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1 Name 2 History
Sudan This article is about the country. For the geographical two civil wars and the War in the Darfur region. Sudan region, see Sudan (region). suffers from poor human rights most particularly deal- “North Sudan” redirects here. For the Kingdom of North ing with the issues of ethnic cleansing and slavery in the Sudan, see Bir Tawil. nation.[18] For other uses, see Sudan (disambiguation). i as-Sūdān /suːˈdæn/ or 1 Name السودان :Sudan (Arabic /suːˈdɑːn/;[11]), officially the Republic of the Sudan[12] Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān), is an Arab The country’s place name Sudan is a name given to a جمهورية السودان :Arabic) republic in the Nile Valley of North Africa, bordered by geographic region to the south of the Sahara, stretching Egypt to the north, the Red Sea, Eritrea and Ethiopia to from Western to eastern Central Africa. The name de- the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African or “the ,(بلاد السودان) rives from the Arabic bilād as-sūdān Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya lands of the Blacks", an expression denoting West Africa to the northwest. It is the third largest country in Africa. and northern-Central Africa.[19] The Nile River divides the country into eastern and west- ern halves.[13] Its predominant religion is Islam.[14] Sudan was home to numerous ancient civilizations, such 2 History as the Kingdom of Kush, Kerma, Nobatia, Alodia, Makuria, Meroë and others, most of which flourished Main article: History of Sudan along the Nile River. During the predynastic period Nu- bia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were identical, simulta- neously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 [15] BC. -
Factors Affecting the Quality of Acacia Senegal Gums
Factors affecting the quality of Acacia senegal gums Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Hamouda, Yasir Citation Hamouda, Y. (2017). Factors affecting the quality of Acacia senegal gums. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Chester, United Kingdom. Publisher University of Chester Download date 04/10/2021 01:43:40 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/620895 Factors affecting the quality of Acacia senegal gums Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Chester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Yasir Hamouda April 2017 DECLARATION The material being presented for examination is my own work and has not been submitted for an award of this or another HEI except in minor particulars which are explicitly noted in the body of the thesis. Where research pertaining to the thesis was undertaken collaboratively, the nature and extent of my individual contribution has been made explicit. Signed …………………………………………………(Candidate) Date……………………………………………………… ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following ñ Prof. S. Al-Assaf for supervision, advice, help and encouragement. ñ Prof. G. O. Phillips for his support and help. ñ The members of Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Centre in Glyndwr University. ñ The members of Glyndwr University. ñ The members of University of Chester. ñ The members of Sudanese National Forestry Corporation. ñ My family for their encouragement and support. iii Abstract Gum arabic is a natural gummy exudate from acacia trees and exhibits natural built-in variations commonly associated with hydrocolloids. This study is concerned with the determination of factors which could influence its properties and functionality. -
Kaiming Press and the Cultural Transformation of Republican China
PRINTING, READING, AND REVOLUTION: KAIMING PRESS AND THE CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN CHINA BY LING A. SHIAO B.A., HEFEI UNITED COLLEGE, 1988 M.A., PENNSYVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, 1993 M.A., BROWN UNIVERSITY, 1996 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AT BROWN UNIVERSITY PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2009 UMI Number: 3370118 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform 3370118 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 © Copyright 2009 by Ling A. Shiao This dissertation by Ling A. Shiao is accepted in its present form by the Department of History as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date W iO /L&O^ Jerome a I Grieder, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date ^)u**u/ef<2coy' Richard L. Davis, Reader DateOtA^UT^b Approved by the Graduate Council Date w& Sheila Bonde, Dean of the Graduate School in Ling A. -
Policy Notes March 2021
THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY MARCH 2021 POLICY NOTES NO. 100 In the Service of Ideology: Iran’s Religious and Socioeconomic Activities in Syria Oula A. Alrifai “Syria is the 35th province and a strategic province for Iran...If the enemy attacks and aims to capture both Syria and Khuzestan our priority would be Syria. Because if we hold on to Syria, we would be able to retake Khuzestan; yet if Syria were lost, we would not be able to keep even Tehran.” — Mehdi Taeb, commander, Basij Resistance Force, 2013* Taeb, 2013 ran’s policy toward Syria is aimed at providing strategic depth for the Pictured are the Sayyeda Tehran regime. Since its inception in 1979, the regime has coopted local Zainab shrine in Damascus, Syrian Shia religious infrastructure while also building its own. Through youth scouts, and a pro-Iran I proxy actors from Lebanon and Iraq based mainly around the shrine of gathering, at which the banner Sayyeda Zainab on the outskirts of Damascus, the Iranian regime has reads, “Sayyed Commander Khamenei: You are the leader of the Arab world.” *Quoted in Ashfon Ostovar, Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran’s Revolutionary Guards (2016). Khuzestan, in southwestern Iran, is the site of a decades-long separatist movement. OULA A. ALRIFAI IRAN’S RELIGIOUS AND SOCIOECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN SYRIA consolidated control over levers in various localities. against fellow Baathists in Damascus on November Beyond religious proselytization, these networks 13, 1970. At the time, Iran’s Shia clerics were in exile have provided education, healthcare, and social as Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was still in control services, among other things. -
Connotators, Blended Spaces, and Figures of Grammar: Reflections on Traditional Chinese Poetics Through a Semiotic Study of Su Manshu’S Poetry
CONNOTATORS, BLENDED SPACES, AND FIGURES OF GRAMMAR: REFLECTIONS ON TRADITIONAL CHINESE POETICS THROUGH A SEMIOTIC STUDY OF SU MANSHU’S POETRY Ke Tang Abstract: This essay probes into the craft and criteria of traditional Chinese poetry through a study of Su Manshu’s poetry. Su Manshu has been praised as one of the last representative figures of classical Chinese poetry, while his distinctive poetic techniques rendered him a precursor of the New Literary Movement in the early years of the Republic of China. A semiotic examination of Su Manshu’s poetry and its intricate relationship with tradition and transformation in Late Qing literary arena makes an ideal case study of the criteria of classical Chinese poetry. Su Manshu’s poetry is interwoven with connotative elaboration —allusions, metaphors and multifarious figures of speech. Meanwhile, function words, colloquial markers and illocutionary acts play in its “less poetic” grammar, making it the construction of both archaic and modern transmutations in the era of paradigm shifts. The approaches of semiotics and linguistics are expected to offer novel perspectives of the poet, providing a methodology hitherto rarely used, if ever, in studies of Chinese poetics. Introduction When it comes to the question of demarcating poetry from “non-poetry” in the Chinese literary context, accounts differ, and opinions vary. It is widely accepted, however, that the principles of Chinese poetic criticism underwent a tremendous change with the rise of vernacular poetry in early 20th century. Su Manshu 蘇曼殊 (1884-1918) has been praised as one of the last representative figures of classical Chinese poetry. (Xie 1998, 151) His poetry1 incorporates diverse legacies of quintessence from Chinese literary tradition, and his distinctive word organization renders him a precursor of the New Literary Movement in the early years of the Republic of China. -
Judging in God's Name
Judging in God’s Name 153 Oxford Journal of Law and Religion , Vol. 3, No. 1 (2014), pp. 152–167 doi:10.1093/ojlr/rwt035 religious state, at least for the 60% of Malaysian Muslims who are subject to Published Advance Access August 14, 2013 such rules and regulations. 4 Likewise, if secularism is understood as the strict separation of religion from governance, Malaysia appears to be the antithesis of Judging in God’s Name: State Power, a secular state. Few would disagree that aspects of religion and governance are intertwined Secularism, and the Politics of Islamic law in contemporary Malaysia, but the simple secular-versus-religious dichotomy tends to obfuscate the ways that religious law is transformed as a result of in Malaysia incorporation as state law. The imposition of select fragments of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) should not be understood as the implementation of an ‘Islamic’ system of governance, or the achievement of an ‘Islamic state’, for no such TAMIR MOUSTAFA* ideal-type exists.5 Instead, Malaysia provides a textbook example of how core principles in usul al-fiqh (Islamic legal theory) are subverted as a result of state Malaysia ranks sixth out of 175 countries worldwide in the degree of state appropriation. 6 Malaysia thus provides an important opportunity to rethink the regulation of religion. The Malaysian state enforces myriad rules and regulations in relationship between the state, secularism, and the politics of Islamic law. the name of Islam and claims a monopoly on the interpretation of Islamic law. This study proceeds in three parts. First, I provide the reader with a brief However, this should not be understood as the implementation of an ‘Islamic’ system of governance or the realization of an ‘Islamic state’. -
Will Decentralization Work for the People and the Forests of Indonesia?
