CONTRIBUTORS LARRY G. ALLEN RAYMOND T. BAUER Department of Biology Department of Biology California State University, Northridge University of Louisiana, Lafayette Fish Shrimps RICHARD F. AMBROSE KEVIN S. BEACH Department of Environmental Department of Biology Health Sciences University of Tampa, Florida University of California, Los Angeles Algal Color Habitat Restoration MARK D. BERTNESS ROLAND C. ANDERSON Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology The Seattle Aquarium Brown University Seattle, Washington Providence, Rhode Island Octopuses Facilitation WILLIAM C. AUSTIN CAROL A. BLANCHETTE Khoyatan Marine Laboratory Marine Science Institute Sidney, British Columbia, Canada University of California, Santa Barbara Sponges Seagrasses BONNIE A. BAIN Biology Department MICHAEL L. BOLLER Southern Utah University Hopkins Marine Station Cedar City, Utah Stanford University Pacifi c Grove, California Pycnogonids Wave Forces, Measurement of RICHARD T. BARBER NSOE Marine Laboratory CAREN E. BRABY Duke University Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Beaufort, North Carolina Moss Landing, California Seawater Cold Stress JOHN A. BARTH MATTHEW E. S. BRACKEN College of Oceanic and Bodega Marine Laboratory Atmospheric Sciences University of California, Davis Oregon State University, Corvallis Bodega Bay, California Upwelling Excretion xv GEORGE M. BRANCH JOSEPH H. CONNELL Department of Zoology Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of Cape Town, South Africa University of California, Santa Barbara Limpets Competition MARK A. BRZEZINSKI DANIEL COSTA Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology Institute of Marine Sciences University of California, Santa Barbara University of California, Santa Cruz Phytoplankton Seals and Sea Lions ISABELLE M. CÔTÉ RODRIGO H. BUSTAMANTE Department of Biological Sciences CSIRO Marine Research Simon Fraser University Cleveland, Queensland, Australia Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada Iguanas, Marine Blennies ROY L. CALDWELL JAMES A. COYER Department of Integrative Biology Department of Marine Biology University of California, Berkeley University of Groningen, The Netherlands Mantis Shrimps Algal Biogeography GERARD M. CAPRIULO MOLLY CUMMINGS Department of Biology Section of Integrative Biology St. Mary’s College of California, Moraga University of Texas, Austin Protists Light, Effects of JAMES T. CARLTON EDWARD B. CUTLER Williams-Mystic Program Department of Invertebrate Zoology Williams College, Mystic, Connecticut Harvard University Introduced Species Cambridge, Massachusetts ROBERT C. CARPENTER Sipunculans Department of Biology MARYMEGAN DALY California State University, Northridge Department of Evolution, Ecology, Algal Turfs and Organismal Biology JUAN CARLOS CASTILLA Ohio State University, Columbus Departamento de Ecologia Cnidaria, Overview Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago WILLEM H. DE SMET Economics, Coastal Department of Biology University of Antwerp, Belgium FRANCIS CHAN Rotifers Department of Zoology Oregon State University, Corvallis MARK W. DENNY Hopkins Marine Station Nutrients Stanford University FRANCISCO CHAVEZ Pacifi c Grove, California Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Evaporation and Condensation Moss Landing, California Surface Tension Variability, Multidecadal Tides ROSS A. COLEMAN MEGAN N. DETHIER Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Friday Harbor Laboratories Coastal Cities University of Washington, Friday Harbor University of Sydney, Australia Algal Crusts and Lichens Homing Monitoring: Techniques xvi CONTRIBUTORS ANDREW P. DEVOGELAERE PATRICK J. EWANCHUK Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Department of Biology Monterey, California Providence College Marine Sanctuaries and Parks Providence, Rhode Island WILLIAM J. DOUROS Predator Avoidance Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary MIRIAM FERNÁNDEZ Monterey, California Department of Ecology Marine Sanctuaries and Parks Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago ROBERT DUDLEY Biodiversity, Global Patterns of Department of Integrative Biology PIETER AREND FOLKENS University of California, Berkeley Alaska Whale Foundation Air Seattle, Washington SARAH E. A. LE V. DIT DURELL Symbolic and Cultural Uses Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, United Kingdom BENJAMIN A. FOOTE Dorchester, Dorset, United Kingdom Department of Biological Sciences Oystercatchers Kent State University Kent, Ohio THOMAS A. EBERT Department of Zoology Flies Oregon State University, Corvallis DOUGLAS FUDGE Sea Urchins Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph KEVIN J. ECKELBARGER Darling Marine Center Ontario, Canada University of Maine, Orono Materials, Biological Marine Stations STEVEN D. GAINES Marine Science Institute GINNY L. ECKERT Department of Biology University of California, Santa