CONTRIBUTORS

LARRY G. ALLEN RAYMOND T. BAUER Department of Biology Department of Biology State University, Northridge University of Louisiana, Lafayette Fish Shrimps

RICHARD F. AMBROSE KEVIN S. BEACH Department of Environmental Department of Biology Health Sciences University of Tampa, Florida University of California, Los Angeles Algal Color Habitat Restoration MARK D. BERTNESS ROLAND C. ANDERSON Department of and Evolutionary Biology The Seattle Aquarium Brown University Seattle, Washington Providence, Rhode Island Octopuses Facilitation

WILLIAM C. AUSTIN CAROL A. BLANCHETTE Khoyatan Marine Laboratory Marine Science Institute Sidney, British Columbia, Canada University of California, Santa Barbara Sponges Seagrasses BONNIE A. BAIN Biology Department MICHAEL L. BOLLER Southern Utah University Hopkins Marine Station Cedar City, Utah Pacifi c Grove, California Pycnogonids Wave Forces, Measurement of RICHARD T. BARBER NSOE Marine Laboratory CAREN E. BRABY Duke University Research Institute Beaufort, North Carolina Moss Landing, California Seawater Cold Stress

JOHN A. BARTH MATTHEW E. S. BRACKEN College of Oceanic and Bodega Marine Laboratory Atmospheric Sciences University of California, Davis , Corvallis Bodega Bay, California Upwelling Excretion

xv GEORGE M. BRANCH JOSEPH H. CONNELL Department of Zoology Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of Cape Town, South Africa University of California, Santa Barbara Limpets Competition

MARK A. BRZEZINSKI DANIEL COSTA Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology Institute of Marine Sciences University of California, Santa Barbara University of California, Santa Cruz Phytoplankton Seals and Sea Lions ISABELLE M. CÔTÉ RODRIGO H. BUSTAMANTE Department of Biological Sciences CSIRO Marine Research Simon Fraser University Cleveland, Queensland, Australia Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada Iguanas, Marine Blennies ROY L. CALDWELL JAMES A. COYER Department of Integrative Biology Department of Marine Biology University of California, Berkeley University of Groningen, The Netherlands Mantis Shrimps Algal Biogeography GERARD M. CAPRIULO MOLLY CUMMINGS Department of Biology Section of Integrative Biology St. Mary’s College of California, Moraga University of Texas, Austin Protists Light, Effects of

JAMES T. CARLTON EDWARD B. CUTLER Williams-Mystic Program Department of Invertebrate Zoology Williams College, Mystic, Connecticut Harvard University Introduced Species Cambridge, Massachusetts

ROBERT C. CARPENTER Sipunculans Department of Biology MARYMEGAN DALY California State University, Northridge Department of Evolution, Ecology, Algal Turfs and Organismal Biology

JUAN CARLOS CASTILLA Ohio State University, Columbus Departamento de Ecologia Cnidaria, Overview Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago WILLEM H. DE SMET Economics, Coastal Department of Biology University of Antwerp, Belgium FRANCIS CHAN Rotifers Department of Zoology Oregon State University, Corvallis MARK W. DENNY Hopkins Marine Station Nutrients Stanford University FRANCISCO CHAVEZ Pacifi c Grove, California Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Evaporation and Condensation Moss Landing, California Surface Tension Variability, Multidecadal Tides

ROSS A. COLEMAN MEGAN N. DETHIER Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Friday Harbor Laboratories Coastal Cities University of Washington, Friday Harbor University of Sydney, Australia Algal Crusts and Lichens Homing Monitoring: Techniques

xvi CONTRIBUTORS ANDREW P. DEVOGELAERE PATRICK J. EWANCHUK Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Department of Biology Monterey, California Providence College Marine Sanctuaries and Parks Providence, Rhode Island

WILLIAM J. DOUROS Predator Avoidance Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary MIRIAM FERNÁNDEZ Monterey, California Department of Ecology Marine Sanctuaries and Parks Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago

ROBERT DUDLEY Biodiversity, Global Patterns of Department of Integrative Biology PIETER AREND FOLKENS University of California, Berkeley Alaska Whale Foundation Air Seattle, Washington

