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Proceedings of the United States National Museum PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM issued SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM No. 3418 Vol. no Washington : 1959 A REVISION OF THE APION SUBGENUS TRICHAPION WAGNER IN THE NEW WORLD (COLEOPTERA : CURCU- LIONIDAE) By David G. Kissinger This paper ^ is one of a series in which the species of Apion occurring in the New World will be revised. Acknowledgments, explanation of measurements, and explanation of abbreviations used to designate deposition of specimens are given in the first paper in the series (Kissinger, 1957a). Ninety-two species are treated; of these 17 are new, 11 were not seen by the autlior, and four are known to the author only from the female. Of the 1 1 species not seen, eight were originally included in the subgenus by Wagner, the other three species, laminatum Sharp, peninsulare Fall, and tabogense Sharp, were adequately described or figured so that it has been possible to place them in this subgenus. A key to the males of the Nev/ World species of subgenus Trichapion is presented. The species either unknown to the author or repre- sented by females only are not included in the key. The species treated are arranged in groups as shown in table 1. The structural characters of these groups are summarized in tables 2 and 3 and are discussed after the definition of the subgenus. Maryland hi partial « Based on a thesis submitted In ]957 to the Graduate School of the University of aided by a grant fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The research was from the Sigma Xi-RESA Research Fund. 247 248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. no Because the majority of the material seen was from Canada, the United States, and Mexico, the treatment of the species occurring in these regions is more complete than that for Central America and South America. In many cases only one or a few determined speci- mens of a species from the latter regions were seen. No doubt more described species of South American Apion wUl be found to belong to this subgenus when determined material is available for study. Tnchapion Wagner (1912) was proposed as a subgenus for 16 new species described from Mexico and Central America. No tj^pe species was designated. I hereby designate Apion {Tnchapion) aurichalceum Wagner as the type species of subgenus Trichapion Wagner. This species is selected because it is relatively abundant. In addition I was able to study a pair of specimens determined by Wagner and I am informed hy Mr. J. Balfour-Browne that the types of this species are in good order. No previously described species were included by Wagner in the subgenus. With the exception of Voss (1955), whose paper is dis- cussed below, the name Trichapion has not been used in the literature since it was first proposed. At the present time 92 of the approxi- mately 425 New World species of Apion are kno\vn to belong to this subgenus. Fall (1898) divided the North American Apion into four groups. His group No. 3 corresponds quite closely to subgenus Trichapion Wagner. Voss (1955) uses Trichapion Wagner as a subgenus for 18 species of Apion from Ruanda-Urundi, Belgian Congo. Because Voss does not mention the chief diagnostic character of the subgenus—the mu- cronate tibiae of the males—in the descriptions of the species he m- cluded in subgenus Trichapion, it may be that the African species are incorrectly assigned. At the present time it is difficult to define a subgenus of Apion. The chief reason is the large number of species not assigned to sub- genera. In the New World six subgenera have been erected, viz., Bothryopteron Wagner with four species, C'oelocephalajnon Wagner with sLx species, Coleopterapion Wagner with five species, Heterapion Sharp with two species, Stenapion Wagner with 18 species, and Tricha- pion Wagner with 92 species. In this region 127 out of about 425 species of Apion have been placed in subgenera. Previous to the present study no species of Apion from the United States were placed in a subgenus. The majority of Apion subgeneric names have been founded on European species, that is, 30 out of 42 subgenera founded on approximately 250 species of Apion from Europe. From a world- wide standpomt well over a thousand species of Apion have not been assigned to subgenera. SUBGENUS TRICHAPION—^KISSINGER 249 The mucronate tibiae of the male are the chief diagnostic character of the subgenus Trichapion. The middle and hind tibiae of the males of most species are mucronate; a few have all of the tibiae mucronate, while othei-s have only the middle tibia mucronate. In the type species, A. aurichalceum Wagner, and closely allied species the front tibiae bear a flat, polished, striate area on the inner anterior surface. Other male secondary sexual modifications of the legs are swollen femora, spined tarsi, or enlarged tarsal segments. The males of a few other species groups of Apion not