Mediterranean Marine Science
Vol. 12, 2011
Marine alien species in Greek Seas: Additions and amendments by 2010
ZENETOS A. Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources, Agios Kosmas, P.C. 16610, Elliniko, Athens KATSANEVAKIS S. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra POURSANIDIS D. TerraSolutions, Arximidous 63, Irakleio, Kriti CROCETTA F. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, I-80121 Napoli DAMALAS D. European Commission, Joint Research Center, IPSC/Maritime Affairs Unit, via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra VA APOSTOLOPOULOS G. Law school, University of Athens, Ippokratous 33, 10680, Athens GRAVILI C. Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Universita del Salento 73100 Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce VARDALA-THEODOROU E.Department of Hydrobiology, Goulandris Natural History Museum – Gaia Center, 100 Othonos Str., Kifissia, 14562 MALAQUIAS M. Phylogenetics, Systematics and Evolution Research Group, The Natural History Collections, Bergen Museum, University of Bergen, 5020-Bergen http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.55
Copyright © 2011
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To cite this article:
ZENETOS, A., KATSANEVAKIS, S., POURSANIDIS, D., CROCETTA, F., DAMALAS, D., APOSTOLOPOULOS, G., GRAVILI, C., VARDALA-THEODOROU, E., & MALAQUIAS, M. (2011). Marine alien species in Greek Seas: Additions and amendments by 2010. Mediterranean Marine Science, 12(1), 95-120. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.55
http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | Mediterranean Marine Science Research Article Indexed in WoS (Web of Science, ISI Thomson) The journal is available on line at http://www.medit-mar-sc.net
Marine alien species in Greek Seas: Additions and amendments by 2010
A. ZENETOS1, S. KATSANEVAKIS1, D. POURSANIDIS2, F. CROCETTA3, D. DAMALAS1, G. APOSTOLOPOULOS4, C. GRAVILI5, E. VARDALA-THEODOROU6 and M. MALAQUIAS7
1 Institute of Marine Biological Resources, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. Box 712, 19013 Anavissos, Hellas 2 Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Hellas 3 Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Viale Antonio Dhorn, 80121 Napoli 4 Law school, University of Athens, Ippokratus 33, 10680, Hellas 5 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy 6 Department of Hydrobiology, Goulandris Natural History Museum – Gaia Center, 100 Othonos Str., Kifissia, 14562, Hellas 7 Phylogenetics, Systematics and Evolution Research Group, The Natural History Collections, Bergen Museum, University of Bergen, 5020-Bergen, Norway
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Received: 09 December 2010; Accepted: 13 January 2011; Published on line: 11 March 2011
Abstract
An update of the inventory of alien marine species from the coastal and offshore waters of Greece is presented. Records were compiled based on the existing scientific and grey literature, including the HCMR database of Greek alien species (ELNAIS), technical reports, scientific congresses, academic dissertations, websites, and unpublished/personal observations. 47 species were added to the inventory, including 34 invertebrates, one vertebrate (fish), three plants, eight protozoa, and one cyanobacterium. With the new records, the inventory of alien marine species of Greece now includes a total of 237 species (33 macrophytes, 131 invertebrates, 42 vertebrates, two bacteria and 29 protozoans). Among these, the presence of the gastropod Hypselodoris infucata, the bivalves Dendrostrea frons and Septifer forskali and the chondrichthyan Rhizoprionodon acutus is reported here for the first time. Based on molecular analysis, the occurrence of Bulla arabica in Greek waters is confirmed, and the suggestion that previous records of Bulla ampulla in the Mediterranean should be considered as misidentification of B. arabica is further supported. The acclimitization status of earlier records was revised in the light of new data, and thus the fish Enchelycore anatina, Seriola fasciata and Tylerius spinosissimus, the red algae Hypnea cornuta and Sarconema scinaioides, the scyphomedusa Cassiopea andromeda, the cephalopod Sepioteuthis lessoniana, the nudibranch Chromodoris annulata and the bivalves Gas- trochaena cymbium and Pseudochama corbieri were upgraded from casual records to established popu- lations. The increased rate of introductions of warm water species confirms previous findings, which link the rate of introduction in the eastern Mediterranean to climate change.
Keywords: Marine aliens; Greece; Hypselodoris infucata; Rhizoprionodon acutus; Dendrostrea frons; Septifer forskali; Bulla arabica.
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | Introduction Centre for Marine Research maintains and continuously updates an online database of The eastern Mediterranean is especially alien marine species, with records of their susceptible to biological invasions because presence in Greek localities and distribu- of its crossroads location between the Pon- tion maps (ZENETOS et al., 2009b; ELNAIS, to-Caspian and the Indian Sea/Red Sea re- 2010). Systematic study of Foraminifera in gions, the maritime traffic through the Dar- the Greek Aegean Sea has provided addi- danelles, Gibraltar and Suez, and the exis- tional data on the distributional range of tence of many fish and shellfish farms. Hence, alien Foraminifera in the Eastern Mediter- Greek waters may function as a gateway to ranean (KOUKOUSIOURA et al., 2010). the dispersal of marine alien species, either SIMBOURA et al. (2010) reported cases of from the Levantine to the Adriatic and/or alien Polychaeta species that were previ- to the western Mediterranean or from the ously collected but had not been identified Black Sea to the eastern Mediterranean. until recently, or species not classified as The rate of introductions of alien ma- aliens (ZENETOS et al., 2009a) although rine species in the Mediterranean Sea is in- they were present in Greek check lists. creasing (ZENETOS, 2010) as is the spread Recently, MALAQUIAS & REID of alien species initially established in the (2008) described a new species of the genus Levantine, to other biogeographic areas Bulla (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) from the such as the Aegean. In addition, the sci- Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula, that they entific community has intensified its efforts named Bulla arabica; the authors hypothe- to study alien invasions in coastal ecosys- sized that the records of Bulla ampulla in tems. While new studies are being added to the Mediterranean Sea for the coasts of Is- the list, careful examination of historical da- rael, Greece, Cyprus and Turkey (BARASH ta on little studied taxa such as hydroids, & DANIN, 1982; ZENETOS et al., 2004; polychaetes and foraminiferan further ex- MIENIS, 2004), would