SARAH E. A. LE V. DIT DURELL Symbolic and Cultural Uses Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, United Kingdom BENJAMIN A. FOOTE Dorchester, Dorset, United Kingdom Department of Biological Sciences Oystercatchers Kent State University Kent, Ohio THOMAS A. EBERT Department of Zoology Flies Oregon State University, Corvallis DOUGLAS FUDGE Sea Urchins Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph KEVIN J. ECKELBARGER Darling Marine Center Ontario, Canada University of Maine, Orono Materials, Biological Marine Stations STEVEN D. GAINES Marine Science Institute GINNY L. ECKERT Department of Biology University of California, Santa Barbara University of Alaska, Juneau Dispersal Sea Cucumbers El Niño Marine Reserves DOUGLAS J. EERNISSE Recruitment Department of Biological Science California State University, Fullerton BRIAN GAYLORD Bodega Marine Laboratory Chitons University of California, Davis RICHARD B. EMLET Bodega Bay, California Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Hydrodynamic Forces , Charleston JONATHAN B. GELLER Echinoderms, Overview Moss Landing Marine Laboratories JAMES A. ESTES Moss Landing, California United States Geological Survey Bivalves Santa Cruz, California Symbiosis Sea Otters WILLIAM GILLY RON ETTER Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University University of Massachusetts, Boston Pacifi c Grove, California Snails Ricketts, Steinbeck, and Intertidal Ecology

CONTRIBUTORS xvii MICHAEL A. GLASSOW CHRISTOPHER HARLEY Department of Anthropology Department of Zoology University of California, Santa Barbara University of British Columbia Food Uses, Ancestral Vancouver, Canada

PETER W. GLYNN Zonation Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science PATRICK A. HARR University of Miami, Florida Department of Meteorology Corals Naval Postgraduate School

JOHN M. GOSLINE Monterey, California University of British Columbia Storms and Climate Change Vancouver, Canada JEAN M. HARRIS Materials, Biological University of Cape Town, South Africa

MICHAEL GRAHAM Food Uses, Modern Moss Landing Marine Laboratories CHRISTOPHER HARROLD Moss Landing, California Monterey Bay Aquarium Sea Level Change, Effects on Coastlines Monterey, California BRIAN A. GRANTHAM Aquaria, Public Coastal and Estuarine Assessment Unit STEVE HAWKINS Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia Marine Biological Association of the Water Properties, Measurement of United Kingdom GARY GRIGGS Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom Institute of Marine Sciences Monitoring: Long-Term Studies University of California, Santa Cruz BRIAN HELMUTH Beach Morphology Department of Biological Sciences Coastal Geology University of South Carolina, Columbia Tidepools, Formation and Rock Types Heat and Temperature, Patterns of RICK GROSBERG Temperature Change Section of Evolution and Ecology Temperature, Measurement of Division of Biological Sciences LEA-ANNE HENRY University of California, Davis Scottish Association for Marine Science, Tunicates United Kingdom

E. C. HADERLIE Oban, Argyll, Scotland, United Kingdom Department of Hydroids Naval Postgraduate School YAYOI M. HIRANO Monterey, California Chiba University Stone Borers Chiba, Japan

BENJAMIN S. HALPERN Hydromedusae National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Stauromedusae University of California, Santa Barbara KEITH HISCOCK Food Webs Marine Biological Association of the

PATRICIA M. HALPIN United Kingdom Materials Research Laboratory Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom University of California, Santa Barbara Monitoring: Long-Term Studies Herbivory F. G. HOCHBERG