belonging to the subgenus Trichapion have mucronate tibiae but lack one or more of the other characters that will be listed in the definition. The A. coxale group difl'ers in that the front coxae of the male are tuber- culate. The species of Fall's Group I differ, in addition to many other characters, by the smooth, polished area limited by a raised ridge on the apical ventral surface of the front femur of the male, the nearly simple claws, and the metasternal spicules. Apion redusum Fall and A. acrophilum Fall also differ by their simple claws. The male of A. opacicolle Smith differs by having metasternal spicules similar to Fall's Group I. A. tenuirostnim Smith, A. smithi Wagner, A. impexum Fall, A. metallicum Gerstaecker, and A. troglodytes Manner- heim differ in that the prothorax is widest before the base, the sides not expanded laterally at the base. The definition of the subgenus Trichapion Wagner is as follows: Legs, coxae, and beak black (evustum, rufipenne, subrufum, subtinctum, and vinosum with rufescent legs); body not gibbose in outline, without transverse pattern of scales, not clothed with fine, suberect pubescence; beak curved, apex more slender than base, at most expanded laterally at tip, apical region more finely sculptured than basal region ; anterior portion of the dorsal margin of the antennal scrobe may or may not be oblique; frous generally wider than dorsal top of beak (a few species with frons equal to or narrower than dorsal tip of beak especially of male), not depressed adjacent to eye, with a rather broad median area v/hich may be flat, concave, or with an obvious, deep, longitudinal sulcus; prothorax expanded laterally at base, constricted apicall}^ (perforicolle not constricted), apex obviously narrower than base; middle coxae separated by a complete lamina; first segment of fore tarsus generally longer than wide (with exception of rostrum); third tarsal segment strongly bilobed; claws toothed. Although some intermediate forms occur it is convenient to consider the species of Trichapion as falling into two sections, one related to the holarctic Apion simile Kirby and the other to such species as Apion patruele Smith, A. reconditum Gyllenhal, and A. rostrum Say. The first section related to A. simile is chai-acterized by having two — 250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Table 1. Species groups of subgenus Trichapion Wagner I. Species of uncertain position 8. mirandum, new species 1. aequabile Fall 9. mirificum, new species 2. aestimabile Wagner 10. sancti-felicis Sharp 3. albidulum Fall 11. spinitarse Wagner 4. alticola Wagner F. PUNCTULIROSTRE GROUP 5. asellum Wagner 1. brunnicornis Fall 6. auronitidum Wagner 2. eccentricum Fall 7. bettyae, new species 3. punctulirostre Sharp 8. chalybaeum Wagner G. SUBMETALLICUM GROUP 9. grossulum Fall 1. auriferum Wagner 10. guatemalense Wagner 2. hadromerum Wagner 11. laminatum Sharp 3. perpilosum Wagner 12. peninsulare Fall 4. submetallicum Boheman 13. persulcatum Wagner III. Species groups related to Apion 14. spiculiferum Wagner patruele Smith 15. tabogense Sharp A. PATRUELE GROUP II. Species groups related to Apion 1. abdominale Smith simile Kirby. 2. centrale Fall A. SIMILE GROUP 3. evustum, new species 1. meorrhynchum Philippi 4. fusconitidum Wagner 2. modestum Smith 5. gulare Fall 3. propinquicorne Fall 6. nitidum Kirsch 4. simile Kirby 7. patruele Smith B. PROCLIVE GROUP 8. perforicolle Fall 1. acanonicum, new species 9. porcatum Boheman 2. adaetum, new species 10. rufipenne Gyllenhal 3. coryi, new species B. RECONDITUM GROUP 4. imitator Wagner 1. acupunctatum Sharp 5. plectrocolum, new species 2. bicolor Gerstaecker 6. proclive LeConte 3. davidis Sharp C. GLYPHICUM GROUP 4. gracilirostre Sharp 1. chuparosae Fall 5. importunum Fall 2. glyphicum Sharp 6. managuense Wagner 3. vinosum Sharp 7. minor Smith D. GRISEUM GROUP 8. nanulum, new species 1. aurichalceum Wagner 9. nitidirostre Sharp 2. godmani Wagner 10. oscillator Sharp 3. griseum Smith 11. pervicax Fall 4. nebraskense Fall 12. reconditum Gyllenhal 5. novellum Fall 13. subrufum Sharp 6. oriotes, new species 14. subsequens, new species 7. parcum, new species 15. subtinctum Fall 8. sayi Gyllenhal C. OBLITUM GROUP E. SPINITARSE GROUP 1. mediocre Sharp 1. brachycephalum Wagner 2. oblitum Smith 2. caenum, new species D. NIGRUM GROUP 3. calcaratipes Sharp 1. cordatum Smith 4. enoplus, new species 2. dolosum Fall 5. innocens, new species 3. heterogeneum Sharp 6. innocuum, new species 4. lativentre B6guin-Billecocq 7. latitator, new species 5. nigrum Herbst — SUBGENUS TRICHAPION—KISSINGER 251 Table 1. Species groups of subgenus Trichapion Wagner— Continued III. Species groups related to Apion 252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. no remove those species with the antennae inserted rather far from the base of the beak. The remaining species are spHt into two groups based on iiniserially or biserially pubescent elytral intervals.
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