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Irc~ 232.0—8254 232.0 91ME F 1w~ INTERNATIONAL’~.~..ENCE w COMMUNITY WATER S1JPJ ~ (IRC~ — 232.0—8254 t 0 Meeting Rural Pumping Needs in Sudan: An Analysis of Pumping System Choice (Diesel, Wind, or Solar) LIBRARY, INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE CENTRE FOR OOMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY AND SA TATIO~4(IRC) P.O. Box 93190, 2509 AD The Hague By: Jonathan Hodgkin TeL (070) 814911 ext. 1411142 Richard McGowan ~ &~9 Siddiq Adam Omer LO: All Abdelrahman Hamza All Omer Eltayeb Nou rella Yassin Ahmed Prepared for: U.S. Agency for International Development Khartoum, Sudan Sudan Energy Research Council Khartoum, Sudan Prepared by: Associates in in Rural Development, Inc. 110 Main Street, Fourth Floor P.O. Box 1397 Burlington, Vermont 05402 USA Under AID Contract Number650—0041—C—OO—8014 Date: April29, 1991 • Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS PREFACE 1 1.0 Executive Summary 3 Diesel 4 Solar 5 Wind 5 Village Water Supply vs. Smail-Scale Irrigation 6 Recommendations 6 2.0 Introduction 9 2.1 Pumping Activity Background 9 2.2 Goals and ActMties of the Program 10 2.3 Related Renewable Energy Pumping Activities 11 2.3.1 Wind Energy Utflization 11 2.3.2 Soiar Energy 13 3.0 Water Pumping Sector Organization and Institutions 17 3.1 National Corporation for Rural Water Resources Development 17 3.2 Village Participation in Water Supplies 20 3.3 Private farmers 21 3.4 Private Sector Support 22 4.0 Water and Energy Resources 25 4.1 Water Resources 25 4.2 Energy Resources 26 4.2.1 Diesel 26 4.2.2 Solar Radiation 27 4.2.3 Wind Speed 28 5.0 Pump Fleld Tests 31 1 1 Background . 31 5.1 Approach and Test Methodology 31 5.2 Diesel Pumpsets 32 1 5.2.1 Surface Centnfugal Pumps 32 5.2.2 Edeco Jack Pumps 33 5.2.3 Vertical Turbine Pumps 34 5.2.4 Mono Pumps 36 5.3 Solar Pump Sites 37 5.3.1 Grundfos Pumps 37 5.3.2 KSB Pump 41 5.4 Wind Pump Sites CWD 5000 Wind Pump 43 1 5.4.1 Wind Pump at Soba 44 5.4.2 Wind Pump at Shambat 46 5.4.3 Wind Pump at Jebel Aulla 46 1 6.0 Pumping Practices and Survey Results 49 6.1 Village Water Supply 49 1 6.1.1 Equipment and Instailation 49 6.1.2 Operatlon, Maintenance, and Repair 50 6.2 Smali-Scale lrrigation by Private Farmers 53 6.2.1 Equipment and Installation 53 6.2.2 Operation, Maintenance, and Repair 55 6.3 Suppliers’ Surveys 57 6.4 Wind Pumps 58 6.4.1 Manutacture and Installation 58 6.4.2 Windmili and Pump Maintenance 59 6.5 Solar Pumps 60 1 6.5.1 Procurement and Instaliation 60 6.5.2 Operation and Maintenance 61 6.6 Summary and Conclusions 62 1 7.0 Financial and Economic Analysis 65 7.1 Methodology 65 7.2 Information Sources 66 7.3 Base Case System Descriptions 67 7 3.1 Rural Village Water Supply 68 7.3.2 Smail-Scale Irrigatlon 70 1 7.4 Results for Rural Village Water Supplies 71 7.4.1 Base Case Resuits 71 7.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Changes in Physical Parameters 1 1 1 7.4.3 Sensitlvrty Analysis of Changes in Economic Parameters 76 7.5 Resuits for Small Farm lrrigation 78 7.5.1 Base Case Results 78 7.5 2 SensitivityAnalysis of Changes in Physical Parameters 80 7.5.3 SensltMtyAnalysis on Changes in Economic Costs 81 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 83 8.0 Constraints and Incentives 87 8.1 Pumping Characteristics 87 8.2 Fuel and Spare Paris Availability 89 8.3 Market Size and Availability 90 8.4 lnfrastructure and Training 91 8.5 Transportation Requirements 93 8.6 Financing Arrangements 94 8.7 En’iironmental Considerations 95 9.0 Conciusions 97 9.1 General Conclusions 97 9.2Technical Conciusions 98 9.2.1 Diesel Pumps 98 9.2.2 Solar 99 9.2.3 Wind 101 9.3 Economic Conclusions 102 9.4Summary 103 10. Recommendations 105 10.1 Energy and Water Pumping Policy 105 10.2 Short- and Medium-Term ActiVities for the ERC 107 10.3 Other Organizations 109 Appendix A. Test Sites A-1 Appendix B. Maps B-2 Appendix C Test Procedures C-1 Appendix D. Site Descriptions D-1 Appendix E. Solar Pump Technical Information E-1 1 Appendix F. Wind Pump Technical Information F-1 1 Appendix G. Example Surveys G-1 Appendix H. Base Case Assumptlons H-1 Appendix 1. Base Case Flnancial and Economic Analysis 1-1 Bi bliography 1 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Agricultural Bank of Sudan ABS ADRA Adventist Development ReliefAgency ARD Associates in Rural Developrnent British Petroleum BP Consulting Services Wind Energy Developing Countries CWD Energy Research Coundil ERC General Petroleum Corporation GPC Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (Fed. Rep. of Germany Agency GTZ forTechnical Assistance) HP horsepower kWh kilowatt-hour kilowatt-hourper square meter per day kWh/m2/day LCC life cycle cost m meter ~WEP Ministiy of Finance and Economie Planning mis meter per second MoA Ministry of Agriculture MT metric ton NCR National Coundil for Research NCRWRD