probably belong to pands the Mediterranean aliens’ list. B. arabica. Both B. ampulla and B. arabica Following a series of scattered publi- have similar shells that can be misidenti- cations dealing with single species or groups, fied; however their anatomy is distinct and a summary of marine alien biota in Greek molecular phylogenetics clearly separates waters was prepared by PANCUCCI- these two species (MALAQUIAS & REID, PAPADOPOULOU et al. (2005a) and up- 2008). Furthermore, these species do not dated by PANCUCCI-PAPADOPOULOU occur sympatrically; whereas B. arabica is et al. (2005b). ZENETOS et al. (2007), pro- restricted to the Red Sea and Arabian Penin- vided some additions to the alien marine sula, the species B. ampulla is not present fauna of Greece. CORSINI-FOKA & in these areas but has a broader Indo-West ECONOMIDIS (2007) focused on the ma- Pacific distribution. rine and estuarine fish fauna, while TSIAMIS The aim of this work is to update the et al. (2008, 2010) reviewed the alien ma- ZENETOS et al. (2009a) list of marine alien rine flora. The most up-to-date inventory species by a) adding all new records reported of the alien aquatic species of Greece, with in the literature or observed by the authors comments on the sources and patterns of up to December 2010; b) amending collec- their introduction is given by ZENETOS et tion dates based on literature; c) clarify- al. (2009a). For Greek waters, the Hellenic ing the nomenclature of Bulla ampulla; and
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | d) revising the establishment success of ear- Questionable: Species with insufficient lier casual records in the light of new data. information – ‘suspects’. This also includes new entries not verified by experts or species Materials and Methods with taxonomic status unresolved. Cryptogenic: Species with no definite ev- Records of marine alien species from idence of their native or introduced status coastal and offshore waters of Greece are according to CARLTON (1996) and species compiled based on the existing scientific whose probable introduction occurred in and grey literature, including ELNAIS (2010), ‘early times’ and has not been witnessed, technical reports, scientific congresses, e.g. prior to 1800. academic dissertations, and websites/online Invasive: Species defined as established forums (e.g. http://www.scubadive.gr, aliens that have overcome biotic and abi- http://www.seaslugforum.net), as well as on otic barriers and are able to disseminate unpublished/personal observations. Records away from their area of initial introduction from grey literature or personal observa- through the production of fertile offspring tions are included provided they are sup- with noticeable impact, such as threat to the ported by physical evidence such as speci- diversity or abundance of native species, the mens or photographs. Additional records ecological stability of infested ecosystems, of species found in the period July 2009- economic activities dependent on these December 2010 or previous findings re- ecosystems, and human health. ported within 2010 are discussed. The up- For some species reported as casual in dated list also includes some records re- ZENETOS et al. (2009a) there was evidence ported before June 2009 but missed by of further expansion, which led us to change ZENETOS et al. (2009a). the status of their establishment success. Determination of establishment suc- Nomenclature adopted in this paper follows cess follows terminology provided in the World Register of Marine Species ZENETOS et al. (2009a) and KATSANE- (WoRMS
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | rent distribution of marine aliens in the high rate of introduction being signifi- Greek Seas. cantly correlated to climate change (RAITSOS et al., 2010). More details for Results and Discussion each species are provided in the text that follows. A. New species CYANOPHYCEA Table 1 presents the new species along with some information on their origin, spec- The cyanobacterium Trichodesmium ulated mode of introduction, year of first erythraeum is known from nutrient-poor sighting, and literature. Among the new tropical and subtropical ocean waters (par- species 34 are invertebrates, 1 vertebrate ticularly around Australia). It has been (fish), 3 macroalgae, 8 protozoa, and 1 reported from the Turkish Aegean, in Sici- cyanobacterium (Table 1). By adding these ly (BARRONE, 2004), and in the Gulf of 47 species, and excluding three species (see Gabes, Tunisia (DRIRA et al., 2009). In section B), the inventory of alien marine Greek waters it was found in Chalkida species of Greece now includes a total of (Evvoikos Gulf) by METAXATOS et al. 237 species of which 33 are macrophytes, (2003), while blooms have been reported 131 invertebrates, 42 vertebrates, 2 bacte- from Rodos island (S Aegean) and Lesvos ria, and 29 protozoans (Fig. 1). All the new island (NE Aegean) [Spatharis, pers. obs]. records of invertebrates are zoobenthic species belonging to the taxa investigated PROTOZOA the most intensively, i.e. Polychaeta, Mol- lusca and Crustacea. Fifteen of the records Marteilia refringens is a parasite which appear to have established viable popula- affects the digestive system of several bi- tions already. With the exception of two valve species, inducing physiological disor- species [Anotrichium okamurae Baldock and ders and eventually results in death. The Chattonella verruculosa Y. Hara & M. Chi- first report in Greece dates back to 1997 hara], originating in the North Pacific, all from oyster beds in Thermaikos Gulf the new introductions are warm water species. (ANGELIDIS et al., 2001). According to Examination of the presumed modes of in- the Directorate General of Veterinary Ser- troduction, leads to the inference that some vices in Athens there have been five out- of the well established Lessepsian immi- breaks of the disease in farmed mussels grants in the Levantine Sea are spreading across Greece until November 2010. northwards to the Aegean. However, the KOUKOUSIOURA et al. (2010) re- role of shipping bears equal responsibility ported six cryptogenic foraminiferan species for the transfer of warm water species to namely: Amphistegina lobifera Larsen, Sorites the Aegean Sea, either via Suez or via Gi- orbiculus (Forsska l), Cymbaloporetta plana braltar. It is also worth noticing that with (Cushman), Triloculina fichteliana d’Or- the addition of the 47 species reported here, bigny, Planogypsina acervalis (Brady) and the number of alien species has increased Coscinospira hemprichii Ehrenberg from by 24.4% since the last compilation (June Greek coastal areas. Their distribution can 2009). Overall, 84 new marine alien species be associated with several pathways, via the have been collected/sighted since 2000, this Atlantic during the interglacial warm
