DOCSLIB.ORG

Lemongrass Neem Citronella a Handbook on

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lemongrass Neem Citronella a Handbook on JANHIT A Handbook on ... FOUNDATION JANHIT FOUNDATION D-80 Shastri Nagar, Meerut-250002, Uttar Pradesh Phone +91-121-2763418, 4004123 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.janhitfoundation.in Lemongrass Neem Citronella A Handbook on ... LEGEND • According to Indian mythology, the origin of the Neem tree is related to the story of palazimadanam ( the churning of the Palazi, the Ocean of Milk). During the course of the event, Lord Dhanvanthari appeared from The Ocean, with a pot, full of nectar in the end, Lord Indra, the king of Devas tactfully snatched the pot from the Asuras and left for Deva loka. On the way, a few drops of nectar fell down on to the earth and legend has it that the Neem tree originated form the nectar. • The Neem tree is considered as One of the ten trees, in the Nandanavana of the Ramayana It is mentioned in the "Mantra maharnavam", Brihat Samhitha","Kdambari", and "Padma Purana", It also finds a place in the "Charaka Samhita"(2000 BC), and is one of the most Important plants mentioned in Kautilya's “Arthasastra” (4BC). • The Neem is used in the worship of goddess Mariyamma in Tamil Nadu Lemongrass Neem Citronella and Karnataka. Buchanan's Travelogues report five leaf branches of Neem being used in the Mariyamma pooja in Mysore, • In Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha Systems of medicine the Neem tree is used as a single drug and also as an ingredient in many herbal formulations. In Abhidhanamanjari", there is reference to three types of Neem or Veppu (in Malayalam) Azadiracta indica (Aryaveppu) Azdirach JANHIT (Malaveppu) and Murraya Koenigii (Kariveppu). FOUNDATION 28 1 Contents A Word A Word............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Between the 1940s and 1960s India needed Revolution which was once a boon has now a boost in agricultural output. Green become a curse. Yields have gone down, Revolution which started in 1943 led to input costs have increased, returns are low Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 4 significant increases in agricultural the farmer is left with no choice but to quit production. This was possible because of farming or borrow money and lay his own Citronella ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 increased output through genetically death trap. modified seeds, chemicals aiding in growth and pesticides increasing produce per Time has come to start the process of Lemongrass .................................................................................................................................................. 13 hectare. reversal and go back to the golden days of bountiful! Lush green fields, clean flowing Neem............................................................................................................................................................... 20 The benefits were reaped till the time rivers and pure air to breathe. Chemical continuous use saw the reversal of effects. based farming and Monoculture are creating This started the practice of monoculture an imbalance, the only way to conserve bio- chiefly of cash crops. As a consequence, soil diversity and our natural resources is to started losing its fertility, crops became practice organic farming and grow resistant to pesticides, water consumption medicinal plants, aromatic plants, vegetables increased leading to groundwater depletion, and even flowers. Pulses, paddy and health of farmers suffered because of aromatic plants are gradually becoming lost exposure to insecticides and the consumers words. Some of the good alternates that can too suffered eating the produce leached be viably grown are Aromatic plants like with pesticides. Lemongrass, Citronella and medicinal plants like Neem. These will conserve bio diversity We now stand on the threshold from where and also enhance the income of farmers. our future looks very bleak. The three Details of the three plants are enumerated natural resources and the basic requirement in this booklet to aid the farmer in their for sustenance water, air and food all face cultivation. the threat of pollution and depletion. Green 2 3 medicinal preparations. Despite their which the fragrant constituents are likely to demands today, they are not grown in a be decomposed or destroyed, the essential Introduction controlled manner. Rather tribes use them as oils are mostly obtained by distilling the their livelihood in some belts where they are produce; in fact, steam distillation is the grown in the wild. Unlike India, in China, the oldest method of separation of essential oils. AROMATIC PLANTS HERBAL MEDICINE spurt in demand for traditional medicines The perfumery material is filled in a large- has led the government to allow growth of galvanized iron still over a perforated metal Aromatic plants possess odoriferous and Four