A Comprehensive Guide to Different Fracturing Technologies: a Review
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Unconventional Gas and Hydraulic Fracturing Issue Briefing
Unconventional gas and hydraulic fracturing Issue briefing bp.com/sustainability Unconventional gas and hydraulic fracturing Issue briefing 2 How we operate At BP, we recognize that we need to produce energy responsibly – minimizing impacts to people, communities and the environment. We operate in around 80 countries, and our systems of governance, management and operation are designed to help us conduct our business while respecting safety, environmental, social and financial considerations. Across all BP operations, established practices support the management of potential environmental and social impacts from the pre-appraisal stage through to the operational stage and beyond – reflecting BP’s values, responsibilities and local regulatory requirements. BP’s operating management system integrates BP requirements on health, safety, security, social, environment and operational reliability, as well as maintenance, contractor relations, compliance and organizational learning into a common system. BP participates in a number of joint venture operations, such as in Algeria and Indonesia, to extract unconventional gas. Some of these are under our direct operational control, while others not. When participating in a joint venture not under BP control, we encourage the operator of the joint venture, through dialogue and constructive engagement, to adopt our practices. For more information bp.com/aboutbp bp.com/oms Cover image BP’s gas well drilling site in, Wamsutter, Wyoming, US. The BP Annual Report and Form 20-F may be downloaded from bp.com/annualreport. No material in this document forms any part of those documents. No part of this document constitutes, or shall be taken to constitute, an invitation or inducement to invest in BP p.l.c. -
New Federal Law Addresses Excise Tax on LNG, LPG, And
Multistate Tax EXTERNAL ALERT New federal law addresses excise tax on LNG, LPG, and CNG August 13, 2015 Overview President Obama recently signed into law the Surface Transportation and Veterans Health Care Choice Improvement Act of 2015 (H.R. 3236).1 Effective January 1, 2016, the new law equalizes the federal excise tax treatment of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and provides further guidance applicable to the taxation of compressed natural gas (CNG). This Tax Alert summarizes these federal excise tax law changes. The federal excise tax on alternative fuels Currently, under Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C.) §4041, the federal excise tax on “alternative fuels” is imposed when such fuels are sold for use or used as a fuel in a motor vehicle or motorboat.2 The term “alternative fuels” includes, but is not limited to, LNG, CNG, and LPG.3 LNG is currently subject to tax at the federal diesel fuel tax rate of 24.3 cents per gallon.4 However, LNG contains a lower energy content than diesel. According to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, LNG has an energy content of 74,700 Btu per gallon (lower heating value), while diesel has an energy content of 128,450 Btu per gallon (lower heating value).5 Therefore, one gallon of LNG has the energy equivalency of 58 percent of one gallon of diesel fuel, although LNG is currently taxed as having the energy equivalency of 100 percent of one gallon of diesel fuel.6 Similarly, LPG is currently subject to tax at the federal gasoline tax rate of 18.3 cents per gallon.7 However, LPG contains a lower energy content than gasoline. -
The Context of Public Acceptance of Hydraulic Fracturing: Is Louisiana
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2012 The context of public acceptance of hydraulic fracturing: is Louisiana unique? Crawford White Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation White, Crawford, "The onc text of public acceptance of hydraulic fracturing: is Louisiana unique?" (2012). LSU Master's Theses. 3956. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3956 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING: IS LOUISIANA UNIQUE? A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Environmental Sciences by Crawford White B.S. Georgia Southern University, 2010 August 2012 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the memory of three of the most important people in my life, all of whom passed on during my time here. Arthur Earl White 4.05.1919 – 5.28.2011 Berniece Baker White 4.19.1920 – 4.23.2011 and Richard Edward McClary 4.29.1982 – 9.13.2010 ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my committee first of all: Dr. Margaret Reams, my advisor, for her unending and enthusiastic support for this project; Professor Mike Wascom, for his wit and legal expertise in hunting down various laws and regulations; and Maud Walsh for the perspective and clarity she brought this project. -
