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Please do not assume that a book's appearance in 'The Builder' library means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. The Webmaster '4^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/historyofgreece07grot : HISTORY or GREECE. BY GEORGE GROTE, Esq. VOL. VII. REPRINTED FROM THE LONDON EDITION NEW YORK HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS 023 AND 331 PEARL STREIiT. 1 8f)7. Df V7 CONTENTS. VOL. vn. PART II. CONTINUATION OF HISTORICAL GREICB. CHAPTER LV. FROM THE PEACE OF NIKIAS TO THE OLYMPIC FESTIVAL OF OLYMPIAD 90. Negotiations for peace during the winter after the battle of Amphipolis.— Peace called the Peace of Nikias — concluded in March 421 b.c. Condi- tions of peace. — Peace accepted at Sparta by the majority of members of the Peloponnesian alliance. — The most powerful members of the alli- ance refuse to accept the truce — Boeotians, Megarians. Corinthians, and Eleians. — Position and feelings of the Lacedaemonians — their great anxiety for peace — their uncertain relations with Argos. — Steps taken by the Lacedsemonians to execute the peace — Amphipolis is not restored to Athens — the great allies of Sparta do not accept the peace. — Sepa- rate alliance for mutual defence concluded between Sparta and Athens. — Terms of the alliance. — Athens restores the Spartan captives. — Mis- management of the political interests of Athens by Nikias and the peace party. — By the terms of the alliance Athens renounced all the advan- tages of her position in reference to the Lacedaemonians — she gained none of those concessions upon which she calculated, \Yliile they gained materially. — Discontent and remonstrances of the Athenians against Sparta in consequence of the non-peiformance of the conditions — they repent of having given up the captives — excuses of Sparta. — New com- binations in Peloponnesus — suspicion entertaincdv of concert between Sparta and Athens — Argos stands prominently forwai'd — state of Argos — aristocratical regiment of one thousand formed in that city. — The Corinthians prevail upon Argos to stand fonvard as head of a new I elo- ponnesian alliance. — Congress of recusant Peloponnesian allies i t Corinth — the Mantmeians join Argos — state of Arcadia — rivalship of Tegea and Mantineia. — Remonstrances of Lacedaemonian envoys at the con- gress at Corinth — redefence of the Corinthians — pretence of religious —— JT CONTENTS. scruple. — The Boeotians and Mesrarians refuse to break with Sparta, or to ally tliemselves witli Argos — the Corinthians hesitate in actually join- ing Argos. — The Eleians become allies of Argos — their reasons for doing so — relations with Lepreum — tlie Corinthians now join Argos also. — llefusal of Tcgea to separate from Sparta. — Tlie Corinthians are disheartened — their application through the Boeotians to Athens. — The Lacedaemonians emancipate the Arcadian subjects of Mantineia — they plant the Brasidean Helots at Lepreum. — Treatment of the Spartan cap- tives after their liberation from Athens and return to Sparta — they are disfranchised for a time and in a qualified manner. — The Athenians re- capture Skione — put to death all the adult males. — Political relations in Peloponnesus — change of ephors at Sparta — the new ephors are hostile to Athens. — Congress at Sparta — Athenian, Boeotian, and Co- rinthian deputies, present — long debates, but no settlement attained of any one of tlie disj)uted points — intrigues of the anti-Athenian ephors — Kleobulus and Xenares. — These ephors try to bring about underhand an alliance between Sparta and Argos, through the Bceotians — the pro- ject fails. — The Lacedaemonians conclude a special alliance with the Boeotians, thereby violating their alliance with Athens — tlie Boeotians raze Panaktum to the ground. — Application from the Argeians to Sparta to renew the expiring treaty. Project of renewed treaty agreed upon Curious stipulation about combat by champions, to keep the question open about the title to Thyrea. — Lacedaemonian envoys go first to Ba?o- tia, next to Athens — they find Panaktum demolislied — they ask for the