Annex 7 Municipal and Environmental Infrastructure Introduction Gujarat has 6 municipal corporations and 143 municipal towns. Of these, 5 municipal corporations1/ and 57 municipal towns have been affected by the earthquake. The assessment team visited the worst hit towns such as Bhuj, Anjar, Bhachau, Rapar and Gandhidham in Kutch district and moderately hit Ahmedabad city during February 13 to 17, 2001 to review the damages caused to the urban and municipal infrastructure and the repairs, rehabilitation and reconstruction needs. The assessment team also received briefing from the state government and the municipal staff. From the various reports provided by the GOG and from discussions the assessment team held in the field, it was observed that the government machinery moved quite expeditiously to the affected urban areas and the basic services were restored although at a significantly lower scale. Delimitation of the Affected Area The impact of the earthquake on the municipal infrastructure varied widely among the districts. Severe damages were caused in several towns in Kutch, Rajkot and Surendranagar districts and some damages to several cities/towns in the remaining districts. Municipal infrastructure in Ahmedabad city also suffered damages. Based on available information, urban infrastructure in 15 cities were damaged to significant degree. The table below summarizes the major impacts district-wise. Damages were reported from other Corporation/ Municipalities, but details were not readily available. The Urban Development Dept., GOG (UDD) is currently conducting a detailed survey of the damages in the municipal areas and results are awaited. Affected Municipality/City Severely Affected District Kutch Bhuj, Anjar, Rapar, Bhachau, Gandhidham, Mandvi Rajkot Morvi, Wankaner Surendranagar Surendranagar, Limdi, Thangadh, Dhrangadhra, Halwad, Wadhwan Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Situation Prior to Disaster Event Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot, Surat, and Jamnagar are the large cities which suffered medium to low damages. The services in these cities are provided, operated and maintained by the respective Municipal Corporation. Similarly, the municipalities are responsible for the provision of the services in the towns. However, there are some exceptions. For example, bulk water to Gandhidham in Kutch district, and Thangadh and Wadhwan in Surendranagar district is obtained from the regional water supply schemes operated by the GWSSB and the retail distribution is made by the municipality. The water supply in most of the municipalities are based on groundwater abstracted through large diameter borewells and distributed through piped reticulation. Those who take private connection 1/ Ahmedabad, Surat, Jamnagar, Rajkot, and Vadodara. pay water charges/taxes whereas the poorer communities are supplied water through public standposts, free of charge. Per capita water supplied in the affected municipalities ranged between 20 liters/day in Bhuj to 150 liters/day in Anjar. In general, the municipalities have a very weak financial base and the operation and maintenance of the services are much below the desired level. Water borne sewerage systems existed only in Bhuj and Anjar. The municipalities also provide and maintain sanitation (on-site), solid waste management, roads, drainage, street lighting, schools, dispensary, community hall, sports stadium and recreational facilities. The operation and maintenance of these services/facilities are inadequate due to paucity of resources and limited institutional capacity. Damages to Assets Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation has suffered major damages to various structures and buildings and water supply and sewerage systems. In Kutch district the worst affected towns are Bhuj, Anjar, Rapar, Gandhidham, and Bhachau. In Rajkot district Morvi was most affected. The other municipal towns, which suffered relatively less damage, are Mandvi (Kutch district), Wankaner (Rajkot district) Surendranagar, Wadhwan, Thangadh, Dhrangadhra, Halwad and Limbdi (all in Surendranagar district). In the severely hit towns the urban infrastructure is devastated. The water supply system is broken. The sewerage systems are damaged. At many of the places the electrical lines have snapped. The buildings (both public and private), are badly affected. In Bhuj, Anjar, Bhachau and Rapar there has been devastation of the town core areas including the urban infrastructure. Water supply. Anjar is a typical example of the extent of damage caused in the affected towns in Kutch. Its water supply system consists of a network of 15 deep bore wells, clear water storage sumps, multistage pumps, overhead reservoirs and a 45 km long distribution network of asbestos cement and rigid PVC pipes. Eight bore wells