Untested Waters: the Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit Regulation
Fordham Environmental Law Review Volume 20, Number 1 2009 Article 3 Untested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit Regulation Hannah Wiseman∗ ∗University of Texas School of Law Copyright c 2009 by the authors. Fordham Environmental Law Review is produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/elr UNTESTED WATERS: THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND THE NEED TO REVISIT REGULATION Hannah Wiseman * I. INTRODUCTION As conventional sources of oil and gas become less productive and energy prices rise, production companies are developing creative extraction methods to tap sources like oil shales and tar sands that were previously not worth drilling. Companies are also using new technologies to wring more oil or gas from existing conventional wells. This article argues that as the hunt for these resources ramps up, more extraction is occurring closer to human populations - in north Texas' Barnett Shale and the Marcellus Shale in New York and Pennsylvania. And much of this extraction is occurring through a well-established and increasingly popular method of wringing re- sources from stubborn underground formations called hydraulic frac- turing, which is alternately described as hydrofracturing or "fracing," wherein fluids are pumped at high pressure underground to force out oil or natural gas. Coastal Oil and Gas Corp. v. Garza Energy Trust,1 a recent Texas case addressing disputes over fracing in Hidalgo County, Texas, ex- emplifies the human conflicts that are likely to accompany such creative extraction efforts. One conflict is trespass: whether extend- ing fractures onto adjacent property and sending fluids and agents into the fractures to keep them open constitutes a common law tres- pass. -
Final Report Study on the Potential of Increased Use of LPG for Cooking in Developing Countries
Final Report Study on the Potential of Increased Use of LPG for Cooking in Developing Countries September 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2 List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Background ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8 2 Purpose and Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................................................................................... -
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Demand, Supply and Future Perspectives for Sudan Synthesis report of a workshop held in Khartoum, 12-13 December 2010 The workshop was funded by UKaid from the Department for International Development Cover image: © UNAMID / Albert Gonzalez Farran This report is available online at: www.unep.org/sudan Disclaimer The material in this report does not necessarily represent the views of any of the organisations involved in the preparation and hosting of the workshop. It must be noted that some time has passed between the workshop and the dissemination of this report, during which some important changes have taken place, not least of which is the independence of South Sudan, a fact which greatly affects the national energy context. Critically, following the independence, the rate of deforestation in the Republic of Sudan has risen from 0.7% per year to 2.2% per year, making many of the discussions within this document all the more relevant. Whilst not directly affecting the production of LPG, which is largely derived from oil supplies north of the border with South Sudan, the wider context of the economics of the energy sector, and the economy as a whole, have changed. These changes are not reflected in this document. This being said, it is strongly asserted that this document still represents a useful contribution to the energy sector, particularly given its contribution to charting the breadth of perspectives on LPG in the Republic of Sudan. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Demand, Supply and Future Perspectives for Sudan Synthesis report of a workshop held in Khartoum, 12-13 December 2010 A joint publication by: Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development – Sudan, Ministry of Petroleum – Sudan, United Kingdom Department for International Development, United Nations Development Programme and United Nations Environment Programme Table of contents Acronyms and abbreviations . -
UCS TIGHT OIL.Indd
