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Untersuchungen Zur Morphologie, Biologie Und Ökologie Der Räuberischen Weichwanze Dicyphus Errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae)

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Untersuchungen Zur Morphologie, Biologie Und Ökologie Der Räuberischen Weichwanze Dicyphus Errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Biologie und Ökologie der räuberischen Weichwanze Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) der Fakultät Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften der Technischen Universität Dresden vorgelegt von Diplom-Ingenieurin Dagmar Voigt geb. 13.06.1976 in Zwickau/Sa. Dresden 2005 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Müller, Institut für Waldbau und Forstschutz, TU Dresden 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. habil. Christoph Neinhuis, Institut für Botanik, TU Dresden 3. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. habil. Urs Wyss, Institut für Phytopathologie, CAU Kiel Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 8. November 2005 Das vorliegende Druckexemplar entspricht der Originalschrift der Dissertation von Dagmar Voigt mit dem Titel „Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Biologie und Ökologie der räuberischen Weichwanze Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae)“ zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) der Fakultät Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften der Technischen Universität Dresden Einreichung: Tharandt, 27. Juni 2005 Mündliche Prüfung: Tharandt, 8. November 2005 Meinen wundervollen Eltern Reich ist an Blumen die Flur; Doch einige sind nur dem Auge, andere dem Herzen nur schön; wähle dir Leser nun selbst! (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) Voigt (2005) Dissertation Kurzfassung Dissertation von Dipl.-Ing. Dagmar Voigt zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. rer. nat. der Fakultät Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften der Technischen Universität Dresden mit dem Titel „Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Biologie und Ökologie der räuberischen Weichwanze Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae)“ Kurzfassung Die paläarktische omnivore Weichwanze Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) zeichnet sich durch ein ausgesprochen breites Spektrum an besetzten Wirtspflanzen und konsumierten Beutetieren aus. Über 150 von D. errans akzeptierte Pflanzenarten sind erstmalig belegt worden. Der erfolgreiche Verzehr von 15 Beute- tierarten wurde quantitativ nachgewiesen. Eine weitere Besonderheit der Wanze besteht in der Präferenz für glandulär behaarte Pflanzen. Die Weichwanze besetzt somit von vielen anderen Insekten gemiedene Nischen. Untersuchungen im Botanischen Garten der Technischen Universität Dresden (2000 bis 2002) ließen auf eine bemerkenswerte räuberische Aktivität und Anpassungsfähigkeit an unterschiedliche Habitate, Beutetiere und Klimabedingungen schließen. Die fortführenden Studien im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation (2002 bis 2005) erbrachten umfassen- de Erkenntnisse über die Art D. errans im Hinblick auf deren Morphologie, Vermehrung und Haltung, Bionomie und Ökologie (Fekundität und Ontogenese in Abhängigkeit von ausgewählten Einflussfaktoren, Dormanz), Aufenthalt und Fortbewegung (räumliche Orientierung und strukturanalytische Studien zu den Interaktionen zwischen Wanze und Pflanzenoberflächen), den Nahrungserwerb (Verzehrleistung und Omnivorie) sowie Videodokumentationen der Lebensweise und des Verhaltens. Der Generalist und Opportunist D. errans integriert sich als Pflanzensaftsauger regulierendes Kompartiment neben echten Räubern und Parasitoiden in Biozönosen. Als omnivores Insekt übernimmt die Wanze eine intermediäre und supplementäre Position in Nahrungsnetzen. Die Lebensweise dieser Weichwanzenart erscheint sehr komplex. Die enge Assoziation mit Pflanzen tritt stark in den Vordergrund. Sie ist in jeglichen Betrachtungen von D. errans unbedingt zu berücksichtigen und bietet außerdem als ein Modellsystem ein spannendes Forschungsfeld im Hinblick auf die Adaptation partiell räuberisch lebender Insekten an behaarte Pflanzen. IV Voigt (2005) Dissertation Abstract Dissertation of Dipl.