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | continued 2003 2001 2005 2005 2010 2010 2010 2010 et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., GEISSLER, 1974 et al., (2009a). ver=Vertebrates, inv=Invertebrates. et al. Table 1 success Sighting Cyanophycea unknown unknown tropical METAXATOS 1997 undefined established aquaculture unknown ANGELIDIS 1997 Dinophyceae cryptogenic/ unknown N Pacific NIKOLAIDIS 1998 Dinophyceae unknown shipping unknown NIKOLAIDIS 2000 Foraminifera cryptogenic/Foraminifera unknown cryptogenic/ unknown via Suez / unknown BLANK VERNET, 1955-64 KOUKOUSIOURA 2001 Foraminifera cryptogenic/ via Suez / unknown KOUKOUSIOURA 2001 Foraminifera cryptogenic/ via Suez / unknown KOUKOUSIOURA 2006 Foraminifera establishedRhodophyta via Suez questionableRhodophyta shipping Indian Ocean/ BLANC-VERNET, establishedRhodophyta 1955-64 NW Pacific shipping questionable GERLOFF & via Suez / Pacific Indo-Pacific 1973 TSIAMIS TSIAMIS & 2009 unknown Trichodesmium erythraeum Ehrenberg Marteilia refringens Cavalier-Smith, 2002 Chattonella verruculosa Y. Hara & M. Chihara questionable Prorocentrum triestinum J. Schiller, 1918 Coscinospira hemprichii Ehrenberg, 1839Cymbaloporetta plana (Cushman, 1924) established established shipping 1969 Planogypsina acervalis (Brady, 1884) established spreading Triloculina fichteliana D’Orbigny, 1838 established shipping Amphistegina madagascariensis D’ Orbigny, 1903Anotrichium okamurae Baldock Apoglossum gregarium (E.Y. Dawson) M.J. WynneChondria pygmaea Garbary & Vandermeulen shipping Red Sea 1969 BELLOU, 2010 Additional alien species in Greek Seas to those reported in ZENETOS Bacteria Protista Protista Protista Protista Protista Protista Protista Protista Plantae Plantae Plantae Kingdom Species Taxon Establishment Vector Origin source First
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | continued 2010 2010 et al., KOUKOURAS, 1994 1987 SATSMADJIS, 1983 1994 et al., 2000 Red Sea SATSMADJIS, 1983 Red Sea success Sighting Table 1 (continued) Polychaeta questionable unknown cosmopolitan FASSARI, 1982 1977 Polychaeta established shipping Indo-Pacific ARVANITIDIS, 1990s Fish/ casualPolychaeta via Gibraltar circumtropical cryptogenic This work shipping unknown 2004 SIMBOURA 1982 Chondrichthyes Polychaeta questionablePolychaeta unknown questionable Red Sea unknown Indian Ocean ARVANITIDIS, SIMBOURA, 1996 unknown 1981 Polychaeta established shipping W Atlantic / SIMBOURA & 1991 Day, 1961 Polychaeta questionable unknown Indo-Pacific / BODGANOS & 1975 (Ehlers, 1907) Polychaeta questionable unknown Indo-Pacific / ARVANITIDIS, 2000 Hartman, 1961 Polychaeta established shipping Pacific SIMBOURA 1983 Kinberg, 1866 Polychaeta questionable unknown Pacific ARVANITIDIS & Savigny, 1818 Polychaeta questionable unknown cosmopolitan BOGDANOS & 1976 Hyboscolex longiseta Leocrates chinensis Loimia medusa Lumbrineris perkinsi Marphysa disjuncta Rhizoprionodon acutus Naineris quadraticeps Capitellethus dispar Chaetozone corona Dasybranchus carneus Dispio magnus Dodecaceria capensis Neopseudocapitella brasiliensis Animalia (inv)Animalia (inv) (Schmarda, 1861) (inv) Animalia (inv) Animalia (inv)Animalia Carrera-Parra, 2001 (inv) Animalia Animalia (inv)(inv) Day, 1965 Polychaeta questionable Via Suez Indian Ocean HARMELIN, 1969 1964 (ver) (Rüppell, 1837) Animalia (inv) Berkeley & Berkeley, 1941 Animalia (inv)Animalia (inv) Grube, 1870 (Day, 1955) Animalia (inv) Rullier & Amoureux, 1979 Red Sea NICOLAIDOU, 2001 Kingdom Species Taxon Establishment Vector Origin source First Animalia Animalia
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | continued 2010 2010 2010 et al., et al., SATMATDIS, 1985 et al., 2000 2000 2000 spreading success Sighting Table 1 (continued) Polychaeta questionablePolychaeta unknown cryptogenic Pacific via Suez /Polychaeta Red Sea ARVANITIDIS, established SIMBOURA, 2011 unknown shipping 1983-84 Pacific SIMBOURA 2005 Crustacea/ cryptogenic Via Suez? unknown KOUKOURAS, unknown Polychaeta questionablePolychaeta unknown questionablePolychaeta Indo-Pacific unknown questionable ARVANITIDIS, Red Sea / unknown unknown ARVANITIDIS, Indo-Pacific ARVANITIDIS, unknown unknown Day, 1963 Polychaeta questionable unknown Indian Ocean BODGANOS & 1975 Wilson, 1990Polychaeta cryptogenic shipping Pacific SIMBOURA 1982 (Grube, 1878) Polychaeta questionable unknown Indo-Pacific ARVANITIDIS, unknown Savignyi 1816 Ascidiacea established via Suez / pantropical KONDILATOS 2009 (Thornely, 1900) Cnidaria/ established via Suez / Indo-Pacific MARINOPOULOS, 1977 Paraprionospio coora Polydora spongicola Polycirrus twisti Protodorvillea biarticulata Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata Clytia linearis Synalpheus tumidomanus africanus Scoletoma debilis Sigambra constricta Syllis schulzi Timarete dasylophius Phallusia nigra Animalia (inv) Animalia (inv)Animalia (inv) Berkeley & Berkeley, 1950Animalia Potts, 1928Animalia (inv) (Okuda, 1937) spreading 2000 (inv) Animalia (inv)Animalia Hydrozoa spreading 1979 (inv) (Crosnier & Forest, 1965) Decapoda 1978 (inv) Animalia Animalia (inv)Animalia (inv) (Southern, 1921) Animalia (inv) (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)Animalia (inv) (Marenzeller, 1879) Indian Ocean 1994 Kingdom Species Taxon Establishment Vector Origin source First
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | 2010a 2010 2010 2010 2010 , 2010 DOPOULOU, 2010 et al., et al., et al, et al. et al., et al., spreading Red Sea success Sighting Table 1 (continued) Crustacea/ casual unknown Indo-Pacific CORSINI-FOKA 2010 Crustacea/ casual via Suez / Indo-Pacific PANCUCCI-PAPA- 2009 Mollusca/ established via Suez / Indo-Pacific / This work 2010 Mollusca/Opisthobranchia established via Suez / Indo-Pacific / This work 2007 (Sturany, 1899) Mollusca/ casual via Suez / Red Sea MANOUSIS 2008 Roemer, 1860 Mollusca/ casual via Suez / Red Sea MANOUSIS 2007 van Aartsen, 2004 Mollusca/ casual via Suez / Red Sea MANOUSIS 2008 Broderip, 1834 Mollusca/ questionable via Suez / Indo-Pacific MANOUSIS 2008 (Rüppell, 1830) Crustacea/ established via Suez / Indo-Pacific CORSINI-FOKA & 2009 (Dunker, 1855) Mollusca/ established via Suez / Indo-Pacific / This work 2010 Atergatis roseus Gonioinfradens paucidentatus Macrophthalmus graeffei Dendrostrea frons Chama pacifica Septifer forskali Diplodonta bogii Cardites akabana Dosinia erythraea Hypselodoris infucata (inv) Decapoda spreading PANCUCCI-PAPA- (inv) (A. Milne Edwards, 1861) Decapoda (inv) Bivalvia shipping Animalia (inv) A. Milne Ewdards, 1873 Decapoda spreading DOPOULOU (inv)(inv)Animalia Bivalvia Bivalvia spreading spreading Red Sea Animalia Animalia (inv)Animalia (inv) (Linnaeus, 1758) Bivalvia Bivalvia spreading Red Sea spreading Animalia Animalia (inv) Bivalvia spreading Animalia (inv) (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828) Kingdom SpeciesAnimalia Taxon Establishment Vector Origin source First Animalia
