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Tangata Whenua Contents Tangata Whenua 4.1.1 A Brief History ........................................................................... 2 4.1.2 Te Taiao (The Environment) ....................................................... 4 4.1.3 Resource Management Concerns ................................................... 5 4.2.1 The History of Ngati Whatua in Waitakere ............................... 7 4.2.2 Te Taiao (The Environment) .....................................................10 4.2.3 Resource Management Concerns .................................................11 Contents 4.3.1 Pan-tribal Maori: Resource Management Concerns ....................13 The Council has a statutory duty to take into account the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi under the Local Government Act and the Resource Management Act in relation to tangata whenua groups. The Council has begun to work closely with Te Kawerau a Maki and Ngati Whatua iwi who hold manawhenua (customary authority) within the City, and with urban Maori groups. The Council’s committee structure includes Te Taumata Runanga (Maori Perspectives Committee) which is a Standing Committee of Council. Under the Resource Management Act Council has a particular responsibility to work with iwi on resource management concerns. Three periods can be identified in the development of the West Auckland Maori community - a long period of self-determination and control; a period characterised by loss of control over resources, followed by poverty and migration to urban areas; and the present period which is characterised by Maori regaining greater control over their future. These developments provide the backdrop to the present relationship that is developing between Council and Maori. They also provide a backdrop to understanding iwi and pan- tribal perceptions of the ‘environment’, resources and resource management generally. This section sets out those matters that are relevant to Council’s provision for tangata whenua concerns in its District Plan under Sections 6, 7 and 8 of the Resource Management Act. It draws on the resource management of waahi tapu statements provided by both iwi holding manawhenua within tangata whenua Waitakere City Council. The section sets out the following: • A brief history of each iwi as provided by the iwi themselves. These histories are intended to place both Te Kawerau a Maki and Ngati Whatua within the Waitakere City context and aid understanding of their subsequent resource management statements and concerns. It should be noted that Council has not attempted to reconcile any differing interpretation or emphasis placed on events that are made by either iwi; • A summary of general attitudes and understanding of the environment with particular emphasis on the spiritual dimension; • A statement from each iwi of their specific resource management concerns relating to natural and physical resources, and the maintenance of their relationship with these resources. the early 1600s, when their ancestor Maki and his These following subsections of Part 4 have people conquered and settled the district. been prepared by Waitakere City Council using Maki and a large group of his Ngati Awa material provided by Te Kawerau a Maki and followers from Taranaki migrated northward to the Ngati Whatua. This material is used with the Auckland isthmus. Ultimately Maki and his people express permission of the copyright owners. conquered the Auckland isthmus and the land as far None of this Part of the Policy Section may be north as the Kaipara harbour. The people of reproduced by any means, electronic, Waitakere retained the name of Te Kawerau a Maki mechanical, electrostatic, photocopying or as their tribal name. Other descendants of Maki otherwise, or stored in a retrieval system adopted their own tribal names, such as Ngati without the prior permission of Te Kawerau A Manuhiri and Ngati Kahupara. Maki’s great Maki or Ngati Whatua. grandson Te Au o Te Whenua came to control all of the land between Muriwai and the Manukau 4.1 STATEMENT BY TE KAWERAU A MAKI Harbour. Following the establishment of Ngati Whatua in The following is a brief overview of the history the Kaipara area (1700s), the Kawerau people were of Te Kawerau a Maki, provided by the iwi. It is pushed southward and subjected to a major invasion followed by a summary of the key resource - ‘Te Raupatu Tihore’ of ‘the conquest that laid bare’. This ‘taua’, or war party, was not seeking management concerns held by the iwi which are territory and its members were in fact closely related extracted from Te Kawerau a Maki’s Resource to the Kawerau people of Waitakere. They were Management Statement. seeking ‘utu’ or revenge for several unacceptable 4.1.1 A Brief History killings. After the conquest they withdrew to the southern Kaipara. Kawharu, the leader of this taua, Te Kawerau a Maki are the tangata whenua who was from the Waikato, was killed by Te (people of the land) of Waitakere