The Truth about Tight Oil Don Anair Amine Mahmassani Methane from Unconventional Oil Extraction Poses Significant Climate Risks July 2013 Since 2010, “tight oil”—oil extracted from hard- to-access deposits using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking)—has dramatically changed the US oil industry, reversing decades of declining domestic oil production and reducing US oil imports (EIA 2015a). In 2015, tight oil comprised more than half of US oil produc- 10,000 feet to reach sedimentary rock and then sideways or tion, bringing total production close to 10 million barrels per horizontally for a mile or more. Next, a mixture of water, day—a peak not seen since the 1970s (see Figure 1). But this sand, and chemicals is pumped at high pressure into the wells sudden expansion has also led to an increase of global warm- to create fractures in the rocks, which frees the oil and gas ing emissions due, in large part, to methane—an extremely potent heat-trapping gas that is found in larger concentra- tions in tight oil regions. Although most of the emissions associated with the con- sumption of oil are a result of burning the finished fuel (for example, in a car or truck), the emissions from extracting, transporting, and refining oil add, on average, 35 percent to a fuel’s life cycle emissions. These “upstream” emissions can- not be overlooked when seeking to mitigate emissions from oil use overall. Recent scientific evidence highlights major gaps in our knowledge of these large and rising sources of global warming pollution (Caulton et al. -
6. the BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Overburden
Petrophysics MSc Course Notes The Borehole Environment 6. THE BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT 6.1 Introduction Wireline logging has a single clearly defined purpose: to give accurate and representative data on the physical properties of the rock formations and fluids encountered in a borehole. The tools used to take these readings have to cope with extremely tough conditions downhole, particularly, high temperatures and pressures, inhospitable chemical conditions and the physical constraints imposed by the physics of the measurements and the borehole geometry. It should also be remembered that we are interested in the properties of the rocks in undisturbed conditions, and the act of drilling the borehole is the single most disturbing thing that we can do to a formation. 6.2 Overburden Pressures The formations in the sub-surface are at raised pressure, and are occupied by fluids which are also at high pressure. The pressure that a rock is subjected to at a given depth is determined by the weight of the rock above it, and hence the density of that rock. This is called the overburden pressure or sometimes the lithostatic pressure (note that, to a first approximation, the overburden pressure is the same in all directions (isotropic)). We can write an equation to describe the overburden pressure (6.1) Pover = rrock g h where, Pover = the overburden pressure at depth h rrock = the mean rock density above the depth in question g = the acceleration due to gravity h = the depth to the measurement point. Clearly the rock above a given depth will have a varied lithology and porosity and hence a varying density. -
Advancing Understanding of Resource Recovery and Environmental Impacts Via Field Laboratories
Advancing Understanding of Resource Recovery and Environmental Impacts via Field Laboratories Jared Ciferno – Oil and Gas Technology Manager, NETL Upstream Workshop Houston, TX February 14, 2018 The National Laboratory System Idaho National Lab National Energy Technology Laboratory Pacific Northwest Ames Lab Argonne National Lab National Lab Fermilab Brookhaven National Lab Berkeley Lab Princeton Plasma Physics Lab SLAC National Accelerator Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Lawrence Livermore National Lab Oak Ridge National Lab Sandia National Lab Savannah River National Lab Office of Science National Nuclear Security Administration Environmental Management Fossil Energy Nuclear Energy National Renewable Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Los Alamos Energy Lab National Lab 2 Why Field Laboratories? • Demonstrate and test new technologies in the field in a scientifically objective manner • Gather and publish comprehensive, integrated well site data sets that can be shared by researchers across technology categories (drilling and completion, production, environmental) and stakeholder groups (producers, service companies, academia, regulators) • Catalyze industry/academic research collaboration and facilitate data sharing for mutual benefit 3 Past DOE Field Laboratories Piceance Basin • Multi-well Experiment (MWX) and M-Site project sites in the Piceance Basin where tight gas sand research was done by DOE and GRI in the 1980s • Data and analysis provided an extraordinary view of reservoir complexities and “… played a significant role -
A Clean Energy Economy for Arkansas