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | Fig. 1: Breakdown of marine alien species in Greek Seas per taxonomic group. periods of the Pleistocene-Holocene or fair- 2008). In Greece C. hemprichii was report- ly recent invasions, now well established, ed from Kriti (HOLLAUS & HOTTINGER, most probably via the Suez Canal 1997), and from the Aegean Sea under the (KOUKOUSIOURA et al., 2010). Of these, name Spirolina arietina (BLANC-VERNET, Amphistegina lobifera and Sorites orbiculus 1969). KOUKOUSIOURA et al. (2010) were included in the compiled list of found C. hemprichii mainly in the central ZENETOS et al. (2009a). Coscinospira and northern Aegean sites, yet in very low hemprichii and Amphistegina madagascariensis abundances. are missing from the list although they have Cymbaloporetta plana thrives in the shal- been known since the 1950s (BLANC- low water environments of the Pacific Ocean. VERNET, 1969). Amphistegina madagas- KOUKOUSIOURA et al. (2010) found C. cariensis was reported in the infralittoral plana mainly at the northern and central zone of Peloponnesos, Kastellorizo, Kriti Aegean sites displaying a peak in relative and Saronikos in Halophila meadows abundance at the site of Mavro Lithari (Sa- (BLANC-VERNET, 1969). ronikos Gulf). Coscinispira hemprichii is a symbiont- Planogypsina acervalis seems to be com- bearing foraminiferan exhibiting a global mon in the Atlantic, Indian and Red Seas. tropical distribution. It is reported from the BLANC-VERNET (1969) described this Indo-Pacific and the Red Sea. Widely dis- species from the coasts of Provence, France. tributed in the Mediterranean, it is known KOUKOUSIOURA et al. (2010) reported from the coasts of Turkey under the syn- P. acervalis as rare at the central Aegean onym Peneroplis arietinus (MERIC et al., and always in very low abundances.
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | Triloculina fichteliana thrives in the dominant species (TSIAMIS & BELLOU, shallow water environments of the Atlantic 2010). Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Red Sea. In the Two taxa have probably been confused Mediterranean Sea, MERIC et al. (2008) under the name of Anotrichium furcellatum: reported it from the coasts of Turkey. the native taxon described from Naples and KOUKOUSIOURA et al. (2010) report- a species (Anotrichium okamurae) originally ed it as rare at the southern and central described from Japan, probably introduced Aegean and always found in very low abun- from the Pacific at an unknown time and dances. exhibiting invasive behaviour. In Greece, where A. furcellatum has frequently been DINOFLAGELLATA recorded in the Ionian and Aegean Seas, three hypotheses have to be considered: ei- The species Chattonella verruculosa ap- ther we have the native taxon, or the intro- peared in Amvrakikos in 1998, causing mass duced species, or both taxa. Pending new finfish mortality (NIKOLAIDIS et al., 2005). information, the Greek records of A. fur- However, its presence has not been con- cellatum are provisionally attributed to A. firmed by later findings and even its iden- okamurae as a debatable case (TSIAMIS et tification is problematic (K. Aligizaki, pers. al., 2010). comm.). Blooms of Prorocentrum triestinum In the Mediterranean Sea, Chondria were reported in Thermaikos Gulf during pygmaea was found among the epiflora of 2000 and 2001 and were considered re- the introduced Halophila stipulacea every sponsible for water discoloration time that it was studied. Considering the (NIKOLAIDIS et al., 2005 reported as Pro- wide distribution of the introduced seagrass rocentrum redfeldii). in Greece, the occurrence of C. pygmaea is highly probable. Pending confirmation, C. MACROALGAE pygmaea was provisionally included in the questionable category by TSIAMIS et al. TSIAMIS & BELLOU (2010) report- (2010). ed a first finding of the red macroalgae Apoglossum gregarium in Greece, which is ASCIDIACEA also the first record in the eastern Mediter- ranean basin. It was found on artificial sub- The ascidian Phallusia nigra is among strata (in experimental frames, after one the established alien species of the Levan- year of deployment) at 50 m depth near tine basin. Its presence in Greek waters was Sapientza Island, southeastern Ionian Sea, first noted in 2009. Established populations Greece (Lat 36o 44’33.6"N, Lon 21o were observed by SCUBA diving offshore 42’32.5"E), on 2 April 2009. The Greek spec- the beach ‘Stegna' and in one of the har- imens were identical to the previous Mediter- bours of Rodos Island (KONDILATOS ranean descriptions and were epiphytic et al., 2010). on a bryozoan. Moreover, the Greek habi- tat is the deepest ever recorded for the CRUSTACEA/DECAPODA species. The surrounding natural habitat was sandy mud, and the invasive alga Cauler- A single specimen of the crab Macroph- pa racemosa var. cylindracea was the pre- thalmus graeffei, was collected in 2009 by
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | PANCUCCI et al. (2010) in the Gulf of Tri- (MANOUSIS et al., 2010). Cardites aka- anta (W. Rodos Island). The xanthid Ater- bana was collected from sandy-muddy bot- gatis roseus firstly recorded in 2009 at Plim- toms of the sublittoral zone of the southern miris Bay (SE Rodos) at 6-8 m depth on Thessaloniki Gulf and eastern Thermaikos sandy bottom with rocks covered by vege- Gulf. Following the first finding at 0.5 m tation (CORSINI-FOKA & PANCUCCI- depth in Cape, Epanomi in April 2008, sev- PAPADOPOULOU, 2010) is now consid- en live specimens and two shells (some bear- ered established (CORSINI-FOKA et al., ing their periostracum) were found with 2010). Both aforementioned species are their lengths ranging from 1.6 mm to 7.6 well established in the Levantine Basin. mm (MANOUSIS et al., 2010). CORSINI-FOKA et al. (2010a) docu- Two established populations of Den- mented the first record for the Mediter- drostrea frons were discovered in June 2010 ranean Sea of the red swimming crab Go- in northern Kriti and in June 2010 in Astyp- nioinfradens paucidentatus, from specimens alaia Island. The species, initially report- collected at Rodos Island (southeastern ed from southern Turkey ( EVIKER, 2001), Aegean Sea), giving a detailed description appears to have spread eastwards and be- of samples and biotopes. come established in Vai Bay, Astypalaia Is- The Alboran populations of Synalpheus land (36Æ35'13.75"N 26Æ24'10.52"E), where tumidomanus africanus may represent a nat- thousands of live specimens were found on ural expansion of the biogeographic dis- a big metallic cage brought by the sea to a tribution range of the species from the sandy-muddy bottom with Posidonia patch- Atlantic. However, the references of Sy- es at 5-6 m of depth (cages in use were sit- nalpheus tumidomanus africanus from Greece uated 1.5 km away, just at the end of the and Turkey (KOUKOURAS & bay) (R. Villa, pers. comm.) and in Kriti, as KATTOULAS 1974; KOCATA , 1981) evidenced by the finding of ci 25 mature in- could indicate a separate advance in the