billion people or about 80% of the these plants for further research and grid. Water is filled in the still below the volatile substances which occur as essential world's population use herbal medicine development. About 100 units have nearly level of the grid so that it generates a low- oils, gum exudates, balsam and oleo-resin in today as part of health care. Different 600 plant types, grown for their medicinal pressure steam on heating to pass through one or more parts, viz. root, wood, bark, cultures use herbs located in their value. Herbal medicines are used in the material. The water vapours carry with it foliage, flower and fruit. The chemical nature geographical locations for curing common Ayurveda, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy, the essential oil of the perfumery material. of these aromatic substances may be due to illnesses. They have been successful to a traditional and Native American medicines. These vapours are passed through a a variety of complex chemical compounds. certain extent and over many centuries, About 74 plant types are used in modern condenser and collected in a vessel where Many of these aromatics are powerful some of the herbal cures have proved to be medicines. They are bought from rainforests. the oil is decanted with a separating-funnel. germicides and have anti-bacterial properties, far more useful than allopathic drugs. What but the bulk of the produce finds use in exactly is herbal medicine? One can loosely With due importance, healthcare is being A simple field distillation unit could be perfumery and the food-flavouring industries. describe it is a natural form of healing or given worldwide, it is strange that herbal fabricated by a skilled blacksmith. For more Amongst the two, the perfumery and allied alternative therapy where herbs and plants medicines are being used quietly without efficient and quick distillation of the industries consume much larger amounts of are used in the form of extracts, pills, syrup the consultations of a practitioner. They are produce; “steam distillation" units are the natural fragrant material. According to the or powder to cure ailments or diseases of bought over the counter or from unqualified employed. These units are built on the same UN Word Statistics (1972), the annual world human beings and in some cases of animals people who make them. As they hardly principle except that live steam at 40-100 1b trade (excluding countries in Eastern Europe) too. The administration of herbal medicines have, any side effects patent medicines are pressure per inch is injected into the filling- in essential oils and perfumery aromatics for has been on a profile until now. But failure few in circulation, especially in India and still through perforated coils and the 1969 was of the order of Rs 2250 million; also, of some allopathic drugs and its side effects China. If general physicians and doctors distillation is completed in a shorter period. a large quantity of the aromatic material of have prompted some patients to go back to combine them with allopathic drugs for It has the advantages of handling a larger plant origin is utilized in cosmetics, toiletries ancient healing methods which use herbal patients with chronic problems, it could be a quantity of the material, besides improving and allied industries. Our current volume of medicines to give relief. positive step towards healthcare. As they are upon the recovery of the essential oil. foreign trade in the perfumery material, cost effective, they fall within the budget of essential oils and aromatic compounds is Herbal medicines are also called as patients needing long-term care. around Rs 65 million and this amount herbalism. Ancient Chinese, Indians and accounts for 1.6 per cent of the world trade. Europeans discovered origins of medicinal PROCESSING PROCEDURE Some sixty-two types of essential oils come herbs. They have been using them for to the international market with a large and curative purposes successfully. The records The methods employed to obtain aromatic consistent demand. However, our treatment of are available in ancient texts. In India itself, substances from plants are classified into the aromatic plants is confined to a few more there are more than 1100 medicinal plants distillation, effleurage, maceration, expression important essential-oil crops grown in the grown all over the wild forests. Of these, and solvent extraction. Expect in the case of 4 country some
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physiochemical and Antibacterial Characterization of Fruits of Three Chilean Trees