CHAPTER 7 CLOSER TO PEOPLE AND TREES: WILL DECENTRALIZATION WORK FOR THE PEOPLE AND THE FORESTS OF INDONESIA? Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo Australian National University [email protected] or [email protected] Forthcoming in a special issue of the European Journal of Development Research Volume 16, Number 1, Spring 2004 Guest Editors: Jesse C. Ribot and Anne M. Larson Acknowledgments First prepared for the World Resources Institute Workshop on Decentralization and the Environment, Bellagio, Italy, 18-22 Feb, 2002. I am grateful to Anne Larson and Jesse Ribot for their extensive and detailed comments at various stages of the writing of this article. Comments from an anonymous reviewer were very helpful. Summary For over 30 years, Indonesia’s central government controlled its forests, the third largest area of tropical forests in the world. Driven by serious political, administrative, and economic demands for reforms, the central government has begun to decentralize, transferring new powers to the district and municipal levels. Decentralization in the forestry sector has included transferring income from permits, logging and reforestation fees, as well as the right for these lower levels of government to issue logging permits. This sudden, new access to Indonesia’s lucrative timber market has led local peoples and governments to rush to take advantage of a resource to which they previously had little right. The result has included the proliferation of permits with little regard for the effect on forest resources. Large areas, including some protected areas, are being destroyed and threatened with conversion to other uses. Local peoples, however, appear not to have been the ones receiving the primary benefits; they have been taken instead by those who have the required capital for permits and logging. -
"A New Reading on Authority and Guardianship (Wilayah): Ayatollah Muhammad Mahdi Shamsuddin." Democratic Moments: Reading Democratic Texts
Mavani, Hamid. "A New Reading on Authority and Guardianship (wilayah): Ayatollah Muhammad Mahdi Shamsuddin." Democratic Moments: Reading Democratic Texts. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. 177–184. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 27 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350006195.ch-023>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 27 September 2021, 16:47 UTC. Copyright © Xavier Márquez and Contributors 2018. You may share this work for non- commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO A New Reading on Authority and Guardianship (wilayah): Ayatollah Muhammad Mahdi Shamsuddin Hamid Mavani Islam categorically rejects dictatorship because it always leads to oppression, persecution, and uprising.1 From the Islamic point of view, only the divine (most exalted), who has no partner or associate in His Lordship, Authority, and Guardianship (wilayah), has the right to govern and enjoy absolute rule. In essence, no human being has any right to rule over others. The rule and control of God is the only type of guardianship and authority that complies with human reason and intellect. Every mandate of authority and governance (hakimiyyah) for a human being requires a definitive proof. In its absence, therefore, no one has authority over another person, any other existent in the universe, or over nature, including over one’s own life and property. That these set limits cannot be transgressed is a fundamental principle under the subject of authority, as well as a matter that is well-established in jurisprudence and theology . 178 DEMOCRATIC MOMENTS [I]nvoking democracy while the infallible Imam is among us would be religiously unlawful, but . -
Islam and the Rule of Law. Between Sharia and Secularization
ISLAM AND THE RULE OF LAW BETWEEN SHARIA AND SECULARIZATION Birgit Krawietz Helmut Reifeld (Hrsg.) ISBN 978-3-938926-86-6 IM IM www.kas.de PLENUM CONTENT 5 | PREFACE Gerhard Wahlers 9 | INTRODUCTION Birgit Krawietz 17 | I. JUSTICE as A POLITICAL AND LEGAL ORGANIZING priNCipLE 19 | JUSTICE AS A POLITICAL PRINCIPLE IN ISLAM Werner Ende 35 | JUSTICE AS A PERVASIVE PRINCIPLE IN ISLAMIC LAW Birgit Krawietz 49 | II. CONSTITUTION BUILDING 51 | WAYS OF CONSTITUTION BUILDING IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES – THE CASE OF INDONESIA Masykuri Abdillah The published statements reflect the opinion of their authors, 65 | WHERE IS THE “ISLAM” IN THE “ISLAMIC STATE”? but not institutional positions of Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Farish A. Noor © 2008, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V., Sankt Augustin/Berlin 71 | THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGIOUS CLAUSES ON All rights reserved. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IN COUNTRIES WITH AN No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any ISLAMIC CHARACTER means, electronical or mechanical, without permission in writing from the Naseef Naeem publisher. Design: SWITSCH Kommunikationsdesign, Köln. 81 | THE SUDANESE INTERIM CONSTITUTION OF 2005 – Cover photo: (c) Das Bild des Orients, www.das-bild-des-orients.de A MODEL TO ESTABLISH COEXISTENCE BETWEEN AN Photographer: Joachim Gierlichs, 2003. ISLAMIC AND A SECULAR LEGAL REGIME Translation of German statements: WB Communication, Germersheim. Printed by Druckerei Franz Paffenholz GmbH, Bornheim. Markus Böckenförde Printed in Germany. Printed with the financial support of the Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-3-939826-86-6 5 PREFACE 91 | III. reLIGIOUS versUS seCULar LAW? 93 | ISLAM, CONSTITUTION, CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS For the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, strengthening and devel- AND JUSTICE IN MALAYSIA oping structures that support the rule of law is one of the Norani Othmann most important objectives and elements of its global inter- national cooperation. -