dividuals in Agia Pelagia ( D. Poursanidis, eastern Mediterranean littoral from the Is- A. Zenetos, pers. obs). rael populations. Recently it has been cap- About ten live Septifer forskali speci- tured in Sicily (BACCI et al., 2010). The un- mens were found byssed on Dendrostrea resolved question is whether the eastern frons at Astypalaia Island, together with Mediterranean populations are ‘alien' or Pinctada radiata and Brachidontes pharao- not. Following ZENETOS et al. (2010) we nis, constituting the first record of this species have classified it as cryptogenic. for Greece. The species was sighted again in Agia Pelagia, Kriti in December 2010 MOLLUSCA (Poursanidis, pers. obs.) and in Alimos, Sa- ronikos Gulf, attached on Acanthocardia Dosinia erythraea is reported from two spinosa (P. Ovalis, pers. obs). live specimens with length of 35 mm and 44 Hypselodoris infucata is very common mm respectively, collected at a depth of 5- in the Levantine Sea where it can be found 8 m, during 2007 at Aggelochori, Thermaikos all year round. This work reports the first Gulf (MANOUSIS et al., 2010). The record finding of the species in Greek waters. A of Diplodonta bogii is based on one live spec- single specimen of Hypselodoris infucata imen of 7 mm, found at 5m in Palioura, (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1830) was pho- Epanomi, Thermaikos Gulf in March 2008 tographed on a rocky bottom at a depth
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | of 0.5 m in the west side of the port of Kastel- Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata was lorizo Island, on 28 August 2007. This species originally described from Japan and the Pa- was sighted again at the same site in Septem- cific Ocean and its establishment in the ber 2009. Mediterranean was attributed to ballast wa- The record of Chama pacifica is based ters (DAGLI & INAR, 2008). In Greece on one specimen (6.7 mm in length) found P. paucibranchiata was found in Larymna in 2008 as epibiont of Pinna nobilis shell col- Bay (Evvoikos Gulf, Aegean Sea). It was al- lected at Aggelochori, Thessaloniki Bay so found casually among the endofauna (MANOUSIS et al., 2010). However, the of a Zostera meadow in Geras Gulf (Lesvos picture shown in Fig. 2d of MANOUSIS et Island) and in Elefsis Bay (Saronikos Gulf) al. (2010) is not convincing. The specimen (SIMBOURA et al., 2010). is too small to be accurately identified as C. Neopseudocapitella brasiliensis has been pacifica and the record is based on a single known since 1991 in the Evvoikos Gulf (from individual. It is speculated here that the Chalkis to Larymna) and in Kriti specimen corresponds to Chama aspersa. (SIMBOURA, 1996). The species is also known in the Levantine Sea (Cyprus, Turkey), POLYCHAETA Adriatic, Central and west Mediterranean (ZENETOS et al., 2010). The presence of Chaetozone corona in Lumbrineris perkinsi was first reported the Mediterranean Sea was first reported as L. inflata by GIANGRANDE et al. (1981), by INAR & ERGEN (2007) from Izmir who collected it from the Ischia Harbour Bay who postulated that this species might (Tyrrhenian Sea, western Mediterranean). be a cryptogenic species. According to In Greece (as L. inflata), it was found in SIMBOURA et al. (2010), earlier records Evvoikos and Thermaikos Gulfs in the 1990s designated as Chaetozone sp. B are currently (ARVANITIDIS, 1994). Dense populations identified as C. corona. Thus, C. corona of L. perkinsi on the southern coast of Turkey shows a wide distribution in North Evvoikos ( INAR, 2009), Egypt (ABD-ELNABY, Gulf, Thermaikos Gulf, Kyklades and Kri- 2009) and Greece (ARVANITIDIS, 1994) ti in disturbed and undisturbed sites and the single record from the western (SIMBOURA et al., 2010). Mediterranean might indicate that this Marphysa disjuncta is a species first species could have been introduced to the recorded in the Mediterranean Sea from Mediterranean from the Suez Canal. How- Fethiye Bay (Levantine Sea, Turkey) by ever, its occurrence in the Indo-Pacific area KURT AHIN & INAR (2009), pre- should be checked. sumably introduced from the Pacific Ocean The terebellid species Polycirrus twisti through ballast waters. In Greece Marphysa Potts, 1928 had been confused with Poly- disjuncta was found in North Evvoikos Gulf cirrus plumosus Wollebaeck, 1912 because (Aegean Sea) at 80 m depth on mud mixed of incomplete or unclear descriptions and with metalliferous waste (slag), in the caldera its presence in Greek Seas had been over- of Santorini island (Kyklades, Aegean Sea) looked. SIMBOURA (2011) reports on its at 316 m depth on muddy gravel of volcanic occurrence in Korinthiakos Gulf and dis- material, and in Saronikos Gulf at 60-70 m cusses previous findings in the Aegean Sea depth in muddy sandy sediments since the eighties. (SIMBOURA et al., 2010). A total of 14 questionable alien poly-
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | chaetes (Capitellethus dispar, Dasybranchus was measured and weighed. It was a male carneus, Dispio magnus, Dodecaceria capen- with a total length 162cm, a fork length sis, Hyboscolex longiseta, Leocrates chinen- 130cm, pectoral length 102cm and a round sis, Loimia medusa, Naineris quadraticeps, weight of 21.5 Kg. A tissue sample was kept Polydora spongicola, Protodorvillea biartic- for DNA analysis (code No 42), preserved ulata, Scoletoma debilis, Sigambra con- in the Ichthyology Laboratory of the Univer- stricta, Syllis schulzi and Timarete dasylophius) sity of Athens. was reported by SIMBOURA & NICO- LAIDOU (2001) and ZENETOS et al. (2010) B. Species to be excluded but they had not previously been classi- fied as aliens. The alga Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa (Borgesen) M.S. Kim & I.K. Lee was first CNIDARIA recorded in the Mediterranean Sea from Tunisia and successively from Corsica, the Clytia linearis was found on algae, Posi- Balearic Islands and Milos Island in Greece. donia oceanica, sponges, hydroids, bryozoans CORMACI et al. (2004) considered N. sphae- and on polychaete tubes, in shallow warm rocarpa as an alien species. However, the waters (BOERO & FRESI, 1986). In the species is distributed worldwide and mo- Mediterranean, it has been recorded from lecular data are needed to locate its place the French coast, Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian of origin. Moreover, the identification of Sea, Adriatic and Ionian Sea, Spanish wa- the species is not easy. Consequently the ters, Alboran Sea off the coast of Morocco, absence of N. sphaerocarpa in the Mediter- Greek waters, and Lebanese waters. In ranean prior to 1970 could simply mean that Greece, C. linearis was recorded from Aspra it was overlooked or mistaken for another Spitia (Korinthiakos Gulf) by Polysiphonia species. Pending further in- MARINOPOULOS (1979) (as Clytia gravieri) vestigations, TSIAMIS et al. (2010) provi- (collection date: 1977) and from Kos Island sionally consider this