    72 Fruits (2), 87–96 | ISSN 0248-1294 print, 1625-967X online | https://doi.org/10.17660/th.2017/72.2.4 | © ISHS 2017 Original article Citronella mucronata (Cardiopteridaceae), Pitavia punctata (Rutaceae)Physiochemical and Beilschmiediaand antibacterial berteroana characterization (Lauraceae), of fruits three of endemic and threatened Chilean trees , G.F. Narváez2, M.F. Morales3 3 4 and C.R. Figueroa 1 5,a F.A.12 Sáez , H.M. Bello , C. Balbontín 3 Master Program in Forest Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile 4 Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile Research Lab of Antibacterial Agents, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile 5 Small Fruits and Berry Crops Research, Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA)-Quilamapu, Chillán, Chile Phytohormone Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, Chile Summary Significance of this study Introduction – Several native tree species are What is already known on this subject? scarcely studied in relation to fruit properties. In or- • Citronella mucronata, Pitavia punctata and Beilschmie- der to bring about information of these plant resourc- dia berteroana are threatened endemic trees of central es, the characterization of ripening-associated prop- erties of the fruit of three endemic and threatened studied. Chilean trees (Citronella mucronata, Pitavia punctata Chile whose fruit properties have been scarcely and Beilschmiedia berteroana) was performed in the What are the new findings? present study. Materials and methods – The physio- • C. mucronata and P. punctata chemical characterization of two developmental fruit a high amount of pectin and bacteriostatic effect, stages in each species included the measurement of fruits extracts showed soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), pH, for both fruits.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Biodiversity in the Andes Region Efectos De Fragmentación De Los Bosques Sobre La Biodivers
    Universidad de Concepción Dirección de Posgrado Facultad de Ciencias Forestales PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS FORESTALES Effects of forest fragmentation on biodiversity in the Andes region Efectos de fragmentación de los bosques sobre la biodiversidad en la región de los andes Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Forestales JIN KYOUNG NOH Concepción-Chile 2019 Profesor Guía: Cristian Echeverría Leal, Ph.D. Profesor Co-guía: Aníbal Pauchard, Ph.D. Dpto. de Manejo de Bosques y Medioambiente Facultad de Ciencias Forestales Universidad de Concepción ii Effects of forest fragmentation on biodiversity in the Andes region Comisión Evaluadora: Cristian Echeverría (Profesor guía) Ingeniero Forestal, Ph.D. Aníbal Pauchard (Profesor co-guía) Ingeniero Forestal, Ph.D. Francis Dube (Comisión Evaluador) Ingeniero Forestal, Doctor Horacio Samaniego (Comisión Evaluador) Ingeniero Forestal, Ph.D. Directora de Posgrado: Darcy Ríos Biologa, Ph.D. Decano Facultad de Ciencias Forestales: Jorge Cancino Ingeniero Forestal, Ph.D. iii DEDICATORIA 활짝 웃으며 내 손잡고, 길고 힘들었던 여정을 동행해 준 나의 사랑하는 남편 파블로, 바쁜 엄마를 이해하고 위로하고 사랑해주는 나의 소중한 두 꼬맹이 테오와 벤자민, 조건없는 사랑으로 믿고 이끌고 도와주신 존경하고 사랑하는 아빠 (노창균)와 엄마 (최문경)께 이 논문을 바칩니다. Para mi esposo, Pablo Cuenca, por su extraordinaria generosidad, fortaleza y dulzura. Para mis hijos, Teo y Benjamin, que son mi mayor fortaleza y motivación. Para mis padres, Chang Gyun Noh y Moon Kyung Choi quienes me brindaron su amor incondicional y me motivaron a seguir adelante. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge with great pleasure all people and organizations mention below for their assistance and support. My deepest appreciation to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Citronella Moorei Click on Images to Enlarge
    Species information Abo ut Reso urces Hom e A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Citronella moorei Click on images to enlarge Family Icacinaceae Scientific Name Citronella moorei (F.Muell. ex Benth.) R.A.Howard Howard, R.A. (1940) Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 21: 472. Common name Scale bar 10mm. Copyright CSIRO Soapybox; Beech, Silky; Churnwood; Corduroy; Silky Beech; Soapbox Stem Oak grain in the wood. Orange brown layers in the blaze. Living bark layer rather thin. Stem of the larger trees fluted. Leaves Oak grain in the twigs. Twigs rather pithy. Leaf blades about 7-13 x 3.5-6.5 cm. Domatia are foveoles. Flowers Cotyledon stage, epigeal germination. Copyright CSIRO Inflorescence usually a raceme of heads. Petals about 4.5-5 mm long. Ovary hairy. Style one, vestigial styles nil. Stigma terminal, +/- 2-lobed, more than half the diameter of the ovary. Fruit Fruits 18-24 mm long. Seeds with a longitudinal groove formed by the intrusion of the endocarp. Seedlings Cotyledon petiole glabrous. At the tenth leaf stage: a few scattered hairs remain on the upper surface of the leaf along the midrib. Seed germination time 207 days. 10th leaf stage. Copyright CSIRO Distribution and Ecology Endemic to Australia, occurs in NEQ, CEQ and southwards to south-eastern New South Wales. Altitudinal range in NEQ from 150-1000 m. Grows in well developed rain forest on a variety of sites. Natural History & Notes Tree X Synonyms Chariessa moorei (Benth.) Engl., Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(5) : 245(1893).