cession of Pylos from Athens. — The envoys are badly received at Athens — angry feeling against the Lacedaemonians. — Alkibiades stands for- ward as a party-leader. His education and character. — Great energy and capacity of Alkibiades in public affairs — his reckless expenditure — lawless demeanor — unprincipled character, inspiring suspicion and alarm — military service. — Alkibiades — Sokrates — the Sophists. — Conflict- ing sentiments entertained towards Alkibiades — his great energy and capacity. Admiration, fear, hatred, and jealousy, which he inspires, Alkibiades tries to renew the ancient but interrupted connection of his ancestors with Laceda;mon, as proxeni. — The Spartans reject his ad- vances — he turns against them — alters his politics, and becomes their enemy at Athens. — He tries to bring Athens into alliance with Argos. — He induces the Argeians to send envoys to Athens — the Argeians eagerly embrace this opening, and drop their negotiations with Sparta. Embassy of the Lacedaemonians to Athens, to press the Athenians not to throw up the alliance. The envoys are fiivorably received. — Trick by which Alkibiades cheats and disgraces the envoys, and baffles the Lace- damonian project. Indignation of the Athenians against Sparta. — Nikias prevails with the assembly to send himself and others as envoys to Sparta, in order to clear up the emliarrassment. — Failure of tlie em- bassy of Nikias at Sparta — Athens concludes the alliance with Argos, Elis, and Mantineia. — Conditions of this convention and alliance. Complicated relations among the Grecian states as to treaty and alliance. — Olympic festival of the 90th Olympiad, July 420 n.c, its memorable character. — First appearance of Athens at the Olympic festival since the beginning of the war. Immense display of Alkibiades in the chariot- race. — The Eleians exclude the Spartan sacred legation from this Olym- pic festival, in consequence of alleged violation of the Olympic truce. Alarm felt at the festival lest the Spartans should come in ai-ms. — De- pressed estimation of Sparta throughout Greece — Herakleia 1-61 — CONTENTS. CHAPTER LVI. FROM THE FESTIVAL OF OLYMPIAD 90, DOWN TO THE BATTLE OF MANTINEIA. New policy of Athens, attempted by Alkibiades. — Expedition of Alkibiades into the interior of Peloponnesus. — Attack upon Epidaurus by Argos and Athens. — Movements of the Spartans and Argeians. — The sacred month Kameius — trick played by the Argeians with their calendar — Congress at Mantineia for peace — the discussions prove abortive. Athenian lordship of the sea — the alliance between Alliens and Sparta continues in name, but is indirectly violated by both. — Invasion of Argos by Agis and the Lacedcemonians, Boeotians, and Corinthians. — Approach of the invaders to Argos by different lines of march. — Superior forces and advantageous position of the invaders — danger of Argos — Agia takes upon him to grant an armistice to the Argeians, and withdraws the army — dissatisfaction of the allies. — Severe censure against Agis on his return to Sparta. — Tardy arrival of Alkibiades, Laches, etc.. with the Atiienian contingent at Argos — expedition of Athenians, Eleians, Mantineians, and Argeians, against the Arcadian town of Orchomenus. Plans against Tegea — the Eleians return home. — Danger of Tegea — Agis and the Lacedaemonians march to its relief — Manoeuvres of Agis to bring on a battle on fair ground. — Forward march and new position of the Argeians. — The Lacedajmonians are surprised: their sudden and ready foiTnation into battle order. — Gradation of command and responsi- bility peculiar to the Lacedasmonian army. — Lacedaemonian line : priv- ileged post of the Skiritffi on the left. — Uncertain numbers of both armies. — Preliminary harangues to the soldiers. — Battle of JIantineia. Movement ordered by Agis, the instant before — on the battle ; his order disobeyed. His left wing is defeated. — Complete ultimate victory of the Lacedtemonians. — Great effects of the victory in reestablishing the reputation of Sparta. — Operations of Argeians, Eleians, etc., near Epi- daurus. — Political change at Argos, arising out of the battle of Mantineia.