species as native in the (Aegean Sea) by MORRI & BIANCHI Mediterranean Sea. (1999) (collection date 1981). The record of Circenita callipyga (Born 1778) is based on one shell measuring 8.6 FISH mm in length, found in the Gulf of Thessa- loniki, Mikro Emvolo, at 5m in 2008 The milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus (MANOUSIS et al., 2010). However, the has a circumtropical distribution (Tropical picture of the shell figured in MANOUSIS Atlantic and Indian Ocean, Red Sea and et al. (2010) is not convincing in our opin- Japan). To date it has been considered as a ion as it does not match the species de- vagrant fish in the Mediterranean, its record scription (size, outline, sculpture). The ovate based on a single specimen captured in the rather than trigonal outline and the radial Gulf of Taranto, Italian Ionian Sea sculpture are diagnostic features for the (PASTORE & TORTONESE, 1984). The species. This is not clear from Figure 3a present work reports a second sighting of of MANOUSIS et al. (2010) where a whole the species in the Greek SW Ionian Sea (Lat bivalved specimen is depicted, presumably 36Æ 52' N, Lon 20Æ 32' E). The individual, belonging to a juvenile Gouldia minima captured on 16 July 2004 by D. Damalas, (Montagu, 1803). After consideration of the
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | Mediterranean distribution of the species dos Island’s rocky bottoms and even in Kastel- which is restricted to Israel (ZENETOS et lorizo Island (KALOGIROU, 2010). al., 2004), this record has been excluded A second record of the small Indo- from our list. Pacific fish Tylerius spinosissimus (Te- Two of the Atlantic invaders (Alop- traodontidae) (known as spiny blaasop) was ias superciliosus and Gaidropsarus granti) documented at the beginning of 2009 in the are excluded from the list of Greek alien waters of Rodos Island (south-eastern Aegean species following ZENETOS et al. (2010), Sea, Greece). The finding shows the puta- who consider them Atlanto-Mediterranean tive establishment of a population of this species. alien fish in the Mediterranean around the Dodekanisos islands (CORSINI-FOKA C. Change in establishment success et al., 2010b). Seriola fasciata (Bloch, 1793) is a species The species listed in Table 2 have been of amphi-Atlantic origin, which made its reported from more than one site, and hence first appearance in Rodos in 2004. Conse- they are now considered to be established quent findings in Rodos (2009) and Lesvos in Greek waters. Details on their distribu- (2010) [ELNAIS, 2010] confirm its estab- tion are provided below. lishment success in Greek waters. The establishment of the fangtooth The Lessepsian immigrant Hypnea cor- moray eel Enchelycore anatina in the south nuta, found only twice in the Aegean Sea Aegean is confirmed by the finding of a spec- [in 1894 in Rodos Island (as H. valentiae) imen in Rodos Island in 2010 (KALO- and one century later, in 2007], was found GIROU, 2010) and another one in Karpathos again in the Saronikos Gulf (TSIAMIS et Island (CORSINI-FOKA, 2010, pers. comm.) al., 2008) in August 2009; hence it appears As an indication of its establishment, local to have become established in the area fishermen state that they catch approxi- (TSIAMIS et al., 2010). mately 4-5 individuals per vessel with gill- The red alga Sarconema scinaioides, nets during the summer period along Ro- which was reported from Greece only in the
Table 2 Alien marine species in Greece classified as established.
Species Taxon Source Enchelycore anatina (Lowe, 1839) Fish/Osteichthyes KALOGIROU, 2010 Tylerius spinosissimus (Regan, 1908) Fish/Osteichthyes CORSINI-FOKA et al., 2010b Seriola fasciata (Bloch, 1793) Fish/Osteichthyes ELNAIS, 2010 Hypnea cornuta (Kützing) J. Agardh 1851 Rhodophyta TSIAMIS et al., 2010 Sarconema scinaioides B rgesen, 1934 Rhodophyta TSIAMIS et al., 2010 Cassiopea andromeda (Forsska l, 1775) Cnidaria/Scyphozoa This work Gastrochaena cymbium Spengler 1783 Mollusca/Bivalvia MANOUSIS et al., 2010 Pseudochama corbieri (Jonas, 1846) Mollusca/Bivalvia MANOUSIS et al., 2010 Chromodoris annulata (Eliot, 1904) Mollusca /Gastropoda This work Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830Mollusca/Cephalopoda This work
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | Saronikos Gulf in the early 1980’s, was found Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 is again at the same location after about 30 one of the most commercially important years (see TSIAMIS et al., 2009); thus, re- squid species for inshore fisheries through- vealing an established population in the area out its distributional range. It is common still surviving after three decades (TSIAMIS in the Levantine basin and first appeared et al., 2010). in Greek waters at Dodekanisos in 2009 Cassiopea andromeda, which occurs (LEFKADITOU et al., 2009). Ever since, along the Levantine coastline, was recent- occasional reports e.g. in Kastellorizo (G. ly reported from Malta (SCHEMBRI et al., Apostolopoulos pers. obs.) and elsewhere 2010). SCHÄFER (1955) reported the (ELNAIS, 2010) testify to its establishment occurrence of very young specimens (2-30 success and eastward spread. mm) on Neokameni, a small volcanic island The presence of Alepes djedaba near Santorini, Aegean Sea, where the (Forsska l, 1775) in Greek water has to be medusae flourished in rocky pools with wa- downgraded to questionable. The species ter temperatures reaching up to 36Æ C was not reported in PANAGIOTOPOULOS due to volcanic activity. The present work (1916), as mentioned in ZENETOS et al. reports on the finding of >15 alive individ- (2009a). However, under its synonym Caranx uals of C. andromeda in Paros Island at gallus it was reported by MALDURA (1938) depths between 2–10 m (June 2010: S. Kat- in Rodos, a citation that was later correct- sanevakis pers. obs.) and in S. Evvoikos, ed by LASKARIDIS (1948) as the native (Chalkoutsi, September 2010: A. Zenetos Alectis alexandrinus. It appears that pers. obs.). PAPACONSTANTINOU (1988) cites A. From six stations of the sublittoral zone djedaba as questionable based on of eastern Thermaikos Gulf, Thessaloniki TORTONESE (1952) who has repeated Gulf and Thessaloniki Bay, more than 30 MALDURA (1938). Although it is estab- live specimens of Gastrochaena cymbium, lished in the Levantine Sea and eastern 5.4-5.7 mm in length, were dissected out of Aegean Sea, its occurrence in Greek wa- their calcareous capsules (MANOUSIS et ters, based only on BINI (1960), remains to al., 2010). Empty shells of G. cymbium were be confirmed. extracted from Ostrea sp. shells collected in Elefsis Bay, Saronikos Gulf (S. Katsanevakis, D. Misidentifications and Nomenclatural pers. obs.). changes Two live specimens of Pseudochama corbieri (Jonas 1846) measuring 13.1 mm Attention was paid to recent nomen- and 19.1 mm, were found in April 2006 in clatural updates (Table 3). These are the Epanomi, Thermaikos Gulf, North Aegean result of the latest taxonomic and/or mo- at 2 m depth (MANOUSIS et al., 2010). lecular studies. Such is the case for the com- The presence of Chromodoris annula- mercially important swimming crab Por- ta (Eliot, 1904) in Greece was documented tunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) and the from a single sighting of the species in Sa- gastropod Bulla ampulla (Linnaeus, 1958). ronikos Gulf. The species was observed again Based on morphological and DNA charac- in September 2010 in Madraki, Kastellori- ters as well as biogeographical considera- zo at a depth of 0.5 m (G. Apostolopoulos, tions P. pelagicus is in fact Portunus segnis, pers. obs.). a species confined to the western Indian