STEVEN C. HAND Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Department of Biological Sciences Santa Barbara, California Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Octopuses Desiccation Stress

xviii CONTRIBUTORS JENS T. HØEG JENNIFER JOST Department of Cell Biology and Department of Biological Sciences Comparative Zoology University of South Carolina, Columbia University of Copenhagen, Denmark Temperature, Measurement of Rhizocephalans DAVID JULIAN PATRICIA A. HOLDEN Department of Zoology Donald Bren School of Environmental University of Florida, Gainesville Science and Management Echiurans University of California, Santa Barbara SARA KIMBERLIN Microbes Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago JUSTIN HOLL Biodiversity, Global Patterns of Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago PAUL D. KOMAR Biodiversity, Global Patterns of College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences MICHAEL H. HORN Oregon State University, Corvallis Department of Biology Ocean Waves California State University, Fullerton ARMAND M. KURIS Fish Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology ALLISON M. HORST University of California, Santa Barbara University of California, Santa Barbara Parasitism Microbes KEVIN D. LAFFERTY LUKE J. H. HUNT United States Geological Survey Hopkins Marine Station Santa Barbara, California Stanford University Diseases of Marine Animals Pacifi c Grove, California JOHN J. LEE Surveying Biology Department TOHRU ISETO City College, City University of New York The Kyoto University Museum Protists

Kyoto University, Japan JAMES J. LEICHTER Entoprocts Integrative Oceanography Division GEORGE JACKSON Scripps Institution of Oceanography Department of Oceanography , California Texas A&M University, College Station Waves, Internal

Diffusion SALLY P. LEYS GLENN JAECKS Department of Biological Sciences Slovenian Academy of Science and Arts University of Alberta Ljubljana, Slovenia Edmonton, Canada Brachiopods Sponges

SÖNKE JOHNSEN DAVID R. LINDBERG Department of Biology Department of Integrative Biology Duke University University of California, Berkeley Durham, North Carolina Fossil Tidepools Light, Effects of Molluscs, Overview

LADD E. JOHNSON MATS LINDEGARTH Department of Biology Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory Université Laval, Quebec, Canada Göteborg University, Sweden Ice Scour Wave Exposure

CONTRIBUTORS xix COLIN LITTLE MARGARET ANNE MCMANUS School of Biological Sciences Department of Oceanography University of Bristol, United Kingdom University of Hawaii, Honolulu Foraging Behavior Nearshore Physical Processes, Effects of

DAVID P. LOHSE KRISTINA MEAD Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department of Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Denison University Barnacles Granville, Ohio

MARTHA L. MANSON Fertilization, Mechanics of Monterey Bay Aquarium MICHAEL A. MENZE Monterey, California Department of Biological Sciences Aquaria, Public Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

KAREN L. MARTIN Desiccation Stress Natural Science Division, Seaver College CLAUDIA E. MILLS Pepperdine University Friday Harbor Laboratories Malibu, California University of Washington, Friday Harbor Rhythms, Non-Tidal Hydromedusae

MARLENE M. MARTINEZ Stauromedusae Department of Biology STEPHEN MONISMITH American River College Department of Civil and Environmental Sacramento, California Engineering Locomotion: Intertidal Challenges Stanford University PATRICK T. MARTONE Stanford, California Stanford University Turbulence Stanford, California RICH MOOI Algae, Calcifi ed Department of Invertebrate Zoology

PATRICIA MASTERSON and Geology Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom Museums and Collections Monitoring: Long-Term Studies PIPPA MOORE

LAURIE A. MCCONNICO Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom Department of Biology Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom City College, California Monitoring: Long-Term Studies Algal Economics AMY L. MORAN

CATHERINE S. MCFADDEN Clemson University Department of Biology Clemson, South Carolina Harvey Mudd College Size and Scaling Claremont, California STEVEN G. MORGAN Octocorals Bodega Marine Laboratory

IAIN MCGAW University of California, Davis School of Life Sciences Bodega Bay, California University of Nevada, Las Vegas Rhythms, Tidal Circulation JAMES G. MORIN

REBECCA J. MCLEOD Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Otago Cornell University Dunedin, New Zealand Ithaca, New York Salinity Stress Bioluminescence

xx CONTRIBUTORS STEVEN N. MURRAY STEPHEN R. PALUMBI Department of Biological Science Hopkins Marine Station California State University, Fullerton Stanford University Habitat Alteration Pacifi c Grove, California Succession Genetic Variation and Population Structure

SERGIO A. NAVARRETE JOHN S. PEARSE Department of Ecology Institute of Marine Sciences Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago University of California, Santa Cruz Biodiversity, Maintenance of Reproduction, Overview