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing Generalized Linear Models and Random Forest to Model Vascular Plant Species Richness Using Lidar Data in a Natural Forest in Central Chile
    Remote Sensing of Environment 173 (2016) 200–210 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Remote Sensing of Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rse Comparing Generalized Linear Models and random forest to model vascular plant species richness using LiDAR data in a natural forest in central Chile J. Lopatin a,b,⁎,1,K.Dolosa,1,H.J.Hernándezb, M. Galleguillos c,d, F.E. Fassnacht a a Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany b Laboratory of Geomatics and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Forest and Nature Conservation, University of Chile, 11315 Santa Rosa, Santiago, Chile c Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Agronomic Sciences, University of Chile, 11315 Santiago, Chile d Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile article info abstract Article history: Biodiversity is considered to be an essential element of the Earth system, driving important ecosystem services. Received 6 May 2015 However, the conservation of biodiversity in a quickly changing world is a challenging task which requires cost- Received in revised form 13 November 2015 efficient and precise monitoring systems. In the present study, the suitability of airborne discrete-return LiDAR Accepted 23 November 2015 data for the mapping of vascular plant species richness within a Sub-Mediterranean second growth native forest Available online xxxx ecosystem was examined. The vascular plant richness of four different layers (total, tree, shrub and herb richness) was modeled using twelve LiDAR-derived variables. As species richness values are typically count data, the cor- Keywords: Species richness responding asymmetry and heteroscedasticity in the error distribution has to be considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Plant Diversity and Composition Across a Pinus Radiata D.Don Plantation Landscape in South-Central Chile—The Impact Of
    Article Native Plant Diversity and Composition Across a Pinus radiata D.Don Plantation Landscape in South-Central Chile—The Impact of Plantation Age, Logging Roads and Alien Species Steffi Heinrichs 1,*, Aníbal Pauchard 2,3 and Peter Schall 1 1 Department Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; [email protected] 2 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 3349001, Chile; [email protected] 3 Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago 8320000, Chile * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-551-395-974 Received: 18 July 2018; Accepted: 12 September 2018; Published: 14 September 2018 Abstract: Alien tree plantations are expanding globally with potential negative effects for native biodiversity. We investigated plant species diversity and composition in a Pinus radiata landscape in south-central Chile, a biodiversity hotspot, by sampling understory vegetation in different plantation age classes, along forest roads and in natural forest remnants in order to find effective conservation measures for native biodiversity. Plantations, including different age classes and roadsides, maintained high native species richness at the landscape scale but supported a completely different community composition than natural forests. Thus, natural forest remnants must be conserved as plantations cannot replace them. Certain natural forest species occurred frequently in mature plantations and can represent starting points for retaining natural elements in plantations. Generalist native and alien species benefited from plantation management, mainly in young plantations and along roadsides. Stand maturation and a closed canopy, though, reduced alien species occurrences within plantations. Along roads, shade-tolerant aliens should be monitored and removed as they can potentially invade natural forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case Studies from the Drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C
    Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C. Newton and N. Tejedor About IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human livelihoods and greening the world economy by supporting scientific research, managing field projects all over the world, and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,000 government and NGO members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 60 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C. Newton and N. Tejedor This book is dedicated to the memory of Margarito Sánchez Carrada, a student who worked on the research project described in these pages. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or the European Commission concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Plants of Louisiana
    Rare Plants of Louisiana Agalinis filicaulis - purple false-foxglove Figwort Family (Scrophulariaceae) Rarity Rank: S2/G3G4 Range: AL, FL, LA, MS Recognition: Photo by John Hays • Short annual, 10 to 50 cm tall, with stems finely wiry, spindly • Stems simple to few-branched • Leaves opposite, scale-like, about 1mm long, barely perceptible to the unaided eye • Flowers few in number, mostly born singly or in pairs from the highest node of a branchlet • Pedicels filiform, 5 to 10 mm long, subtending bracts minute • Calyx 2 mm long, lobes short-deltoid, with broad shallow sinuses between lobes • Corolla lavender-pink, without lines or spots within, 10 to 13 mm long, exterior glabrous • Capsule globe-like, nearly half exerted from calyx Flowering Time: September to November Light Requirement: Full sun to partial shade Wetland Indicator Status: FAC – similar likelihood of occurring in both wetlands and non-wetlands Habitat: Wet longleaf pine flatwoods savannahs and hillside seepage bogs. Threats: • Conversion of habitat to pine plantations (bedding, dense tree spacing, etc.) • Residential and commercial development • Fire exclusion, allowing invasion of habitat by woody species • Hydrologic alteration directly (e.g. ditching) and indirectly (fire suppression allowing higher tree density and more large-diameter trees) Beneficial Management Practices: • Thinning (during very dry periods), targeting off-site species such as loblolly and slash pines for removal • Prescribed burning, establishing a regime consisting of mostly growing season (May-June) burns Rare Plants of Louisiana LA River Basins: Pearl, Pontchartrain, Mermentau, Calcasieu, Sabine Side view of flower. Photo by John Hays References: Godfrey, R. K. and J. W. Wooten.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropaeolum: Notas Sobre El Cultivo De Algunas Especies Chilenas Detalle De Tropaeolum Tricolor / Graham Buchanan-Dunlop 29 (Ma Victoria Legassa)
