDCOL through a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for realizing the urban infrastructure reconstruction. For the immediate restoration of temporary services GWSSB and the Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) will work closely with GUDCOL for the water and power components. GUDCOL would work closely with the municipal authorities, communities and NGOs to ensure community participation in the planning process and monitoring. GUDCOL should initiate commercial policies regarding the operation and maintenance of municipal facilities with a view towards eventual contracting or privatization of the services.

Environmental aspects

The environmental impacts associated with the immediate needs program include the need for proper sanitation facilities at the temporary camps to prevent outbreaks of diseases related to poor sanitation. Proper toilets and washing facilities will need to be provided, along with water supply. For smaller camps, human waste disposal could be through simple pit latrines while larger more permanent camps should install septic tanks. Bleaching powder should be applied to the pits on a daily basis to control odor and flies. Cooking and kitchen wastes should be disposed of to leaching pits, constructed in central locations. These pits should be sprayed by disinfectants to control flies. The people in the camps should be instructed on basic hygiene by NGOs and health workers. In urban areas where sewage systems exist, the collection pipes may still be functional, though connections from houses may have to be rebuilt. Similarly, solid waste containers should be installed at strategic locations in the camps and urban areas, and the wastes hauled to a proper landfill for burial. Wastes from the field hospitals, clinics and dispensaries should receive immediate attention and systems for proper collection and disposal put in place. The collection and disposal of all wastes should be monitored to ensure operators and truckers do not dump it along the road. For private houses and buildings in towns without a sewage system, low cost sanitation or septic tanks, depending on individual owner, should be inspected and repaired if possible, otherwise replaced.

Similarly, the solid waste management before theearthquake was not well structured and regulated. While reconstruction can replace containers and vehicles, the UDD and local municipalities should begin working on modernizing the collection and disposal of solid wastes, preferably through privatization.

Social aspects

This section is covered in the social impacts annex. : GUJARAT EMERGENCY EARTHQUAKE RECOVERY PROGRAM MUNICIPAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE COST TABLE: ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGE (1) REPLACEMENT COST (2) REPLACEMENT WITH UPGRADING Rs. million Municipality/ District Water Supply Sewerage Solid Waste Mgt. Sanitation Municipal Bldgs. Dispensary Roads Street lights Others Total Corporation (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) 1 Bhuj Kachchh 14.65 15.55 0.00 0.00 3.67 3.67 2.27 2.84 4.50 5.63 0.00 0.00 130.20 130.20 2.50 2.50 66.50 83.13 224.29 243.52 2 Rapar Kachchh 10.33 13.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.29 2.30 2.88 0.00 0.00 2.56 2.56 0.50 0.50 4.10 4.38 20.02 23.71 3 Anjar Kachchh 60.10 116.40 37.50 42.50 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 10.42 12.97 1.80 2.25 19.65 27.37 3.00 3.00 75.90 89.73 209.37 295.22 4 Bhachau Kachchh 7.10 7.10 0.00 0.00 3.35 3.35 0.55 0.69 2.00 2.50 0.00 0.00 17.15 17.15 8.00 8.00 10.85 13.16 49.00 51.95 5 Gandhidham Kachchh 100.00 102.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.50 5.50 0.00 0.00 66.25 66.25 0.00 0.00 3.00 3.25 173.75 177.50 6 Mandvi Kachchh 16.70 16.70 0.00 0.00 1.36 1.36 0.90 0.90 4.50 5.63 0.00 0.00 1.85 1.85 0.00 0.00 6.56 7.86 31.87 34.30 7 Morbi Rajkot 179.50 222.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 1.78 9.00 11.25 1.00 1.25 14.70 14.70 10.00 10.00 38.70 48.25 254.50 309.23 8 Wakaner Rajkot 12.90 15.25 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30 2.00 2.30 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 6.60 6.60 8.60 8.60 18.82 21.57 50.22 55.62 9 Limdi S'nagar 7.50 9.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.74 5.93 1.60 1.90 1.20 1.20 0.89 0.89 0.15 0.15 5.40 6.75 21.48 26.07 10 Thangadh S'nagar 5.70 7.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.60 0.14 0.15 2.90 3.60 9.39 11.60 11 Dhrangadhra S'nagar 5.81 6.87 0.00 0.00 0.66 0.66 1.49 1.68 0.60 0.60 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.20 0.20 3.39 4.10 13.01 14.97 12 Halvad S'nagar 4.00 5.10 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.22 0.84 1.05 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.00 1.55 1.55 0.35 0.43 6.00 7.25 13.16 15.80 13 Wadhwan S'nagar 1.01 1.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30 1.60 2.00 2.91 3.57 14 Suren'ranagar S'nagar 7.50 9.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 3.13 1.15 1.15 0.25 0.25 0.55 0.55 9.05 10.05 21.00 25.01 15 Ahmedabad Ahmedabad 49.20 49.20 139.20 139.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 426.00 188.40 614.40

