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Advances in Conservation Oceanography or collective redistirbution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The approval portionthe ofwith any articlepermitted only photocopy by is of machine, reposting, this means or collective or other redistirbution This article has This been published in SCIENCE anD POLICY FEATURE Oceanography BY CHARLES H. GREENE, BaRBARA A. BLOCK, DaviD WELCH, journal of The 22, Number 1, a quarterly , Volume GEORGE JACKSON, GARETH L. LawSON, anD ERin L. RECHISKY Advances in O Conservation Oceanography ceanography S New Tagging and Tracking Technologies and Their Potential for ociety. © Transforming the Science Underlying Fisheries Management The 2009 by O ceanography ceanography O ceanography ceanography S ociety. All rights All reserved.ociety. S ociety. ociety. ABSTRACT. Overexploitation of living resources and climate change are INTRODUCTION S During the past half century, overfishing or Th e [email protected] to: correspondence all end among the most obvious global-scale impacts of human society on marine P in many parts of the global ocean has article for use research. and this copy in teaching to granted is ermission ecosystems. In an age of such large-scale anthropogenic impacts, marine had a substantial impact on predators at or near the top of the marine food scientists, resource managers, and policymakers must rethink their approaches chain (Myers and Worm, 2003; Sibert to protecting and managing marine populations and ecosystems. Conservation et al., 2006). In some regions, fisheries have responded by shifting their efforts oceanography is an emerging field of science that incorporates the latest advances to species further down the food chain O (Pauly et al., 1998; Essington et al., 2006). ceanography in ocean science and technology to provide resource managers and policymakers In addition, overfishing has blurred what with the information they need to ensure the sustainability of the marine the baseline conditions for many coastal S ociety, ociety, ecosystems were like prior to human environment and its living resources. Here, we discuss the historical context of PO exploitation (Pauly, 1995; Jackson et al., B ox 1931, ox R conservation oceanography as it applies to marine fisheries management. We 2001; Lotze et al., 2006), further com- reproduction, systemmatic epublication, R plicating the setting of stock recovery ockville, M then describe two projects, one focused on Atlantic bluefin tuna and the other goals. Recognition of these past impacts of overfishing, combined with the cur- D on Pacific salmon, that illustrate the potential of new tagging and tracking 20849-1931, rent overexploited status of many fish technologies for transforming the science underlying fisheries management. stocks, has encouraged a shift in fisheries US A. 210 Oceanography Vol.22, No.1 management from a single-species HiSTORICAL CONTEXT single-species stock-recruitment models approach, focused on maximizing yield, The roots of fisheries-associated conser- that largely ignored environmental vari- to an ecosystem-based approach, focused vation oceanography can be traced back ability (Schaefer, 1954; Ricker, 1954). on rebuilding depleted fish stocks while to the first half of the twentieth century, This approach to fisheries management protecting and restoring impacted when one of the principal goals of ocean avoided the problem of quantifying the ecosystems (Pauly et al., 2002; US scientists was to enhance the yield of ocean’s environmental variability by Commission on Ocean Policy, 2004). In commercially exploited fish stocks by assuming that it could be averaged out a global ocean responding to both fishing improving our understanding of the when determining the stock-recruitment pressures from the top down and climate ocean environment and its natural vari- relationship. The El Niño-related col- forcing from the bottom up (Frank et al., ability. To promote this agenda, scientific lapse of the Peruvian anchovy fishery 2006; Cury et al., 2007; Greene and organizations, such as the International during the early 1970s was the first of Pershing, 2007; Greene et al., 2008), such Council for the Exploration of the Sea many failures in single-species fisheries an ecosystem-based approach to fisher- (Rozwadowski, 2002), were founded, management that suggested the fallacy of ies management cannot continue to rely and ocean monitoring programs, such this assumption (Larkin, 1977). primarily on the same catch and survey as the Continuous Plankton Recorder As many fish stocks around the world data traditionally collected to support Survey (Reid et al., 2003), were initi- continued to fluctuate wildly throughout the single-species approach. Instead, a ated. Unfortunately, the ocean proved to the 