NRDC Issue Paper November 2009 A Clean Energy Economy for Arkansas Analysis of the Rural Economic Development Potential of Renewable Resources Author Martin R. Cohen NRDC Project Contact Pierre Bull About NRDC The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) is an international nonprofit environmental organization with more than 1.3 million members and online activists. Since 1970, our lawyers, scientists, and other environmental specialists have worked to protect the world’s natural resources, public health, and the environment. NRDC has offices in New York City, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Montana, and Beijing. Visit us at www.nrdc.org. Acknowledgments To come. For questions and further information on this report, please contact Pierre Bull, NRDC at [email protected] or (212) 727-4606. NRDC Director of Communications: Phil Gutis NRDC Marketing and Operations Director: Alexandra Kennaugh NRDC Publications Director: Lisa Goffredi NRDC Publications Editor: Anthony Clark Production: Jon Prinsky Copyright 2009 by the Natural Resources Defense Council. For additional copies of this report, send $5.00 plus $3.95 shipping and handling to NRDC Reports Department, 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011. California residents must add 7.5% sales tax. Please make checks payable to NRDC in U.S. dollars. This report is printed on paper that is 100 percent postconsumer recycled fiber, processed chlorine free. Natural Resources Defense Council I ii A Clean Energy Economy for Arkansas: Analysis of the Rural Economic Development Potential -
Well Logging
University of Kirkuk / Faculty of Science / Applied geology department rd 3 year 2020 WELL LOGGING Dr. Radhwan Khaleel Hayder INTRODUCTION: -What is a “Log” and ‘’Well Logging’’. LOG OR WELL LOGGING (THE BOREHOLE IMAGE): - Data are organized and interpreted by depth and represented on a graph called a log (a record of information about the formations through which a well has been drilled). - Visual inspection of samples brought to the surface (geological logs). Example cuttings and corres. - Study of the physical properties of rocks and the fluids through which the bore hole is drilled. - Traditionally logs are display on girded papers. Now a days the log may be taken as films, images and in digital format. - Some types of well logs can be done during any phase of a well's history: drilling, completing, producing or abandoning. -Well logging is performed in boreholes drilled for the oil and gas, groundwater, mineral, environmental and geotechnical studies. -The first electrical resistivity well log was taken in France, in 1927. THE IMPORTANCE OF WELL LOGGING: 1-Determination of lithology. 2-Determination of reservoir characteristics (e.g. porosity, saturation, permeability). 3-Determination formation dip and hole size. 4-Identification of productive zones, to determine depth and thickness of zones. 5-Distinguish between oil, gas, or water in a reservoir, and to estimate hydrocarbon reserves. 6-Geologic maps developed from log interpretation help with determining facies relationships and drilling locations. 1 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF WELL LOGGING: Advantages: 1- Continuous measurements. 2- Easy and quick to work with. 3- Short time acquisition. 4- Economical. Limitations: 1- Indirect measurements. -
Drilling Fluid Systems & Products
Drilling Fluid Systems & Products Drilling Solutions Version 6 Table of contents Overview 2 Integrated Solutions 6 Integrated Borehole Strengthening Solutions (I-BOSS) 6 OPTI-STRESS 8 Drilling Fluid Simulation Software 9 OPTIBRIDGE 9 PRESS PRO RT 10 VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS 12 Drilling Fluid Systems & Products 13 Water-Base Systems DRILPLEX 13 DRILPLEX AR PLUS 14 DURATHERM 15 ENVIROTHERM NT 16 GLYDRIL 18 K-MAG 19 KLA-SHIELD 20 POLY-PLUS 21 ULTRADRIL 22 Oil-base Systems ECOGREEN 24 ENVIROVERT 25 MEGADRIL 26 RHADIANT 27 RHELIANT 28 VERSACLEAN/VERSADRIL 29 Synthetic-Base Systems PARALAND 30 PARATHERM/VERSATHERM 31 Non-Aqueous Systems WARP Advanced Fluids Technology 32 Drilling Fluid Products 34 Product Summaries 34 Drilling Fluid Systems & Products Version 6 1 Overview The M-I SWACO solutions mindset permeates our company and positively influences the problem-solving orientation we have toward our clients, the solutions we deliver, our new-technology advancement, people development within our company and our future strategies. Starting with the basic building blocks of Before people work for M-I SWACO, training for the job at hand, M-I SWACO instructors quickly bring new specialists a Schlumberger company, we screen up to speed in the disciplines required for them to deliver maximum value them not only for current skills from our products and services. M-I SWACO ensures customers around and experience, but also for their the world get the highest level of service by standardizing training courses to willingness to learn new things, solve meet the universal expectations of all operators. Where locale dictates problems and help others. Once they certain specialized practices, M-I SWACO trainers prepare field join the M-I SWACO organization, personnel for those details as well.