Edinburgh Research Explorer
Edinburgh Research Explorer Power, identity and antiquarian approaches in modern Chinese art Citation for published version: Yang, C-L 2014, 'Power, identity and antiquarian approaches in modern Chinese art', Journal of Art Historiography, vol. 2014, no. 10, 3, pp. 1-33. <https://arthistoriography.wordpress.com/10-jun-2014/> Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Journal of Art Historiography General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 23. Sep. 2021 Power, identity and antiquarian approaches in modern Chinese art Chia-Ling Yang Within China, nationalistic sentiments notably inhibit objective analysis of Sino- Japanese and Sino-Western cultural exchanges during the end of the Qing dynasty and throughout the Republican period: the fact that China was occupied by external and internal powers, including foreign countries and Chinese warlords, ensured that China at this time was not governed or united by one political body. The contemporary concept of ‘China’ as ‘one nation’ has been subject to debate, and as such, it is also difficult to define what the term ‘Chinese painting’ means.1 The term, guohua 國畫 or maobihua 毛筆畫 (brush painting) has traditionally been translated as ‘Chinese national painting’. -
Factory Name Address Country Department Worker Category
Aug-17 Version 1 Factory Name Address Country Department Worker Category Tur Tekstil Sh.Pk (Mosi Tekstil) Rruga Patos- Transport, Fier Albania Apparel Less Than 1000 Workers A.T.S. Apparels Limited 414, Kochakuri, Talirchala,Mouchak,Gazipur, Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel 1001- 5000 Workers Ama Syntex Ltd Plot No: 936 To 939, Vill: Jarun, Kashimpur,Joydebpur, Gazipur, Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel Less Than 1000 Workers Aman Tex Limited Boiragirchala, Sreepur, Gazipur, Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel 5001- 10,000 Workers Annesha Style Ltd Khejurbagan, Boro Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel 1001- 5000 Workers Arabi Fashion Ltd Bokran, Monipur, Mirzapur, Gazipur, Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel 1001- 5000 Workers Babylon Garments And Dresses Ltd 2-B/1, Darussalam Road, Mirpur, Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel 1001- 5000 Workers Bd Designs Private Limited Plot No: 48-49, Sector-3, Karnaphuli Epz, Chittagong Bangladesh Apparel 1001- 5000 Workers Creative Woolwear 3/B Darus Salam Road, Mirpur-1 Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel Less Than 1000 Workers Crown Fashion & Sweater Ind. Ltd. Bangladesh Apparel 1001- 5000 Workers Doreen Apparels Ltd 40-45 Dakkhin Panishail,N.K.Link Road, Gazipur Bangladesh Apparel 1001- 5000 Workers Echotex Ltd. Chandra, Palli Biddut, Kaliakoir, Gazipur, Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel 5001- 10,000 Workers Evitex Apparels Limited Shirirchala, Bhabanipur, Joydevpur, Gazipur-1704, Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel 1001- 5000 Workers Experience Clothing Co.Ltd Plot # 72,82, Depz. Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel 1001- 5000 Workers Fame Sweater Ltd. 124,Darail,Shataish,Tongi Gazipur Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel 1001- 5000 Workers Far East Knitting & Dyeing Industries Ltd Chandona, Thana-Kaliakoir, Gazipur Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel 5001- 10,000 Workers Fashion Knit Garments Ltd (Pride) 4,Karnapara,Savar, Dhaka Bangladesh Apparel 1001- 5000 Workers Holiding No-100/1, Block B, Saheed Mosarraf Hossain Road, Purbo Chandora, Sofipur, Kaliakoir, Fortis Garments Ltd. -
Power, Identity and Antiquarian Approaches in Modern Chinese Art
Power, identity and antiquarian approaches in modern Chinese art Chia-Ling Yang Within China, nationalistic sentiments notably inhibit objective analysis of Sino- Japanese and Sino-Western cultural exchanges during the end of the Qing dynasty and throughout the Republican period: the fact that China was occupied by external and internal powers, including foreign countries and Chinese warlords, ensured that China at this time was not governed or united by one political body. The contemporary concept of ‘China’ as ‘one nation’ has been subject to debate, and as such, it is also difficult to define what the term ‘Chinese painting’ means.1 The term, guohua 國畫 or maobihua 毛筆畫 (brush painting) has traditionally been translated as ‘Chinese national painting’. 2 While investigating the formation of the concept of guohua, one might question what guo 國 actually means in the context of guohua. It could refer to ‘Nationalist painting’ as in the Nationalist Party, Guomindang 國民黨, which was in power in early 20th century China. It could also be translated as ‘Republican painting’, named after minguo 民國 (Republic of China). These political sentiments had a direct impact on guoxue 國學 (National Learning) and guocui 國粹 (National Essence), textual evidence and antiquarian studies on the development of Chinese history and art history. With great concern over the direction that modern Chinese painting should take, many prolific artists and intellectuals sought inspiration from jinshixue 金石學 (metal and stone studies/epigraphy) as a way to revitalise the Chinese