    Año III, número 3 Diciembre 2005 Contenidos EDITORIAL Antonia Echenique 3 chagual ACTUALIDAD Fundación del Jardín Botánico de la Universidad de Talca REVISTA DEL JARDÍN BOTÁNICO CHAGUAL / Osvaldo Zuno, Luis Letelier, Steffen Hahn 5 Año III, número 3 INTERNACIONAL Diciembre de 2005 El Jardín Botánico de la Universidad de Valencia: un lugar para la ciencia, la cultura y la naturaleza / Antoni Aguilella 7 Directora HISTORIA Antonia Echenique Celis Plantas, botánica y jardines botánicos / María Victoria Legassa 12 EDUCACIÓN Editores Ambientes contenedores: el rol de los jardines botánicos como espacios María Victoria Legassa y Andrés Moreira Muñoz para apoyar la educación ambiental de los niños / Karen Malone 22 Colaboración botánica PROPAGACIÓN Mélica Muñoz Schick Foto portada: Tropaeolum: notas sobre el cultivo de algunas especies chilenas Detalle de Tropaeolum tricolor / Graham Buchanan-Dunlop 29 (Ma Victoria Legassa). Edición de textos ECOLOGÍA Tiarella Moreira Muñoz Algunos alcances a la interacción entre insectos y orquídeas / Patricio Novoa 32 Diseño y diagramación CONSERVACIÓN Esfuerzos por conservar la biodiversidad de la Región de O’Higgins: Gabriel Valdés Echenique Libro Rojo de la flora y fauna regional / Marcia Ricci 38 Arboretum de la Universidad Austral de Chile: un modelo de conservación Impresión integral para nuestro país / Paulina Hechenleitner Vega, Carlos Zamorano Elgueta 41 Andros Impresores Santa Elena 1955, Santiago GALERÍA BOTÁNICA Santiago, Chile Popeta, VI Región, Chile: sitio desconocido de colecta de los Philippi,
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae Based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa
    Systematic Botany (2010), 35(2): pp. 425–441 © Copyright 2010 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa David C. Tank 1,2,3 and Michael J. Donoghue 1 1 Peabody Museum of Natural History & Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P. O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 U. S. A. 2 Department of Forest Resources & Stillinger Herbarium, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, P. O. Box 441133, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1133 U. S. A. 3 Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Communicating Editor: Javier Francisco-Ortega Abstract— Previous attempts to resolve relationships among the primary lineages of Campanulidae (e.g. Apiales, Asterales, Dipsacales) have mostly been unconvincing, and the placement of a number of smaller groups (e.g. Bruniaceae, Columelliaceae, Escalloniaceae) remains uncertain. Here we build on a recent analysis of an incomplete data set that was assembled from the literature for a set of 50 campanulid taxa. To this data set we first added newly generated DNA sequence data for the same set of genes and taxa. Second, we sequenced three additional cpDNA coding regions (ca. 8,000 bp) for the same set of 50 campanulid taxa. Finally, we assembled the most comprehensive sample of cam- panulid diversity to date, including ca. 17,000 bp of cpDNA for 122 campanulid taxa and five outgroups. Simply filling in missing data in the 50-taxon data set (rendering it 94% complete) resulted in a topology that was similar to earlier studies, but with little additional resolution or confidence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Flora of Santo : Some New, Characteristic Or Remarkable Species
    in BOUCHET P., LE GUYADER H. & paSCAL O. (Eds), The Natural History of Santo. MNHN, Paris; IRD, Marseille; PNI, Paris. 572 p. (Patrimoines naturels; 70). of Santo SOME NEW, CHARACTERISTIC OR REMARKABLE SPECIES Gordon McPherson & Jérôme Munzinger The recent botanical inventory work … Cyrtandra done on Santo has brought to light a We identified several species of this genus on Santo: number of previously undiscovered C. efatensis, C. vesiculata, C. neohebridensis and C. taxa. These include two new species of schizocalyx. Several specimens couldn’t be related Schefflera(see "Focus on Araliaceae") to any of these species (Fig. 97), so we suspect and probable novelties in the follow- novelties in the genus. ing genera: Alangium (Alangiaceae), Alphitonia (Rhamnaceae), Citronella … Elaeocarpus (Cardiopteridaceae), Cyrtandra Four species were observed during the mission, E. (Gesneriaceae), Elaeocarpus (Elaeo- floridanus, E. hortensis, E. hebridarum (this latter carpaceae), Eugenia (Myrtaceae), considered by some authors as conspecific with E. The The Flora Ficus (Moraceae), Freycinetia angustifolius), and an unidentified taxon (Fig. 98), (Pandanaceae), Ilex (Aquifoliaceae), Parsonsia which might be new. (Apocynaceae), Sciaphila (Triuridaceae), Semecarpus (Anacardiaceae), Tapeinosperma (Myrsinaceae), Terminalia (Combretaceae), and in three genera of Rubiaceae (Guettardella, Ixora and Psychotria), all of which are now in various stages of closer study or preparation for publication. Some of these poten- tial novelties are discussed in more detail below. … Alangium Prior to the Santo 2006 expedition, one member of this genus, A. vitiense, had been reported from Vanuatu by Guillaumin, although Smith, in his Flora Vitiensis Nova, later indicated that this species was restricted to Fiji and that Guillaumin’s identification was incorrect.