Barbara University of Alaska, Juneau Dispersal Sea Cucumbers El Niño Marine Reserves DOUGLAS J. EERNISSE Recruitment Department of Biological Science California State University, Fullerton BRIAN GAYLORD Bodega Marine Laboratory Chitons University of California, Davis RICHARD B. EMLET Bodega Bay, California Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Hydrodynamic Forces University of Oregon, Charleston JONATHAN B. GELLER Echinoderms, Overview Moss Landing Marine Laboratories JAMES A. ESTES Moss Landing, California United States Geological Survey Bivalves Santa Cruz, California Symbiosis Sea Otters WILLIAM GILLY RON ETTER Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University University of Massachusetts, Boston Pacifi c Grove, California Snails Ricketts, Steinbeck, and Intertidal Ecology CONTRIBUTORS xvii MICHAEL A. GLASSOW CHRISTOPHER HARLEY Department of Anthropology Department of Zoology University of California, Santa Barbara University of British Columbia Food Uses, Ancestral Vancouver, Canada PETER W. GLYNN Zonation Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science PATRICK A. HARR University of Miami, Florida Department of Meteorology Corals Naval Postgraduate School JOHN M. GOSLINE Monterey, California University of British Columbia Storms and Climate Change Vancouver, Canada JEAN M. HARRIS Materials, Biological University of Cape Town, South Africa MICHAEL GRAHAM Food Uses, Modern Moss Landing Marine Laboratories CHRISTOPHER HARROLD Moss Landing, California Monterey Bay Aquarium Sea Level Change, Effects on Coastlines Monterey, California BRIAN A. GRANTHAM Aquaria, Public Coastal and Estuarine Assessment Unit STEVE HAWKINS Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia Marine Biological Association of the Water Properties, Measurement of United Kingdom GARY GRIGGS Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom Institute of Marine Sciences Monitoring: Long-Term Studies University of California, Santa Cruz BRIAN HELMUTH Beach Morphology Department of Biological Sciences Coastal Geology University of South Carolina, Columbia Tidepools, Formation and Rock Types Heat and Temperature, Patterns of RICK GROSBERG Temperature Change Section of Evolution and Ecology Temperature, Measurement of Division of Biological Sciences LEA-ANNE HENRY University of California, Davis Scottish Association for Marine Science, Tunicates United Kingdom E. C. HADERLIE Oban, Argyll, Scotland, United Kingdom Department of Oceanography Hydroids Naval Postgraduate School YAYOI M. HIRANO Monterey, California Chiba University Stone Borers Chiba, Japan BENJAMIN S. HALPERN Hydromedusae National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Stauromedusae University of California, Santa Barbara KEITH HISCOCK Food Webs Marine Biological Association of the PATRICIA M. HALPIN United Kingdom Materials Research Laboratory Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom University of California, Santa Barbara Monitoring: Long-Term Studies Herbivory F. G. HOCHBERG STEVEN C. HAND Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Department of Biological Sciences Santa Barbara, California Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Octopuses Desiccation Stress xviii CONTRIBUTORS JENS T. HØEG JENNIFER JOST Department of Cell Biology and Department of Biological Sciences Comparative Zoology University of South Carolina, Columbia University of Copenhagen, Denmark Temperature, Measurement of Rhizocephalans DAVID JULIAN PATRICIA A. HOLDEN Department of Zoology Donald Bren School of Environmental University of Florida, Gainesville Science and Management Echiurans University of California, Santa Barbara SARA KIMBERLIN Microbes Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago JUSTIN HOLL Biodiversity, Global Patterns of Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago PAUL D. KOMAR Biodiversity, Global Patterns of College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences MICHAEL H. HORN Oregon State University, Corvallis Department of Biology Ocean Waves California State University, Fullerton ARMAND M. KURIS Fish Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology ALLISON M. HORST University of California, Santa Barbara University of California, Santa Barbara Parasitism Microbes KEVIN D. LAFFERTY LUKE J. H. HUNT United States Geological Survey Hopkins Marine Station Santa Barbara, California Stanford University Diseases of Marine Animals Pacifi c Grove, California JOHN J. LEE Surveying Biology Department TOHRU ISETO City College, City University of New York The Kyoto University Museum Protists Kyoto University, Japan JAMES J. LEICHTER Entoprocts Integrative Oceanography Division GEORGE JACKSON Scripps Institution of Oceanography Department of Oceanography La Jolla, California Texas A&M University, College Station Waves, Internal Diffusion SALLY P. LEYS GLENN JAECKS Department of Biological