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Spreading the Net: the Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency Improvements

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Spreading the Net: the Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency Improvements SPREADINGTHENET: THEMULTIPLEBENEFITS OFENERGYEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS LisaRyanandNinaCampbell 2012 The views expressed in this IEA Insights paper do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Secretariat or of its individual member countries. This paper is a work in progress and/or is produced in parallel with or contributing to other IEA work or formal publication; comments are welcome, directed to [email protected]. OECD/IEA SecondeditionMay2012©OECD/IEA,2012 © INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea (Republic of) Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic © OECD/IEA, 2012 Spain International Energy Agency Sweden 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Switzerland Turkey www.iea.org United Kingdom Please note that this publication United States is subject to speci!c restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The European Commission The terms and conditions are available also participates in online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp the work of the IEA. ©OECD/IEA2012 SpreadingtheNet: Themultiplebenefitsofenergyefficiencyimprovements Tableofcontents Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................2 ExecutiveSummary..........................................................................................................................3 Introduction......................................................................................................................................8 Page|1 Proposedtypologyforbenefits......................................................................................................12 Themultiplebenefitsofenergyefficiency:energysavingsandbeyond.....................................14 Thereboundeffect.........................................................................................................................23 Towardsabetterunderstandingofmultiplebenefits:additionaldynamics...............................26 Nextsteps.......................................................................................................................................31 References......................................................................................................................................32 ListofFigures Figure1Themultiplebenefitsofenergyefficiency.........................................................................6 Figure2Levelstypologyofthemultiplebenefitsfromenergyefficiencyimprovement (withillustrativebenefits)................................................................................................13 Figure3Examplemultiplebenefitsatdifferentlevelsoftheeconomyfrominsulation ofabuilding.....................................................................................................................27 ListofTables Table1Examplesofdifferentreboundeffects..............................................................................24 Table2Summaryofoutcomesfromimprovementenergyefficiency..........................................25 SpreadingtheNet: ©OECD/IEA2012 Themultiplebenefitsofenergyefficiencyimprovements Acknowledgements ThishasbeenacollaborativeprojectinvolvingthecurrentandpreviousmembersoftheEnergy EfficiencyUnitoftheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).Theleadauthorsofthisdocument,Lisa RyanandNinaCampbell,wouldliketothankthewholeteamfortheirinput,inparticularAlastair Page|2 Blythe,CharlotteForbes,GraysonHeffner,AnuschkaHilke,JungwookPark,SaraPasquier,Vida RoziteandAurelienSaussayfortheircontributionstothisproject. SpecialthanksareextendedtoPhilippeBenoitandRobertTromopfortheirstrategicguidance andsubstantiveinputtothewritingofthispaper.Valuableinsightsfromthedelegatestothe Energy Efficiency Working Party and the participants of the March 2012 workshop on "the MultipleBenefitsofEnergyEfficiency"werealsoappreciated.Lastbutnotleast,warmthanksgo to Jenny Gell for formatting assistance and to the IEA Publications Unit for their support, in particularCherylHainesforediting,RobertYoungbloodforcoordinating,andAngelaGosmann fordesign. ©OECD/IEA2012 SpreadingtheNet: Themultiplebenefitsofenergyefficiencyimprovements ExecutiveSummary Contextandobjective Improvingenergyefficiencycandeliverarangeofbenefitstotheeconomyandsociety.However Page|3 energyefficiencyprogrammesareoftenevaluatedonlyonthebasisoftheenergysavingsthey deliver.Asaresult,thefullvalueofenergyefficiencyimprovementsinbothnationalandglobal economies may be significantly underestimated. This also means that energy efficiency policy maynotbeoptimisedtotargetthepotentialofthefullrangeofoutcomespossible.Moreover, when the merit of energy efficiency programmes is judged solely on reductions in energy demand,programmesaresusceptibletocriticismsrelatedtothereboundeffectwhentheenergy savingsarelessthanexpectedduetootherwelfaregains. There are several reasons why the full range of outcomes from energy efficiency policy is not generally evaluated. First, it is due to the nonͲmarket, somewhat intangible, nature of the socioeconomic benefits, which makes them difficult to quantify. Second, the effects due to energyefficiencyalonecanbecomplextoisolateandtodeterminecausality.Third,evaluators and policy makers working in the energy efficiency sphere are usually energy professionals, workingforanenergyagencyorministry,withlittleexperienceofhowenergyefficiencymight impact other nonͲenergy sectors. The result is an underͲappreciation and related underinvestment in energy efficiency, and as a consequence, missed opportunities and benefits. These foregone benefits represent the opportunity cost of failing to adequately evaluateandprioritizeenergyefficiencyinvestments. The objective of this report is to fully outline the array of different benefits from improved energyefficiencyandinvestigatetheirimplicationsforpolicydesign.Bybetterunderstandingthe differentbenefitsarisingfromenergyefficiencyitshouldbeeasierforpolicymakerstoprioritise the most significant outcomes, in addition to energy savings, in optimising energy efficiency policy design. The paper also discusses the rebound effect, which can imply that energy efficiencymeasuresproducelessenergysavingsthanexpected,butshouldbereconsideredin lightofthevarietyofotherbenefitswhicharegenerated. Thebenefits In this report, the International Energy Agency (IEA) describes the wider socioeconomic outcomes that can arise from energy efficiency improvement, aside from energy savings. The report enumerates many of the most prominent multiple benefits of energy efficiency and, althoughthelistisnotexhaustive,itprovidesarichmenuofthevarietyofthebenefitsthatmay beofinteresttopolicymakers.Basedonareviewofexistingliterature,thisreportsummarises thesignificanceofeachofthesepotentialoutcomesofenergyefficiencymeasures. Outcomesareproducedatdifferentlevelsoftheeconomy:attheindividuallevel(individuals, households and enterprises); at the sectoral level (by economic sector such as transport, residential, industrial sectors); at the national level (including macroͲeconomic benefits, and benefitstonationalbudgets);andattheinternationallevel(reflectingtheinternationalpublic good of these benefits). In many cases, a ripple effect emerges when energy efficiency improvements take effect at the individual level, triggering benefits for a household and/or enterprise that have a multiplier effect on a specific sector and possibly the whole economy. Similarly,nationalandinternationallevelbenefitsoftenimprovethequalityoflifeofindividuals and support strengthened sectorͲlevel performance. While there are a variety of ways to SpreadingtheNet: ©OECD/IEA2012 Themultiplebenefitsofenergyefficiencyimprovements categorise the various benefits of energy efficiency, the individual/sectoral/national/ internationaltypologyisusedastheorganizingframeworkforpurposesofthisreport. Below is a list of
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