1970s and 1980s, with poor recruit- more dynamic framework for the sci- vary greatly in both space and time, and ment years generally outnumbering ence is needed, one that builds upon our the resources and technologies neces- good ones, a renewed effort was made to technological capacity to monitor marine sary to adequately sample and model incorporate studies of ocean processes living resources in their natural environ- such a highly variable environment into fisheries research. The field of ment. Conservation oceanography can were not available. fisheries oceanography emerged at this provide the new concepts and tools for After the two world wars, it became time, and many field, laboratory, and such a framework, enabling scientists clear that commercial harvesting was modeling studies have been conducted to quantify and forecast the behavioral, having an impact on fish population since then to investigate the physical and physiological, and ecological responses of dynamics that was at least comparable biological processes affecting survivor- fish populations to changes in their ocean environment. The technological bases for this transformation can be found in CONSERvaTION OCEanOGRAPHY IS an EMERging recent advances in miniaturized physi- ological and environmental sensors, ani- fiELD OF SCIENCE THAT inCORPORATES THE LATEST mal tracking techniques, ocean-observ- ADvanCES in OCEAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO ing systems, and computer models that PROviDE RESOURCE managERS anD POLICYmaKERS assimilate biological and environmental “ wiTH THE infORmaTION THEY NEED TO ENSURE THE data rapidly after collection (Sibert and Nielson, 2001; Block et al., 2003; SUSTainaBILITY OF THE maRinE EnviROnmENT anD ITS Special Issue on Ocean Observations, Living RESOURCES. Oceanography 16(4), 2003; Welch et al., 2003; Block, 2005; Block et al., 2005; Cooke et al., 2008). All of these technolo- to the effects of the ocean environment’s ship during the early life history stages of gies are in relatively early stages of devel- natural variability. During the 1950s, fish (Kendall and Duker, 1998; Govoni, opment; hence, there is considerable fisheries management entered” a period 2005). Since the 1980s, advances in scope for growth as the field of conserva- in which catch limits were set to maxi- computational methods have enabled tion oceanography matures. mize sustainable yields on the basis of scientists to develop individual-based Oceanography March 2009 211 models that can be used to study the sensing their physiological and local drifters, and gliders (Perry and Rudnick, ecology of larval and juvenile fishes in environmental conditions (Block et al., 2003). Models that can assimilate the their advective environment (Miller, 2005; Biuw et al., 2007), can provide four-dimensional data derived from 2007; Werner et al., 2007). Although insights into animal behavioral and satellites and ocean-observing systems such individual-based models are capa- physiological ecology that can transform will enable scientists to characterize ble of simulating and exploring the range the conservation science of both pro- the ocean’s environmental variability of theoretical possibilities arising from tected and exploited populations. in a manner few could have imagined different scenarios of interacting physi- Equally critical to the success of only a decade ago. Although the ocean cal and biological processes, the limited conservation oceanography is the will continue to be undersampled in ability of scientists to track the move- rapidly improving capability of scien- both space and time for many years to ments as well as behavioral and physi- tists to monitor and model the ocean come, data-assimilation methods are ological responses of individual animals environment, thereby providing a allowing scientists to steadily bridge in situ has constrained the conclusions context within which to interpret the the gap between actual environmen- that can be drawn from these studies observed behavioral and physiological tal conditions in the real world and (Gawarkiewicz et al., 2007). responses of animal populations. In those simulated in models of marine situ ocean-observing systems are being ecosystems (Rothstein et al., 2006). RECENT TECHNOLOgiCAL deployed worldwide that will extend the Developing more sophisticated models ADvanCES global reach of sensor coverage into the that incorporate the movements of Recent advances in animal tagging ocean’s interior (Special Issue on Ocean individual animals in their time-varying, and tracking, using electronic tags and Observations, Oceanography 16(4), three-dimensional environments will be miniaturized sensor technologies, have 2003). The animals themselves will play vital to addressing many of the
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