National Corporation forRural Water ResourcesDevelopment NGO nongovemmental organization O&M Operation and Maintenance ODA Overseas Development Agency Pv photovoltaic RERI Renewable Energy Research Institute RETs renewable energy technologies RPM revolutions per minute ScF Save the Children Foundation SEP Special Energy Program (GTZ-funded) SMD SudanMeteorological Department S~ Sudanese Pound* SREP SudanRenewable Energy Project UNDP United Nations Development Program UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USAID U.S. Agency for International Development W Watt (unit of power) Wp peakWatts (PV module output at 1000 W/m2 irradiance) W/m2 Watts per square meter (a measure of solar irradiance) WSDP Western Savannah Development Project wtJSc World University Services of Canada * The exchange rates for the Sudanese pounds (St) in late 1989 wege u followa: Official rate: USS 4.50 = S~1.00 Regulated commercial rage: US$12 20=Sf 1.00 Free market rate US$20.00 = S~1.00 S ~ a n a e a a a — — PREFACE The second phase of the Sudan Renewable Energy Project (SREP) was a technical assistance project funded by USAID (contract number 650-0041-C-00-8014). Technical assistance was provided by Associates in Rural Development Inc. (ARD) from January 1988 until the pro- ject was prematurely terminated in February 1990 due to the overthrow of the Sudanese Gov- ernment by a military coup, and the subsequent invocation of sub-section 513 of the US Foreign Assistance Act. The project was implemented under the auspices of the Energy Re- search Council (ERC), a division of the National Council for Research. Project field staff in- cluded Dr. Marrin Bush, Chief of Party, and Fred Swartzendruber, Small Business Development Advisoc. The pump testing and evaluation program, one of the project’s four technical components, was initially designed in January 1987 by Rick McGowan and Dr. Russeil Delucia. The program was subsequently revised, implemented, and managed by Jonathan Hodgkin. The ERC Pumping Team was led by Engineer Siddig Omer Adam and in- cluded Ah Abdelrahman Hamza, Nourella Yassin Ahmed and Ali Omer Eltayeb. Technical as- sistance was also provided by Dr. Philip Lebel and Ron White. This report covers the work of the pumping team during the second phase of the SREP project. The project team wishes to acknowledge the support and assistance of Dr. El Tayeb Idris 1y1989, and Gaafar El Faki Ah Eisa, Director of the ERC and SREP Coordinator until J~ who became the ERC director thereafter. We would also tike to mention our appreciation of assistance provided by the GTZ-funded Special Energy Program (SEP), and in particular the counsel of Dr. Edgar Koepseil, as well as the windniill crew established by the Dutch govern- ment-funded Sudan Wind Energy Project. Thanks should also be extended to USAID Project OfficerTony Pryor, who provided much ofth~~initial inspiration for SREP’s water pumping activities and offered encouragement, support and insight throughout the project. The team would also like to thank the many Sudanese working in both the government and private sec- tor who provided information and assistance in testing and evaluating the pumps. These peo- ple also performed the survey work necessary to complete this report. Finally, the team wishes to thank the organizations, agencies, tI ~irstaffs, and vilagers and farmers who al- lowed us to test pumping equipment for which they were responsible. These inciude the Na- tional Corporation for Rural Water Resources Development (NCRWRD), University of Gezira, the Hodieba Research Station, the Swedish-Sudanese Friendship Association, World University Services of Canada project (WUSC), Save the Children Foundation (SCF), and a number of private farmers and rural vilagers. We hope they have also benefitted from our work. 1 1.0 Executive Summary In the early 1980s, the Renewable Energy Research Institute (RERI) was established as part of the Government of Sudan’s Energy Research Council (ERC). Its mandate was to identify, test, evaluate and disserninate renewable energy technologies (RETs). The Sudan Renewable Energy Project (SREP), begun in 1982 and funded by IJSAID, was designed to help strengthen ERC/RERI. The second phase of the project began in 1988 with technical assis- tance provided by Associates in Rural Development., Inc. (ARD) of Burlington, Vermont. Among other project tasks, this phase undertook a testing and evaluation program for diesel, wind, and solar water pumps. Renewable energy pumping systems address many of the prob- lems associated with conventional diesel pumps, inciuding: • variable diesel fuel cost and availability; • spare parts scarcity and procurement difficulty; • lack of skilled technicians, especially in rural areas; • lack of adequate transportation; • poor communication; and • aging facilities.
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