Total 482.00 597.37 176.70 181.70 10.56 10.56 14.67 17.51 43.12 53.19 5.55 6.25 262.71 270.43 34.29 34.38 252.77 731.08 1282.37 1902.47

Water Supply Sewerage Solid Waste Mgt. Sanitation Municipal Bldgs. Dispensary Muni. Roads Street lights Others Repairs Reconst. Repairs Reconst. Repairs Reconst. Repairs Reconst. Repairs Reconst. Repairs Reconst. Repairs Reconst. Repairs Reconst. Repairs Reconst. Ratio 0.61 0.39 0.096 0.904 0.05 0.95 0.05 0.95 0.17 0.83 0.30 0.70 0.10 0.90 0.00 1.00 0.03 0.97 (Replacement cost for 15 municipalities/corporations only) Repairs and Rehabilitation (Rs. million) Reconstruction (Rs. million) Immediate Ph Short Term Ph Immediate Phase Short Term Phase Sub-Sector Total Immediate Phase Short Term Ph Total Immediate Phase Short Term Ph Total Total Total Total Cost Co-eff. Cost Co-eff. Cost Cost Co-eff. Cost Co-eff. Cost (Rs. million) (Rs. million) (US$ million) (US$ million) Water Supply 294.02 0.75 220.52 0.25 73.51 187.98 0.25 47.00 0.75 140.99 267.51 214.49 5.75 4.61 Sewerage 16.96 1.00 16.96 0.00 0.00 159.74 0.10 15.97 0.90 143.76 32.94 143.76 0.71 3.09 Solid Wastes Mgt. 0.53 1.00 0.53 0.00 0.00 10.03 1.00 10.03 0.00 0.00 10.56 0.00 0.23 0.00 Sanitation 0.73 1.00 0.73 0.00 0.00 13.94 0.50 6.97 0.50 6.97 7.70 6.97 0.17 0.15 Municipal Buildings 7.33 1.00 7.33 0.00 0.00 35.79 0.50 17.89 0.50 17.89 25.23 17.89 0.54 0.38 Dispensary 1.67 1.00 1.67 0.00 0.00 3.89 1.00 3.89 0.00 0.00 5.55 0.00 0.12 0.00 Municipal Roads 26.27 0.20 5.25 0.80 21.02 236.44 0.00 0.00 1.00 236.44 5.25 257.46 0.11 5.54 Street lights 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.29 1.00 34.29 0.00 0.00 34.29 0.00 0.74 0.00 Others 7.58 1.00 7.58 0.00 0.00 245.19 0.70 171.63 0.30 73.56 179.21 73.56 3.85 1.58 TOTAL 355.0942 260.57 94.52 927.28 307.67 619.61 568.24 714.13 12.22 15.36 Others included municipal markets, shopping complexes, library, staff quarters, octori posts, stores, godowns, fire brigade

SUMMARY ------> Replacement Cost (US$ million) Total Imm.Ph. Short Ph. Total Replacement Cost with Upgrading (US$ million) Total Imm. Ph. Short Ph. A. 15 municipalities/corporation towns per above 27.58 12.22 15.36 A. 15 municipalities/corporation towns per above 40.91 18.13 22.78 B. Other municipal/corporation towns 2.76 1.22 1.54 B. Other municipal/corporation towns 4.09 1.81 2.28 Total 30.34 13.44 16.89 Total 45.00 19.94 25.06

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