-Ing. Dagmar Voigt for achieving the academic degree of Dr. rer. nat. of the Faculty of Forestry, Geo and Hydro Sciences of the Technical University of Dresden with the title „Investigations of the morphology, biology and ecology of the predatory mirid bug Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae)“ Abstract The omnivorous mirid bug Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) lives on a wide range of host plants and feeds on various preys. Over 150 plant species accepted by the mirid bug have been identified. It was experimentally shown that 15 prey species are efficiently consumed. Another characteristical features of D. errans is that it preferes hairy plants. Thus, the mirid bug occupies unique niches avoided by many other insects. Investigations, carried out at the Botanical Garden of the Technical University of Dresden (2000-2002) gave evidence for a remarkable predatory activity and ability to adaptation to different habitats, preys and climate conditions. The studies presented in the dissertation (2002-2005) gave the comprehensive knowledge about the species D. errans, especially its morphology, rearing, bionomy and ecology (fecundity and ontogenesis depending on selected factors, dormancy), habitat preference and locomotion (spatial orientation and structural-analytical studies of the interactions between the bug and plant surfaces), foraging and food ingestion (predatory capacity and omnivory). In addition, video documentation of the modus vivendi and the behavior was performed. The generalist and opportunist D. errans lives together with predators and parasitoids and takes part in a biological control of phytophagous insects in biocenoses. The life history of this bug species appeared to be very complex. The close association to plants has to be considered. Dicyphus errans offers a model system for further research on omnivorous predatory insects connected with hairy plants. V Voigt (2005) Dissertation Resumen Disertación de Dipl.-Ing. Dagmar Voigt para obtener del grado académico de Dr. rer. nat. de la facultad de ciencias forestales, geografícas e hidrológicas de la Universidad Técnica de Dresden con el título „Investigaciones sobre la morfología, biología y ecología del mírido depredador Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae)“ Resumen El mírido omnívoro Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) coloniza diversas plantas y ataca numerosas presas. Este trabajo demuestra como el insecto es capaz de hospedarse en más de 150 plantas y consumir eficientemente 15 especies distintas de presas. Una característica de D. errans es su preferencia por plantas con pelos glandulares y por ello utiliza nichos evitados por muchos otros insectos. Investigaciones llevadas cabo en el jardín botánico de la Universidad Técnica de Dresden (2000-2002) demuestran una actividad depredadora notable y una abilidad de adaptación a habitats, presas y condiciones meteorológicas diferentes. La presente tesis doctoral (2002-2005) proporciona una vasta información sobre la especie D. errans con respecto a su morfología, cría, bionomía y ecología (influencia de distintos factores sobre su fecundidad y ontogénesis, e hibernación), preferencia de hábitat y locomoción (orientación en el espacio y estudios biomecánicos sobre la interacción de la chinche con las superficies de las plantas) y su dieta (capacidad depredadora y omnivorismo). Se incluyen también filmaciones sobre la vida y el comportamiento del mírido. D. errans es oportunista y poco selectivo con sus presas. Junto con los depredadores estrictos y los parasitoides el mírido ayudaría a regular el balance de fitófagos en la biocenosis. La vida de este insecto es muy compleja. Su estrecha asociación con las plantas es un parámetro esencial a considerar en su estudio. Este caso puede tomarse como ejemplo para futuras investigaciones acerca de la adaptación de depredadores parciales a plantas pilosas. VI Voigt (2005) Dissertation Резюме Диссертация дипломированного инженера Дагмар Фогт для присвоения академической степени Dr. rer. nat. факультета лесоводства, географии и гидрографии технического университета города Дрезден по теме "Исследование морфологии, биологии и экологии хищного клопа Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae)" Резюме Всеядный хищный клоп Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) связан с широким спектром растений и различными животными. Нами иденти- фицировано 150 видов растений, на которых клоп обитает, и 15 видов членистоногих, которыми клоп питается. Особенность клопа состоит в предпочтении опушенных растений, в результате чего он живёт в местях, недоступных другим насекомым. Предыдущие исследования (2000-2002 гг.) в ботаническом саду технического университета г. Дрезден обнаружили значительную хищническую активность клопа и его высокую адаптивность к различным местам обитания, вредителям растений и климатическим условиям. В результате настоящих исследований (2002-2005 гг.), представленных в диссертационной работе собрана всеобъемлющая информация об особенностях морфологии, размножения, содержания, биологии и экологии клопа D. errans (яйцекладка и онтогенез в зависимости от изменения факторов окружающей среды, передвижение, пространственная ориентация, взаимосвязь между клопом и поверхностью растений, питание), подтвержденная видео- документацией об образе жизни и поведении. В последующих исследованиях необходимо учитывать тесные взаимоотношения клопа с растениями. D. errans может служить модельной системой для изучения всеядных животных, связанных с опушенными растениями. VII Voigt (2005) Dissertation Vorwort Vorwort Alle Tiere haben Mächte in sich, denn der große Geist wohnt in allen, auch in der klein- sten Ameise, in einem Schmetterling,
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