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LOS ESTADOS DE LA CULTURA Estudio Sobre La Institucionalidad Cultural Pública De Los Países Del SICSUR LOS ESTADOS DE LA CULTURA

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LOS ESTADOS DE LA CULTURA Estudio Sobre La Institucionalidad Cultural Pública De Los Países Del SICSUR LOS ESTADOS DE LA CULTURA LOS ESTADOS DE LA CULTURA Estudio sobre la institucionalidad cultural pública de los países del SICSUR LOS ESTADOS DE LA CULTURA. Estudio sobre la institucionalidad cultural pública de los países del SICSUR. Publicación a cargo de: Matías Zurita Prat, jefe del Departamento de Estudios (CNCA) Investigación y contenidos: Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Contemporánea (CERC) de la Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano Edición general: Simón Palominos Mandiola (CNCA) Producción y coordinación general: Claudia Guzmán Mattos (CNCA) Diseño y diagramación: ALT 164 Corrección de textos: Karla Jofré, T&I Professionals © Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes Registro de Propiedad Intelectual n° 218.994 ISBN: 978-956-352-020-0 www.cultura.gob.cl Se autoriza la reproducción parcial citando la fuente correspondiente. En este libro se utilizó para el cuerpo de texto la tipografía Australis, creada por el diseñador chileno Francisco Gálvez, fuente ganadora del Gold Prize en los Morisawa Awards 2002 de Tokio. 1ª edición, julio 2012 Se imprimieron: 5000 ejemplares Impreso en Fundación Imprenta de la Cultura Guarenas, Estado Miranda República Bolivariana de Venezuela LOS ESTADOS DE LA CULTURA Estudio sobre la institucionalidad cultural pública de los países del SICSUR EQUIPO SICSUR MINISTROS PERÚ Luís Peirano Falconí ARGENTINA Ministro de Cultura Jorge Coscia Ministerio de Cultura Secretario de Cultura República del Perú Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación República Argentina PARAGUAY Ticio Escobar Secretaría Nacional de Cultura BOLIVIA República del Paraguay Pablo Groux Canedo Ministro de Culturas VENEZUELA Ministerio de las Culturas Pedro Calzadilla Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia Ministro del Poder Popular para la Cultura Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Cultura BRASIL República Bolivariana de Venezuela Ana de Hollande Ministra de Cultura URUGUAY Ministerio de Cultura Ricardo Ehrlich República Federativa de Brasil Ministro de Educación y Cultura Ministerio de Educación y Cultura CHILE República Oriental del Uruguay Luciano Cruz-Coke Carvallo Ministro de Cultura Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes EQUIPOS DE TRABAJO República de Chile ARGENTINA COLOMBIA Natalia Calcango Mariana Garcés Córdoba Francisco D´Alessio Ministra de Cultura de Colombia Gabriel D. Lerman Ministerio de Cultura de Colombia Juan Manuel Zanabria Sistema de Información Cultural de la ECUADOR Argentina (SInCA) Érika Sylva Charvet Dirección Nacional de Industrias Culturales Ministra de Cultura Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación Ministerio de Cultura del Ecuador BOLIVIA ECUADOR Wilma Cordero Pablo Mogrovejo Juan Luís Fernández Vasquez Director de Cine y el Audiovisual Mauricio Ríos Hennings Ministerio de Cultura del Ecuador Unidad de Relaciones Internacionales Dirección General de Planificación PERÚ Ministerio de Culturas Verónica M. Noriega Alegría Christian Wiener BRASIL Dirección General de Industrias Culturales y Arte Renato Cuoto Ministerio de Cultura de Perú Cristina Lins (IBGE) José Murilo PARAGUAY Valéria Graziano Alejandra Estigarribia Cordinación General de Cultura Digital Luís Ortiz Sandoval Secretaria de Política Cultural Betania Ayala Dirección de Relaciones Internacionales Sistema de Información Cultural del Paraguay Ministerio de Cultura (SICPY) Secretaría Nacional de Cultura del Paraguay CHILE Matías Zurita URUGUAY Simón Palominos Diego Traverso Claudia Guzmán Departamento de Industrias Creativas (DICREA) Lorena Berríos Ministerio de Cultura y Educación Alejandra Aspillaga Departamento de Estudios VENEZUELA Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes Alicia Ascanio Avilio Gonzalez COLOMBIA Katiuska Rodríguez Raúl Casas Valencia (CSC-DANE) Oficina de Seguimiento y Evaluación de Políticas Francisco Carrill (CSC-DANE) Públicas Adriana Rubio Oficina de Relaciones Internacionales Eduardo Saravia Fundación Imprenta de la Cultura Angel Eduardo Moreno Marin Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Cultura Grupo de Emprendimiento Cultural Ministerio de Cultura ÍNDICE Presentaciones 11 Introducción 18 CAPÍTULO I: MARCO TEÓRICO DEL ESTUDIO 1. La reinvención de la cultura 23 1.1 La cultura como preocupación estatal 23 El apoyo estatal y sus alcances 28 1.2 Tipos de institucionalidad y énfasis de política cultural 31 Sobre los modelos de institucionalidad cultural 32 1.3. Las disyuntivas en política cultural según Matarasso y Landry 35 Los dilemas estructurales 36 Los dilemas de implementación 39 Los dilemas de desarrollo social 11 Los dilemas de desarrollo económico 42 Los dilemas de gestión 43 1.4. Institucionalidad