have been damaged. The chlorination plant and the room housing the pumping unit are damaged. About 25 km of the distribution network will have to be re-laid using earthquake resistant pipe material such as cast iron or ductile iron. Three overhead reservoirs have developed cracks and will require a thorough investigation to determine their structural integrity. All civil structures are to be designed for earthquake/cyclone resistance. The sewerage system consisting of open gutters, manholes, and 66 km of gravity sewers (mainly reinforced cement concrete and glazed stoneware) and the untreated wastewater is disposed to agriculture land. The extent of damage to the network has to be determined since these are underground and their conditions need to be verified. However, it was estimated that almost half of the sewerage network will have to be re-laid. Asset damage in the severely affected towns and Ahmedabad city (see attachment) is assessed to be Rs. 48.2 crores ($10.4 million). Municipal buildings. Most of the civic buildings such as primary and high schools, town hall, city gate, stadium, clock tower, octroi collection posts, municipal office building, staff quarters, municipal dispensary, library, municipal market, community halls, sports stadium and community toilets/urinals have been badly damaged in the affected municipal towns. Most of them require reconstruction. Asset damage (see attachment) is assessed to be Rs. 4.3 crores ($0.9 million). Roads. The municipal roads are intact except for minor damage to the top surfaces in some places. In Anjar 30 km of roads need minor repair and resurfacing. Asset damage (see attachment) is assessed to be Rs. 26.4 crores ($5.6 million). Bulk water source. The Tappar dam, source of water supply of Gandhidham, has been severely damaged. The damage repair and strengthening of the Tappar dam has been included in the rural water supply and sanitation damage assessment annex. The estimate for asset damage is Rs. 141 crores ($30.3 million) and the estimated cost of upgrading them to earthquake resistant is up to Rs. 209 crores ($45.0 million) (see attachment) as below: Municipal and Urban Environmental Infrastructure: Assessment of Asset Damage Total (cost of asset Total (with upgrade) Reconstruction/repair period (Years) replacement) in Rs. in Rs. Crores Crores ($ million) ($ million) Public 141.1 (30.34) 209.3 (45.00) Repairs/Rehabilitation: 1.5 years Reconstruction: 3 years Urban 141.1 (30.34) 209.3 (45.00) Repairs/Rehabilitation: 1.5 years Reconstruction: 3 years Sources: Government of Gujarat Urban Development and Urban Housing Department, Gujarat Municipal Finance Board, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Anjar Municipality, joint mission estimates. Assessment of Asset Damage: District-wise table Total (cost of asset replacement) Total (with upgrade) In Rs. Crores ($ million) In Rs. Crores ($ million) Kutch 70.8 (15.23) 82.6 (17.77) Rajkot 30.5 (6.55) 36.4 (7.84) Surendranagar 8.1 (1.75) 9.7 (2.09) Ahmedabad 18.8 (4.05) 61.4 (13.21) Other districts 12.8 (2.76) 19.0 (4.09) Total 141.1 (30.34) 209.2 (45.00) Other Impacts In the towns with major damage, the affected inhabitants have moved to temporary shelters. The provision of basic amenities to these temporary shelters is marginal. There are inadequate water supply and sanitation facilities. This has resulted in loss of productive time, unsanitary conditions leading to health consequences and degradation of the local environment. The lack of disposal of household waste from temporary shelters and the surviving houses will have a profound impact on the health of the inhabitants. The loss of shops and markets has slowed down the local economy, both in immediate and medium terms. The damage to municipal offices have adverse impacts in terms of the revenue due to municipalities and efficient functioning of municipalities. The loss of office records, files and related important documents has adversely impacted post-earthquake operations–e.g., verification of the bonafides of the inhabitants and verification of land records and noncollection of dues, etc. The impacts related to damage of health centers, libraries and schools maintained by the municipalities are significant. Assessments of these impacts are covered under education and health annexes separately. Needs From the various reports furnished to the assessment team, observations from the field visits and consultations with the local staff, it was evident that several services and facilities can be repaired, some will have to be retrofitted to make them multi-hazard resistant while others will have to be reconstructed to bring them back to pre-earthquake, level of their productive functioning. However, there are possibilities that those services and facilities which will be reconstructed will help upgrade