BLOOD and SAND Die Farben Der Malerei

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BLOOD and SAND Die Farben Der Malerei 88 Autor 89 BLOOD AND SAND Die Farben der Malerei Christine N. Brinckmann Der Film BLOOD AND SAND (KÖNIG DER TOREROS, sanfte Beleuchtung eine Atmosphäre von warmem USA 1941) von Rouben Mamoulian ist kein uneinge- Sonnenschein oder weichem Mondlicht. Besondere » We, the schränktes Meisterwerk. Wie so oft in der Filmindus- Aufmerksamkeit aber wurde der Farbe zuteil. Der Re- makers of colour trie haben auch hier die verschiedenen Abteilungen, gisseur Rouben Mamoulian arbeitete intensiv mit den films, are actually die bei der Produktion zusammenarbeiten, Unter- Technicolor-Farbberatern Natalie Kalmus und Mor- painters. We are painting with light, schiedliches geleistet. So ist in diesem Fall die Beset- gan Padelford, dem Ausstatter Richard Day und den painting stories, zung der Rollen nicht immer optimal geglückt: Der Kameraleuten Ray Rennahan und Ernest Palmer zu- characters, ideas zwölfjährige Protagonist wird von dem schon erwach- sammen, um dem Werbeslogan »In glorious Techni- and emotions. sen wirkenden 16-jährigen Rex Downing dargestellt, color« gerecht zu werden – was ihnen einen Oscar für « Tyrone Power stößt als Stierkämpfer wie als Sterben- die Farbfilm-Kinematografie und eine Nominierung für Rouben Mamoulian, der an seine schauspielerischen Grenzen, und man- die Ausstattung in Farbe eintrug. In dieser Hinsicht ist Regisseur chen erotischen Szenen fehlt die Chemie. Das Dreh- dem Film nichts vorzuwerfen. »Indeed«, schreibt Film- buch wirkt altmodisch und sentimental, manche Dialoge historiker Richard Koszarski, »the color design here klingen hölzern, und mitunter schleicht sich ein mo- is so memorable that one tends to forget the narrative derner US-amerikanischer Tonfall ein, obwohl der and remember only such electrifying chromatic effects Film im historischen Spanien spielt. Zudem erzählt as the scarlet mouth of Rita Hayworth.«1 So scheint es die Filmhandlung vieles überdeutlich und redundant. auch dem Publikum der 1940er Jahre ergangen zu Dagegen sind Kostüme und Dekorationen liebe- sein, das den Film begeistert aufnahm. voll und prächtig gestaltet, die Bildkompositionen er- BLOOD AND SAND ist ein Remake des berühmten BLOOD AND innern in ihrem Tableau-Charakter an Gemälde. Das gleichnamigen Stummfilms von Fred Niblo (USA SAND (KÖNIG DER Licht ist teils geheimnisvoll low-key, teils strahlend 1922), in dem Rudolph Valentino die Hauptrolle spiel- TOREROS, Rouben Mamoulian, USA high-key gesetzt, sodass Chiaroscuro-Effekte die Kon- te. Die Rolle des Protagonisten knappe 20 Jahre spä- 1941), Rita Hayworth flikte und Stimmungen vertiefen; gelegentlich erzeugt ter mit dem etwas steifen, wenn auch samtäugigen und Tyrone Power 90 Christine N. Brinckmann Blood and Sand 91 Tyrone Power zu besetzen, lag bei dessen großer Be- er in den Armen seiner Gattin. Eine klischeehafte Ge- bilder an die klassische spanische und italienische aufseiten Hollywoods ohnehin daran, dass die »siebte liebtheit nahe, doch reichte weder sein Talent noch schichte, wie sie der Schriftsteller Robert Ruark in Malerei beruhte. Dies sollte dem Film einerseits lokales Kunst« des Filmemachens nicht als gleichwertig an- sein