TODD NEWBERRY VICKI BUCHSBAUM PEARSE Long Marine Laboratory Institute of Marine Sciences University of California, Santa Cruz University of California, Santa Cruz Tunicates Sea Anemones

KARINA J. NIELSEN D. H. PEREGRINE Department of Biology School of Mathematics Sonoma State University University of Bristol, United Kingdom Rohnert Park, California Rogue Waves

Algae, Overview THOMAS P. PESCHAK WENDELL A. NUSS Marine Biology Research Institute Department of Meteorology University of Cape Town, South Africa Naval Postgraduate School Vertebrates, Terrestrial Monterey, California ANNA PFEIFFER-HOYT Fog Coastal Physical Oceanography and Marine Ecosystems Wind University of Hawaii, Honolulu JAMES NYBAKKEN Nearshore Physical Processes, Effects of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories CATHERINE A. PFISTER Moss Landing, California Department of Ecology and Evolution Nudibranchs and Related Species University of Chicago TODD H. OAKLEY Sculpins Department of Ecology, Evolution, NICOLE PHILLIPS and Marine Biology School of Biological Sciences University of California, Santa Barbara Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand Vision Metamorphosis and Larval History F. PATRICIO OJEDA BARBARA B. PRÉZELIN Department of Ecology Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago University of California, Santa Barbara Territoriality Algal Blooms JÖRG OTT PETER T. RAIMONDI Department of Marine Biology Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Vienna, Austria University of California, Santa Cruz Micrometazoans Barnacles ROBERT T. PAINE DANIEL RITTSCHOF Department of Biology Marine Laboratory, NSOE University of Washington, Seattle Duke University Predation Beaufort, North Carolina Hermit Crabs

CONTRIBUTORS xxi LORETTA ROBERSON STEPHEN C. SCHROETER Institute of Neurobiology Marine Science Institute University of Puerto Rico, San Juan University of California, Santa Barbara Materials: Strength Competition

CARLOS ROBLES PATRICIA M. SCHULTE CEA-CREST Department of Zoology California State University, Los Angeles University of British Columbia Lobsters Vancouver, Canada

JOSÉ M. ROJAS Water Chemistry Department of Ecology ANJA SCHULZE Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago Smithsonian Marine Station Territoriality Fort Pierce, Florida

ANNE WERTHEIM ROSENFELD Sipunculans Kentfi eld, California ALAN SHANKS Photography, Intertidal Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon, Charleston KAUSTUV ROY Division of Biological Science Projectiles, Effects of University of California, San Diego J. MALCOLM SHICK Ecosystem Changes, Natural vs. Anthropogenic School of Marine Sciences

STEVEN S. RUMRILL University of Maine, Orono South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Ultraviolet Stress Charleston, Oregon SUSAN SHILLINGLAW Salinity, Measurement of Department of English RAPHAEL SAGARIN San Jose State University, California Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions Ricketts, Steinbeck, and Intertidal Ecology Duke University STEPHEN M. SHUSTER Durham, North Carolina Department of Biological Sciences Climate Change, Overview Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff ERIC SANFORD Sex Allocation and Sexual Selection

Bodega Marine Laboratory KERRY SINK University of California, Davis University of Cape Town, South Africa Bodega Bay, California Food Uses, Modern Sea Stars CHRISTINA J. SLAGER DAVID R. SCHIEL Monterey Bay Aquarium School of Biological Sciences Monterey, California University of Canterbury Aquaria, Public Christchurch, New Zealand ANDREW SMITH Abalones Department of Biology Kelps Ithaca College, New York ANDREAS SCHMIDT-RHAESA Adhesion Zoological Museum Hamburg, Germany CELIA M. SMITH Worms Department of Botany University of Hawaii, Honolulu KIMBERLY R. SCHNEIDER Department of Biological Sciences Algal Color University of South Carolina, Columbia Heat and Temperature, Patterns of

xxii CONTRIBUTORS GEORGE SOMERO NORA B. TERWILLIGER Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University University of Oregon, Charleston Pacifi c Grove, California Arthropods, Overview Heat Stress RICHARD C. THOMPSON WAYNE P. SOUSA School of Biological Sciences Department of Integrative Biology University of Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom University of California, Berkeley Biofi lms Disturbance CAROL S. THORNBER ALAN SOUTHWARD Department of Biological Sciences Marine Biological Association of University of Rhode Island, Kingston the United Kingdom Algal Life Cycles

Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom EDWARD B. THORNTON Monitoring: Long-Term Studies Department of Oceanography JOHN J. STACHOWICZ Naval Postgraduate School Section of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Monterey, California Population Biology Surf-Zone Currents University of California, Davis HENDRIK L. TOLMAN Biodiversity, Signifi cance of Camoufl age Mutualism NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Prediction ROBERT S. STENECK Camp Springs, Maryland Darling Marine Center Storm Intensity and Wave Height

University of Maine MARK E. TORCHIN Walpole, Maine Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Algae, Calcifi ed Republic of Panama KATJA STERFLINGER Rhizocephalans

Institute for Applied Microbiology (ACBR) GEOFFREY C. TRUSSELL University of Natural Resources Department of Biology and Applied Life Sciences Northeastern University Vienna, Austria Nahant, Massachusetts Boring Fungi Predator Avoidance JONATHON STILLMAN JOHN UGORETZ Romberg Tiburon Center California Department of Fish and Game San Francisco State University, California Monterey, California Crabs Management and Regulation SUSAN L. SWARBRICK A. J. UNDERWOOD Marine Science Institute Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts University of California, Santa Barbara of Coastal Cities Competition University of Sydney, Australia LAUREN SZATHMARY Monitoring, Overview Monitoring: Statistics Department of Biological Sciences LUCA A. VAN DUREN University of South Carolina, Columbia Department of Ecosystem Studies Temperature Change Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Yerseke MICHAEL TEMKIN Boundary Layers Department of Biology St. Lawrence University LUIS R. VINUEZA Canton, New York Department of Zoology Oregon State University, Corvallis Bryozoans Iguanas, Marine

CONTRIBUTORS xxiii PIETER T. VISSCHER RORY P. WILSON Department of Marine Sciences School of Biological Sciences University of Connecticut, Groton University of Wales Stromatolites Swansea, United Kingdom

STEVEN VOGEL Penguins Department of Biology STEPHEN R. WING Duke University Department of Marine Science Durham, North Carolina University of Otago Body Shape Dunedin, New Zealand

JOHN WARES Salinity Stress Department of JON D. WITMAN University of Georgia, Athens Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Genetic Variation, Measurement of Brown University TONY WARRINGTON Providence, Rhode Island California Department of Fish and Game Benthic-Pelagic Coupling Sacramento, California H. ARTHUR WOODS Management and Regulation Division of Biological Sciences LIBE WASHBURN University of Montana, Missoula Department of Geography Size and Scaling University of California, Santa Barbara J. TIMOTHY WOOTTON Currents, Coastal Department of Ecology and Evolution JAMES M. WATANABE University of Chicago Hopkins Marine Station Birds Stanford University Gulls

Pacifi c Grove, California DANIELLE C. ZACHERL Invertebrates, Overview Department of Biological Science LES WATLING California State University, Fullerton Darling Marine Center Dispersal, Measurement of

University of Maine CHERYL ANN ZIMMER Walpole, Maine Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Amphipods, Isopods, and Other Small Crustaceans University of California, Los Angeles PAUL WEBB Larval Settlement, Mechanics of School of Natural Resources and Environment RICHARD K. ZIMMER University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Department of Biological Sciences Buoyancy University of California, Los Angeles ALI WHITMER Chemosensation Marine Science Institute RUSSEL L. ZIMMER University of California, Santa Barbara Department of Biological Sciences Education and Outreach University of Southern California, Los Angeles GARY C. WILLIAMS Phoronids California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco RICHARD C. ZIMMERMAN Collection and Preservation of Tidepool Organisms Department of Ocean, Earth, and GRAY A. WILLIAMS Atmospheric Sciences The Swire Institute of Marine Science Old Dominion University University of Hong Kong, China Norfolk, Virginia Foraging Behavior Photosynthesis

xxiv CONTRIBUTORS