    [Show full text]
  • Backhousia Citriodora F. Muell. (Lemon Myrtle), an Unrivalled Source of Citral
    foods Review Backhousia citriodora F. Muell. (Lemon Myrtle), an Unrivalled Source of Citral Ian Southwell Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; [email protected] Abstract: Lemon oils are amongst the highest volume and most frequently traded of the flavor and fragrance essential oils. Citronellal and citral are considered the key components responsible for the lemon note with citral (neral + geranial) preferred. Of the myriad of sources of citral, the Australian myrtaceous tree, Lemon Myrtle, Backhousia citriodora F. Muell. (Myrtaceae), is considered superior. This review examines the history, the natural occurrence, the cultivation, the taxonomy, the chemistry, the biological activity, the toxicology, the standardisation and the commercialisation of Backhousia citriodora especially in relation to its essential oil. Keywords: Backhousia citriodora; lemon myrtle; lemon oils; citral; geranial; neral; iso-citrals; citronellal; flavor; fragrance; biological activity 1. Introduction There are many natural sources of lemon oil or lemon scent. According to a recent ISO Strategic Business Plan [1], the top production of lemon oils comes from lemon (7500 Citation: Southwell, I. Backhousia tonne), Litsea cubeba (1700 tonne), citronella (1100 tonne) and Eucalyptus (now Corymbia) citriodora F. Muell. (Lemon Myrtle), citriodora (1000 tonne). Lemon oil itself, cold pressed from the peel of Citrus limon L., an Unrivalled Source of Citral. Foods Rutaceae, contains 2–3% of citral (geranial + neral) [2–4], the lemon flavor ingredient. 2021, 10, 1596. https://doi.org/ Consequently, the oil, along with numerous other citrus species, is used more for its high 10.3390/foods10071596 limonene (60–80%) and minor component content as a fragrance, health care additive [5] or solvent rather than a citral lemon flavor.
    [Show full text]
  • Native and Exotic Plant Species Diversity in Forest Fragments and Forestry Plantations of a Coastal Landscape of Central Chile D
    BOSQUE 41(2): 125-136, 2020 DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002020000200125 BOSQUE 41(2): 125-136, 2020 Plant communities in a fragmented landscape of central Chile Native and exotic plant species diversity in forest fragments and forestry plantations of a coastal landscape of central Chile Diversidad de plantas nativas y exóticas en fragmentos de bosque y plantaciones forestales en un paisaje costero de Chile central Pablo I Becerra a*, Javier A Simonetti b *Autor de correspondencia: a Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile, [email protected] b Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile. SUMMARY Native forest replacement by exotic forestry plantations and fragmentation may have different consequences for biodiversity. In the transition zone between the Mediterranean and Temperate Regions of Chile, native forests have been replaced and fragmented, and currently are surrounded by Pinus radiata plantations. However, the effects of these changes on biodiversity are still poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated how the replacement and fragmentation of these native forests have affected plant communities of a coastal area of the Maule Region in central Chile. We compared plant communities between three types of landscape units: pine plantations, small forest fragments and a continuous native forest. On each landscape unit, we evaluated richness and composition of native and exotic species on 100 m2 plots located in two positions: edge and interior. Native species richness decreased and exotic invasion increased in plantations compared to fragments and continuous forests.
    [Show full text]