Charisma an das Valentinos heran. Ob Rouben einer Kolumne über bullfight books zusammengefasst Flair verleihen, andererseits künstlerische Gestaltungs- erkannt wurde, und zudem stand Farbe kulturell nicht Mamoulian mit Fred Niblo in direkte Konkurrenz tre- hat: »poor boy makes good as matador, gets spoiled by weisen einbringen – Ziel war, von den alten Meistern hoch im Kurs.6 Besonders der Farbfilm wurde anfangs ten wollte, ist fraglich – es genügte wahrscheinlich, success, drinks too much and-or takes up with ruinous zu lernen, um die Szenen zu beleben, zu schönen und immer wieder als Beweis für die Vulgarität und das Ba- To what better » dass der Titel dem zeitgenössischen Publikum be- women; loses his courage and catches himself on a zu hispanisieren. Zudem mag der Bezug auf die euro- nausentum Hollywoods gewertet. So lag es nahe zu BLOOD AND source of inspiration kannt war und Assoziationen weckte, um dem Film be- horn.«2 päische Kultur auch zur Nobilitierung der vielfach von zeigen, dass sich die Ästhetik der alten Meister mit SAND (KÖNIG DER could we turn TOREROS, Rouben than to the great- sondere Auf merksamkeit zu sichern. Auch ist nicht Rouben Mamoulian war ein fantasievoller, viel sei- der Kritik geschmähten Wendung der US-amerikani- jener des Farbfilms vereinbaren ließ. Dabei war nicht Mamoulian, USA est masters ausgemacht, ob der Regisseur die Rolle der Mutter mit tiger, wenn auch umstrittener, streitbarer und groß- schen Filmindustrie zur Farbe gedient haben. Man litt intendiert, bestimmte Gemälde zu kopieren; vielmehr 1941) of painting? « der Stumm film-Ikone Alla Nazimova besetzte, um an spuriger Film- und Theaterregisseur.3 1929 schuf er die legendäre Film-Ära der 1920er Jahre zu erinnern. für sein Spielfilmdebüt, den frühen Tonfilm APPLAUSE Rouben Mamoulian, In ihrer masochistischen, allzu süßlichen Rolle ist sie (APPLAUS), eine innovative Tonspur, indem er die Ge- Regisseur kaum mit der ehemals eigenwilligen Künstlerin zu- räuschkulisse New Yorks in den Filmton integrierte, sammenzubringen. was zum damaligen Zeitpunkt einzigartig war. Für Die Handlung der beiden Filme ist nicht durchge- BECKY SHARP, einen der ersten Technicolor-Spiel- hend identisch – schon wegen der Einführung des so- filme, entwickelte er 1935, gemeinsam mit dem Art genannten Production Code, der freiwilligen Selbst- Director Robert Edmond Jones, eine Farbdramatur- kontrolle Hollywoods, die ab 1930 eine strengere gie, die als kreativer Umgang mit dem noch wenig er- Zensur von erotischen Szenen vorsah. Doch beide fol- probten Drei-Farben-Verfahren in die Filmgeschichte gen derselben literarischen Vorlage, dem spanischen einging. Schon damals arbeitete er mit dem Kamera- Roman Sangre y arena von Vicente Blasco Ibáñez aus mann Ray Rennahan zusammen, der bereits den exo- dem Jahr 1908. Der altmodisch wirkende Charakter tischen Kurzfilm LA CUCARACHA (Lloyd Corrigan, der Handlung mag sich daraus erklären. USA 1934) im neuen Verfahren fotografiert hatte. Auch Der Film handelt von dem jungen Torero Juan hatte Rennahan mit dem vorangegangenen Zwei-Far- Gallardo (Tyrone Power) aus armen Verhältnissen, ben-Technicolor sein Können bewiesen: In Michael der sich schon als Kind heimlich im Stierkampf übt. Curtiz’ DOCTOR X (USA 1932) und