City, who hold Kawerau in the southern Kaipara. There were a customary authority or manawhenua within the city. number of other battles between Ngati Whatua, and Te Kawerau a Maki descend from the earliest the north western tribal boundary of Te Kawerau a inhabitants of the area. However, the Kawerau a Maki was eventually established at ‘Te Taupaki’ or Maki people have been a distinct tribal entity since ‘the firmly bound peace’, a spot on the cliffs south tangata whenua 2 of Te Henga beach. The name is now mis-located to (Little Muddy Creek), Kakamatua and Te Rau o Te the settlement of Taupaki. This peace settlement Huia. was made between Te Au o Te Whenua and the They were secure and comfortable and Ngati Whatua chief Poutapuaka. The north eastern continued to move across their tribal domain in the boundary was established at ‘Tau Rangatira’ and seasonal cycle that had been followed by their Rangitopuni, or Riverhead. It was from Te Au o Te ancestors. Whenua that the Kawerau people claimed and were Te Kawerau often invited relatives from Ngati awarded Certificate of Title to the Waitakere, Whatua, Waiohua and Ngati Te Ata to their Puketotara and Piha Blocks on the Native Land settlements and to the seasonal shark fishing camps Court hearings of the 1860s. on the northern Manukau. The bulk of the land was A further notable battle that took place on Te heavily forested and the area provided an abundance Kawerau land was fought in the Waitakere Ranges of food, as illustrated by the following proverb: around Paruroa (Big Muddy Creek) between Ngati Whatua and Waiohua. Waiohua have links through ‘He toka hapuku ki te moana, whakapapa to Tainui and are based on the eastern he kaihua ki uta.’ and southern Manukau. However, as Te Kawerau were closely related to both iwi they did not ‘A rock in the sea where hapuku participate in the battle which Ngati Whatua won. abound, a tree where birds are speared The outcome of this battle was irrelevant to Te on the land.’ Kawerau status in Waitakere as neither protagonists held mana in this area. In 1840 John White, a European travelling in the The mid-1820s brought disaster to the west, observed that: inhabitants of the Waitakere area when they were “In the produce of the land and sea, Kawerau do not pay decimated by Ngapuhi raiding parties armed with tribute to any chief, nor could they be commanded by any muskets. Te Kawerau fought Nga Puhi at Te Henga adjoining tribe or hapu to assist in any act whatever, nor could and Karekare but were overwhelmed by the superior a chief go to any of the Kawerau fishing grounds without the force of the musket. This devastation led to a major express permission of the Kawerau people.” depletion in tribal numbers and a long period of Life in the area soon began to change, however. exile in the Waikato until 1835. Crown and individual land purchases had begun in In the mid-1830s, the Tainui rangatira Te the upper Waitemata Harbour area in 1844, and by Wherowhero established himself at Awhitu in order the early 1850s the Crown began to eye the northern to bring stability to the Tamaki region. Under his Waitakere Ranges. In 1853 and 1854 the Crown protection Te Kawerau returned to Kakamatua on purchased most of the Waitakere Ranges. They did the Manukau coast while Te Taou hapu of Ngati not investigate manawhenua but negotiated these Whatua and Ngaoho established themselves at the purchases with a number of iwi not resident in the Karangahape pa on Puponga Point. Soon after they area. Te Kawerau were the only iwi to receive moved to Mangere and Onehunga and by 1838 they ongoing payments for land in West Auckland from had settled at Okahu and Orakei on the Waitemata the Crown until 1874. Ngati Whatua had no land Harbour. They never again occupied West reserves nor other established land interests in West Auckland. Auckland. Although Te Kawerau retained their Te Kawerau a Maki re-established themselves in most important settlement areas and were the only pa and kainga throughout West Auckland. At Te iwi to have permanent settlement in the area, they Henga they built a musket pa as further attack from were not involved in the sale of much of their land. Nga Puhi was a possibility and they may have once Throughout the 1860s and 1870s Te Kawerau again needed to give their lives in defence of their had regular contact with Europeans, including the lands. Other settlements included Ngongetepara first wave of settlers, and they welcomed the (Brighams Creek), Waikotukatuku (near material benefits that European settlers brought. Hobsonville), Waipareira, Kopupaka and Maanu Te The last two decades of the nineteenth century were Whau near the mouth of the Henderson Creek, however, a time of disillusionment, cultural isolation Orukuwai (Te Atatu), Oratia and Pukeruhe and population decline for (Henderson Valley). On the northern Manukau they the iwi, as for iwi lived at Motukaraka (near Green Bay), Waikumete tangata whenua 3 throughout New Zealand.
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