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | Table 3 Misidentifications and nomenclature changes.
New name Old name Source Equulites klunzingeri (Steindachner, 1898) Leiognathus klunzingeri FISHBASE (Steindachner, 1898) Portunus segnis (Forsska l, 1775) Portunus pelagicus LAI et al., 2010 (Linnaeus, 1758) Conomurex persicus (Swainson, 1821) Strombus persicus WoRMS (Swainson, 1821) Bulla arabica Malaquias & Reid, 2008 Bulla ampulla This work (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ocean from Pakistan to South Africa (LAI MALAQUIAS & REID (2008) that previ- et al., 2010). ous records of Bulla ampulla in this basin With regard to Bulla ampulla, DNA was should be considered misidentifications of extracted and amplified for the mitochon- B. arabica. drial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rRNA. COI amplification E. Change in introduction dates was not successful but the 16S yielded good quality sequences. Those were blasted in Recent literature and/or re-examina- GenBank and results retrieve maximum tion of other sources make it clear that similarity with the two sequences of Bulla the collection date of species listed in Table arabica available in this database, including 4 needs to be corrected. with the holotype of the species (BMNH 20060103/1, United Arab Emirates; GenBank F. Distribution of reported aliens accession number: DQ986575.1). The re- sults of molecular analysis confirm the oc- Besides those species considered as ca- currence of Bulla arabica in the Mediter- sual and reported in other locations, which ranean Sea and support the suggestion by reveals their establishment success, many
Table 4 Correction of collection dates reported in ZENETOS et al. (2009a).
Species Correct collection Source date Alepes djedaba (Forsska l, 1775) 1960 not 1916 BINI, 1960 Siganus rivulatus Forsska l, 1775 1925 not 1932 ZACHARIOU MAMALINGA, 1990 Apogon pharaonis Bellotti, 1874 1982 not 2002 ZACHARIOU-MAMALINGA, 1990 Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 1983 not 1985 ZACHARIOU-MAMALINGA, 1990 Amphistegina lessonii d’Orbigny, 1826 1974 not 1997 Hottinger pers. comm. Conomurex persicus (Swainson, 1821) 1983 not 1986 VERHECKEN, 1984
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | of the established species have expanded sites with somewhat higher percentages at their geographic distribution range north- Falasarna (7.5% of the foraminiferal fau- wards or have spread rapidly within the same na) (KOUKOUSIOURA et al., 2010). area, revealing an invasive character. Ex- Two bivalvia species of the Chamidae amples are presented below: family were collected from rocky bottoms The recent records of Lagocephalus scel- of Thermaikos Gulf: Chama asperella La- eratus (Gmelin, 1788) verify that the species marck 1819 (four live specimens with length is now very common along the central, south- ranging from 8.2 mm to 17.6 mm) at 5m ern and southeastern coasts of the Aegean Paralia, Epanomi, in October 2008, on Pin- Sea. Recent captures confirm the spread- na nobilis, and at Palioura, Epanomi, in De- ing of the species in the NW Aegean Sea, cember 2008, and Chama aspersa Reeve increasing the number of its northern records 1846 (two live specimens 15 mm and 26 mm in the whole Mediterranean (MINOS et al., in length, respectively), in 2008, from the 2010) (Fig. 2a). sea shore at Paralia, Epanomi, Thermaikos Findings of the recently recorded Pet- Gulf (MANOUSIS et al., 2010). Chama as- roscirtes ancylodon Rüppell, 1838, Calliony- persa was also collected in September 2010 mus filamentosus Valenciennes, 1837, Torquigen- from Elefsis Bay, Saronikos Gulf (S. Kat- er flavimaculosus Hardy & Randall, 1983 and sanevakis, pers. obs.). Scomberomorus commerson Lacepède, 1800 Brachidontes pharaonis (Fischer P., from Rodos in summer 2008, confirm their 1870), previously known only from Rodos quick establishment (CORSINI-FOKA, 2010). and Saronikos Gulf, was also observed in Torquigener flavimaculosus and P. ancylodon SE Kriti (P. Ovalis, ELNAIS, 2010) and were also spotted in Kastellorizo (G. Apos- Astypalaia Island in June 2010. Pinctada tolopoulos, pers. obs.). radiat· (Leach, 1814), known as north as Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brun- the Evvoikos Gulf, was collected at Palioura, ner, 1940, well established in the south Epanomi, in March 2005, at Cape, Epano- Aegean Sea (CORSINI-FOKA & mi in August 2010 (S. Mitsoudi, pers. ECONOMIDIS, 2007; CORSINI-FOKA, comm.) and at Astypalaia Island in June 2010), was captured in boat seine hauls 2010 (F. Crocetta, pers. obs.). carried out in the period 2008-2009 in the Trochus erithraeus Brocchi, 1821 previ- Aegean Sea, occurring in up to 60% of ously known from Kriti, (COSENZA & the hauls (LEFKADITOU et al., 2010). FASULO, 1997) has been spotted in 2010 Its current distribution is illustrated in in central Aegean Sea. One shell was col- Fig. 2b. lected on the coast of Syros Island and de- KOUKOUSIOURA et al. (2010) pos- posited in the collection of the Goulan- tulated that Amphistegina lobifera, is the dris Natural History Museum. dominant foraminifer species at the south- An established population of Synaptu- ern and central Aegean usually comprising la reciprocans (Forsska l, 1775) measuring more than 30% of total specimens of the 20-100 cm in length was found at Loutro, foraminiferal assemblages. In the northern SW Kriti (35Æ12' 1.68"N 24Æ 4' 53.70"E) site (N. Kallikratia) A. lobifera was present at depths more than 5 m (D. Poursanidis, at very low abundances. ELNAIS, 2010) (Fig. 2c). Sorites orbiculus was regularly found at Further to its spread in the North Aegean the central Aegean and southern Aegean and Ionian Sea (KATSANEVAKIS &
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | TSIAMIS, 2009; KATSANEVAKIS et al., and NW Kriti during summer and autumn 2011), and its population explosion along the 2010 (D. Poursanidis, pers. obs.) and may coasts of Rodos in 2010 (M. Corsini-Foka, thus be considered as established along the pers. obs.), Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Ed- entire Cretan coastline; it was also found in wards, 1853) was found at 10 sites in SW, W, Pesada, S. Kefallonia Island, Ionian Sea in
·. b.