MYSTERY OF THE Er zieht mit einer Gruppe von Freunden nach Madrid, WAX MUSEUM (USA 1933) war es gelungen, aus den wird professioneller Torero, auch wenn er Rückschlä- beiden Tönen Tomatenrot und Blaugrün überzeugende, ge hinnehmen muss, kehrt in seine Heimatstadt Se- fast natürliche Farbwirkungen zu erzielen. In BECKY villa zurück, heiratet seine erste Liebe Carmen (Linda SHARP ging es nun darum, »the dramatic and emo- Darnell), wird reich und berühmt. Doch er vermag tional effectiveness of the story«4 mithilfe der Farbe seinen Status nicht zu halten. Er lässt sich von einer zu stärken. Wie Mamoulian weiter ausführt, ließ er reichen Witwe (Rita Hayworth) verführen, was seine eine zunächst in blassen, überwiegend grauen und Ehe zerstört. Juan wird jedoch bald zugunsten eines blauen Tönen gehaltene Szene im Augenblick einer attraktiveren Rivalen (Anthony Quinn) sitzen gelassen. Panik sukzessiv in Orange und schließlich in Rot um- Er gibt sich dem Alkohol hin und verliert durch Ver- schlagen.5 Außerdem beschäftigte er sich eingehend schwendung und Unverstand sein Vermögen. Kurz mit der Symbolwirkung der Farben – auch wenn die darauf wird sein Freund Nacional (John Carradine) Gleichsetzung von Weiß für Reinheit, Blau für Melan- tödlich von einem Stier verletzt. Auf diesem Tiefpunkt cholie oder Gelb für Wahnsinn aus heutiger Sicht eher kommt es zur Wendung: Carmen verzeiht Juan, und küchenpsychologisch anmutet. er betritt erneut die Arena. Doch diesmal gelingt es Für BLOOD AND SAND entwickelte Mamoulian ein ihm nicht, den Stier zu töten. Schwer verwundet stirbt weiteres Farbkonzept, das auf der Anlehnung der Film- 92 Christine N. Brinckmann Blood and Sand 93 Knabe mit Hund von wollte sich Mamoulian allgemein von ihrer Farbpalet- Bartolomé Esteban te und dem Einsatz des Lichts inspirieren lassen. Murillo, ca. 1650- 1655 In einem Aufsatz hat Rouben Mamoulian seine Vor- bilder dargelegt: Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Francisco de Goya, El Greco, Diego Velázquez, Joaquín Sorolla7, aber auch venezianische Maler wie zum Beispiel Tizian. Bestimmte Maler standen jeweils für bestimmte Sze- nen Pate, die in Atmosphäre und Sujet den Gemäl den entsprachen. Der Gedanke, dass solche Anleihen auch als Anmaßung oder Plagiat aufgefasst werden könn- ten, kam Mamoulian nicht, doch er hütete sich durch- aus, allzu pastichehaft zu verfahren. Zugleich sollte, wie bereits für BECKY SHARP geplant, auch in BLOOD AND SAND die psychologische Wirkung der Farbe zur Geltung kommen. Ein vielseitiges Konzept also, das wohlüberlegt und präzise in die Tat umgesetzt wurde und im Folgenden anhand von ausgewählten Szenen genauer betrachtet werden soll. Die Straßenjungen BLOOD AND Bevor Juan mit seinen Kumpanen nach Madrid auf- SAND (KÖNIG DER TOREROS, Rouben bricht, treffen sie sich auf dem Markt, stibitzen Obst Mamoulian, USA und raufen miteinander. Die Jungen werden teils in 1941), Ted Frye Großaufnahme, teils in der Gruppe vorgestellt. Unüber- sehbar knüpft der Film an Murillos Genrebilder von Kindern an, wie sie am Straßenrand Melonen und Trau- mit einer Vielzahl von Farben zur Hand, um Kleidung Welches Geheimnis er den Gemälden abschaute, Ambiente. Da die florale, grünblättrige
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