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Man and a Half MEMOIR No. 48 MAN AND A HALF ESSAYS IN PACIFIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOBIOLOGY IN HONOUR OF RALPH BULMER edited by ANDREW PAWLEY THE POLYNESIAN SOCIETY Auckland 1991 First published 1991 The Polynesian Society (Inc. ) Anthropology Department University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand Printed by the Australian National University Printing Service, Canberra, A. C. T. Bound by F & M Perfect Bookbinding, Queanbeyan, N. S. W. Cover design by A. N. U. Graphic Design © The Polynesian Society (Inc. ) 1991 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. ISBN 0-908940-01-7 CONTENTS Editorial note page vii PART I: MEMOIRS Andrew PAWLEY Notes on a Large Small Game Hunter 3-20 Ellaine MABBUTT Hans Breitmann Gife a Barty... 21-23 Helga M. GRIFFIN ‘Big-man’, Neighbour, Teacher, Friend: a Personal Memoir of Ralph Bulmer at Waigani, 1968-72 23-29 Ian Saem MAJNEP What Is this Man Up To? A Kalam View of Ralph Bulmer 29-36 George E. MARCUS Notes and Quotes Concerning the Further Collaboration of Ian Saem Majnep and Ralph Bulmer: Saem Becomes a Writer 37-45 Alice BULMER Ralph Bulmer - a Bibliography 45-54 PART II: ETHNOBIOLOGY, SEMANTICS AND TAXONOMY Brent BERLIN The Chicken and the Egg-head Revisited: Further Evidence for the Intellectualist Bases of Ethnobiological Classification 57-66 Bruce BIGGS A Linguist Revisits the New Zealand Bush 67-72 Cecil H. BROWN On the Botanical Life-form ‘Tree” 72-78 Ross CLARK Fingota/Fangota: Shellfish and Fishing in Polynesia 78-83 Jared M. DIAMOND Interview Techniques in Ethnobiology 83-86 Peter DWYER and Hunting and Harvesting: the Pursuit of Animals by Kubo Monica MENNEGAL of Papua New Guinea 86-95 Roy ELLEN Grass, Grerb or Weed? A Bulmerian Meditation on the Categorymonote in Nuaulu Plant Classification 95-101 Claudine FRIEDBERG Operative Aspects of Folk Classification 102-109 Terence E. HAYS Interest, Use, and Interest in Uses in Folk Biology 109-114 K.J. HOLLYMAN What’s in a Nomial? Folk Classification in New Caledonia 114-118 Robin HOOPER Denizens of the Deep: the Semantic History of Proto-Polynesian*palu 119-127 iii iv Contents Alan HOWARD Animals as Metaphors in Rotuman Sayings andJanRENSEL 127-137 Eugene S. HUNN Sahaptin Bird Classification 137-147 Julie PARK Why Is Wine Not Booze? 147-151 Paul SILLITOE Worms that Bite and Other Aspects of Wola Soil Lore 152-163 Michael J. TYLER Biological Nomenclature, Classification and the Ethnozoological Specieme 164-167 Alanieta WAQANIU Ethno-ichthyology in the Upper Wainimala Valley, and Garth ROGERS Viti Levu 167-174 PART III: SOCIAL AND SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS Georgeda BUCHBINDER When All Else Fails: Suicide among Maring Women 177-181 Ann CHO WNING Pigs, Dogs and Children in Molima 182-187 Peter CROWE There’s More than One Way to Bea 187-193 Mary DOUGLAS Ralph Bulmer among the Master Detectives: the Proximity Principle 193-198 Thomas M. ERNST Empirical Attitudes among the Onabasulu 199-207 Steven FELD Cockatoo, Hombill, Kingfisher 207-213 Robin FOX A Darwinist Manifesto 213-218 Michael GODDARD The Birdman of Kiripia: Posthumous Revenge in a Papua New Guinea Highland Community 218 -222 Murray GROVES Fishermen of Manumanu: in Defence of ‘Empiricist’ Ethnography 222-233 Chris HEALEY Why Is the Cassowary Sacrificed? 234-241 Christine HELLIWELL Many Voices: Rhetoric and Ethnographic Understanding in a Borneo Dayak Community 241-248 Antony HOOPER and Aspects of Skipjack Fishing: Some Tokelau 4 Words of the Sea’ Judith HUNTSMAN 249-256 David HYNDMAN The Kam Basin Homeland of the Wopkaimin: a Sense of Place 256-265 Graham JACKSON Is Taboo Alive? The Uses and Parameters of Kopon Taboo 265-276 Roger M. KEESING The Uses of Knowledge in Kwaio Society 277-286 Tomas LUDVIGSON Transactions and Ownership in Central Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu 286-292 Kenneth MADDOCK Atrocities and Culture: Revisiting the Vietnam War 293-298 Contents v George E.B. MORREN, Jr The Ancestresses of the Miyanmin and Telefolmin: Sacred and Mundane Definitions of the Fringe in the Upper Sepik 298-305 Jan POUWER The Willed and the Wild: the Kalam Cassowary Revisited 305-316 Inge RIEBE Do We Believe in Witchcraft? 