c. d.
Fig. 2 (·-d): Distribution of some of the most invasive species. Asterisks indicate findings after ZENETOS et al. (2009).
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | July 2010 (A. Panou, pers. comm,). One of countered in Saronikos and/or Thermaikos us (G. Apostolopoulos) has observed and Gulfs present a limited distribution in the photographed P. gibbesi along the north Kastel- aforementioned areas. lorizo coast repeatedly since 2004 (Fig. 2d). Figure 3 shows aliens’ zoogeographi- Conclusions cal patterns in Greek waters. The highest number (93 species) was reported in the > Following the review by ZENETOS et Dodekanisos area, SE Aegean, which tes- al. (2009a) on marine alien species in tifies to the importance of the area as the Greek Seas, 47 additional species are re- entrance point of Lessepsian immigrants ported herewith, bringing the total to 237, spreading towards the Aegean Sea. Par- which is a 24.4% increase. Twenty one of ticular notice should be given to the 86 the listed species were reported for the species reported in the wider area of the first time in 2009-2010, whereas 21 species Saronikos Gulf, a hotspot area for bioin- (mostly Polychaeta) although they ex- vasions in Greek waters, closely related isted in the literature, had never been clas- to the route of ships towards Peiraias, the sified as aliens previously. biggest Greek port. Relatively high (40 > The species Hypselodoris infucata, Den- species) is also the number of alien species drostrea frons, Septifer forskali and Rhizo- in the Thermaikos Gulf (related to the port prionodon acutus are reported in this work of Thessaloniki). Many of the species en- for the first time in Greek waters.
Fig. 3: Pattern of alien species distribution in Greek waters.
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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 01/08/2019 07:22:19 | > Four species reported in previous lists are thanks are due to Sofia Galinou-Mitsoudi now excluded. These are: the rhodophyte (Alexander Technological Educational In- Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa, the bivalve stitute of Thessaloniki); Nomiki Simboura Circenita callipyga, and the fish Alopias (HCMR, Anavissos); Antonella Pancucci- superciliosus and Gaidropsarus granti. Papadopoulou (HCMR, Anavissos); Eu- > Based on molecular analysis, we confirm genia Lefkaditou (HCMR, Agios Kosmas); the occurrence of Bulla arabica in the Yiannis Issaris (HCMR, Agios Kosmas); Mediterranean Sea and support the sug- Mariolina Corsini-Foka (HCMR, Rodos) gestion by MALAQUIAS & REID (2008) and Panayotis Ovalis (Athens) for provid- that previous records of Bulla ampulla in ing collection details for some of the new the Mediterranean should be considered species. We also thank Kimon Moschan- as a misidentification of B. arabica. dreou, Katerina Aligizaki (Aristotle Univer- > In 2010, ten species previously known as sity of Thessaloniki), Sofia Spatharis (Univer- casual and/or questionable immigrants, sity of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece), Rai- have established viable populations and mondo Villa (Italy) and Francis Kerckhof spread to many localities in the Greek (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences) coasts. To-date, of the 237 alien species for profitable correspondence and exchange reported in Greek waters, 127 are estab- of information. Sincere thanks are due to lished; 59 are casual records; 20 are cryp- Tassos Eleftheriou (Kriti) for helpful and togenic and 31 are questionable records. useful comments that improved significantly > The majority of alien species belong to the manuscript. Mollusca (47 species: 19.8%), followed by fish (41 species: 17.3%), Polychaeta References (38 species: 16.0%), macroalgae (33 species: 13.9%), and Crustacea (31 species: 13.1%). ABD-ELNABY, F.A., 2009. Polychaete > Most of the newly introduced and/or re- study in Northeastern Mediterranean ported species originate in tropical sub- coast of Egypt. World Journal of Fish & tropical areas of the Pacific, Indian or At- Marine Sciences, 1 (2): 85-93. lantic Oceans. ANGELIDIS, P., VIRVILIS, C., PHOTIS, > The increased rate of introductions of G., CHOLLET, B. & BERTHE, F., warm water species confirms the previ- 2001. First report of Marteilia disease ous findings linking the rate of introduc- of the flat oyster Ostrea edulis, in the tion in the eastern Mediterranean to gulf of Thessaloniki, Greece. 10th Inter- climate change. national Conference of the E.A.F.P., > Although many of the newly reported 10-14 September 2001, Dublin. species are Lessepsian immigrants spread- ARVANITIDIS, C., 1994. Systematic and ing in the Aegean Sea, the role of ship- bionomic study of the macrobenthic ping is gaining significance as a vector of Polychaeta of the Northern Aegean. alien species’ transfer in the Aegean Sea. PhD Thesis, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 512 pp. (in Greek) Ackowledgements ARVANITIDIS, C., 2000. Polychaete fauna of the Aegean Sea: inventory The authors would like to express their and new information. Bulletin of thanks to all ELNAIS contributors. Special Marine Science, 66 (1): 73-96.
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