cultural a nivel mundial 45 La política cultural europea 46 La Unión (cultural) Europea 47 Inglaterra, un modelo centrado en la diversidad cultural 49 El paradigma de la institucionalidad francesa 52 La institucionalidad cultural mexicana 55 1.5. Marco general de institucionalidad cultural a nivel latinoamericano 61 1.6. Cuadro histórico comparativo 67 2. Ejes conceptuales: diversidad, patrimonio e industrias culturales 69 2.1. La diversidad cultural y los desafíos de la reconstrucción nacional 69 Globalización y diversidad cultural 70 Reconfiguración de la diversidad cultural dentro del Estado 72 2.2. Patrimonio cultural: alcances y desafíos 75 Hacia una nueva noción de patrimonio cultural 78 De lo material a lo inmaterial: desafíos de la ampliación del concepto de patrimonio cultural 83 2.3. Industrias, cultura y creatividad 86 La teoría crítica y las “industrias culturales” 87 Las industrias culturales: el vínculo entre economía y cultura 89 Nociones complementarias: creatividad y economía creativa 91 La creatividad como concepto central en cultura 94 CAPÍTULO II: ANÁLISIS Y RESULTADOS 3. Análisis de institucionalidad cultural 103 3.1. Síntesis descriptiva general 103 3.1.1. Factores externos 104 3.1.2. Organización institucional general 108 3.2. Mapas regionales 110 4. Análisis comparado de institucionalidad 112 4.1. Organización institucional 112 4.2. Marco operativo 115 4.2.1. Misión 115 4.2.2. Principios 117 4.2.3. Objetivos 119 4.2.4. Políticas culturales 121 ¿Quiénes participan en la creación de la política cultural? 124 5. Prácticas destacadas en gestión 127 5.1. Programas del Área Diversidad Cultural 127 Programa “Identidad y Diversidad Cultural – Brasil Plural” 128 Laboratorio de Industrias Culturales - Argentina 129 5.2. Programas del Área Patrimonio 130 Programa “Socialización y homogeneización de la gestión archivística de Venezuela” 131 Programa “Museo, Memoria y Ciudadanía” – Brasil 132 5.3. Programas del Área de Industrias Culturales 133 Programa “Usinas Culturales” - Uruguay 133 Programa “Libros y Casas” - Argentina 134 6. Conclusiones generales: hallazgos y resultados 135 Anexo: Síntesis descriptiva por país 141 Argentina 141 Bolivia 144 Brasil 148 Chile 151 Colombia 154 Ecuador 158 Paraguay 161 Perú 164 Uruguay 167 Venezuela 170 Bibliografía 175 PRESENTACIONES a participación de Chile en el Sistema de Información Cultural del Mercosur (SICSUR) se manifiesta en el marco de la colaboración de nuestro país como asociado en dicha organización supranacional, la que se acuerda en 1998 por medio de la firma del Protocolo de Ushuaia. Desde la formación de SICSUR en 2009, el Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes de Chile ha sido parte del permanente proceso de puesta en valor e intercambio de metodologías e información Lgenerada en los países miembros, contribuyendo a la consolidación del conocimiento sobre el desarrollo cultural de la región. Un importante elemento para una caracterización del desarrollo cultural mencionado tiene directa relación con los mecanismos institucionales a través de los cuales los distintos países de América del Sur han desarrollado e implementado sus políticas culturales. En este sentido, la institucionalidad cultural constituye un objeto de estudio privilegiado al momento de generar reflexiones conceptuales y propuestas de acción, no solo en materias artísticas o identitarias, por nombrar algunos de los aspectos relevantes, sino además nos permiten tener una aproximación a los distintos escenarios políticos que ha vivido la región y los dispositivos a través de los cuales se han visto representados los intereses de los diversos sectores de las sociedades sudamericanas. El estudio que aquí presentamos hace eco de los planteamientos arriba expuestos. En sus páginas se exploran las transformaciones que ha experimentado la cultura desde la óptica del ámbito público en América del Sur, describiendo los complejos procesos de institucionalización, de ampliación del campo de acción del Estado en la misma, y de incorporación de nuevas problemáticas, como por ejemplo la identidad y la diversidad, a raíz de los nuevos fenómenos que enfrentan nuestras sociedades. Adicionalmente, este estudio permite observar cómo la complementariedad de la administración pública con una activa participación de la sociedad civil y la comunidad artístico-cultural ha permitido definir políticas culturales que reflejan de mejor manera a las necesidades en el campo cultural de los habitantes de la región. Con este estudio hemos corroborado que el levantamiento de información y las investigaciones con perspectiva regional permiten, además de explorar las particularidades culturales de cada país, reconocer los aspectos transversales que se cristalizan en nuestras instituciones, entregándonos aprendizajes que enriquecen los procesos de democratización de nuestras naciones. Para optimizar estos objetivos, es preciso profundizar los mecanismos de cooperación internacional, que en este estudio han sido identificados como importantes
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