317-326 Eleanor RIMOLDI Buka Marriage Ritual and the Power of Tsunono andMaxRIMOLDI 326-335 Paula G. RUBEL and From Ceremonial Exchange to Capitalist Exchange: How the New Abraham ROSMAN Irelanders Coped with the Establishment of Trading Stations 336-343 Anne SALMOND Tipuna - Ancestors: Aspects of Maori Cognatic Descent 343-356 Eric SCHWIMMER The Ceremonial Self 356-363 Marilyn STRATHERN Naming People 364-369 John D. WAIKO Literary Art Forms among the Binandere 369-375 James B. WATSON Group and Ethnic Stereotypy: Topical Premises on a Universal Ground 375-379 Michael W. YOUNG The Sea Eagle and Other Heroic Birds of Nidula Mythology 380-389 PART IV: LINGUISTIC AND TEXTUAL ANALYSIS Bernard COMRIE On Haruai Vowels 393-397 Herbert John DAVIES Marked Pronouns and Verbs for Marked Social Relationships in a Chadic and a Papuan Language 397-405 Raymond FIRTH Tikopia Songs of the Sea and Rosemary FIRTH 405-412 John KIAS We Threw away our Bows and Axes and Lyle SCHOLZ 412-420 John LYNCH Pigs and Dogs in Island Melanesia 421-432 Andrew PAWLEY Saying Things in Kalam: Reflections on Language and Translation 432-444 Wendy POND Austronesian Classification and the Choice of Endeavour 444-450 B ambi B. SCHIEFFELIN Sociolinguistic Dimensions of Kaluli Relationship Terms and Steven FELD 451-454 PART V: PREHISTORY AND ORAL HISTORY Jim ALLEN Hunting for Wallabies: the ImportanceMacropus of agilis as a Traditional Food Resource in the Port Moresby Hinterland 457-461 Wal AMBROSE Manus, Mortars and the Kava Concoction 461-469 vi Contents Susan BULMER Variation and Change in Stone Tools in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea: the Witness of Wafielek 470-478 Janet DAVIDSON Bird-man Amulets andTridacna Shell Discs from Taumako, and Foss LEACH Solomon Islands 478-483 JackGOLSON Bulmer Phase II: Early Agriculture in the New Guinea Highlands 484-491 R.C. GREEN Near and Remote Oceania - Disestablishing “Melanesia” in Culture History 491-502 Geoffrey IRWIN Themes in the Prehistory of Coastal Papua and the Massim 503-510 Mary-Jane MOUNTAIN Bulmer Phase I: Environmental Change and Human Activity through the Late Pleistocene into the Holocene in the Highlands of New Guinea: a Scenario 510-520 Nigel ORAM Edai Siabo: an Ethnographic Study of a Papuan Myth 520-535 Marie REAY Oral Prehistory and the Sequence of Events 535-540 Douglas G. SUTTON The Archaeology of Belief: Structuralism in Stratigraphical Context 540-550 Pamela SWADLING Garden Boundaries as Indicators of Past Land-use Strategies: Two Case Studies from Coastal Melanesia 550-557 D.E. YEN Domestication: the Lessons from New Guinea 558-569 PART VI: ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE MODERN WORLD I.H. KAWHARU Sovereignty vs Rangatiratanga: the Treaty of Waitangi 1840 and the New Zealand Maori Council’s Kaupapa 1983 573-581 Roderic LACEY ‘History Is a Way of Musing upon Ourselves’ 581-585 H.B. LEVINE Participation in the Modem Sector and the Width of Urban Interethnic Interaction: a Causal Model of Data from Papua New Guinea 585-589 Cluny MACPHERSON and Some Samoan Observations on Science and Scientists La’avasa MACPHERSON 589-593 Mervyn MEGGITT The Ambiguities of Advocacy: Fieldwork in the New Guinea Highlands 593-599 Maev O’COLLINS Applied Anthropology: the Basis for Social Policy and Planning in Papua New Guinea 599-606 Anton PLOEG Citizenship in Papua New Guinea 606-612 Andrew STRATHERN “Company” in Kopiago 612-615 Ranginui J. WALKER The Genesis and Transformation of the Waitangi Tribunal 615-624 EDITORIAL NOTE In June 1988, when Ralph Bulmer was already mortally ill, invitations were sent to over 100 friends and colleagues of his, inviting them to contribute to an extraordinary Festschrift. It was extraordinary because, knowing that Ralph probably did not have long to live, I asked each person to submit a paper within six weeks and to donate $100 towards publication costs, with the aim of presenting a modest book to Ralph before the end of the year. Because of this stringent deadline I did not expect to receive more than a handful of papers. The response was astonishing. Almost 90 people immediately sent in titles (a few jointly) and within five weeks drafts of more than 20 papers had arrived. Ralph had read the provisional table of contents before he died on July 18, 1988. After his death it became necessary to rethink editing and publication plans. Because of the large number of papers a length limit was imposed, authors who had not already submitted their papers were sent a style guide and all essays were sent to appropriate readers for critical assessment. The final product consists of 81 papers by 90 authors. In the end, publication was in the hands of the Polynesian Society, in Auckland, production being undertaken in Canberra. Ralph would have been delighted with the quality and range of the papers in the volume. Part I consists of several memoirs. The remaining Parts, II-VI, represent the considerable range of disciplines which he contributed to - chiefly, social anthropology, ethnobotany and ethnozoology, archaeology, oral history and linguistics - as well as issues of social change and modernisation in Pacific societies with which Ralph was much concerned. Thanks are due to the many people who contributed to the project. To the editorial committee of Bruce Biggs, Nancy Bowers, Roger Green, Chris Healey, Judith Huntsman and Richard Moyle, who gave initial encouragement and advice. To Lena Bulmer, who supplied addresses and contacted several potential contributors.
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