DOCSLIB.ORG

Marine Science

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marine Science Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Jan – Jun 2018 | ISSN: 0856-860X Chief Editor José Paula Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Chief Editor José Paula | Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Portugal Copy Editor Timothy Andrew Editorial Board Louis CELLIERS Blandina LUGENDO South Africa Tanzania Lena GIPPERTH Aviti MMOCHI Serge ANDREFOUËT Sweden Tanzania France Johan GROENEVELD Nyawira MUTHIGA Ranjeet BHAGOOLI South Africa Kenya Mauritius Issufo HALO Brent NEWMAN South Africa/Mozambique South Africa Salomão BANDEIRA Mozambique Christina HICKS Jan ROBINSON Australia/UK Seycheles Betsy Anne BEYMER-FARRIS Johnson KITHEKA Sérgio ROSENDO USA/Norway Kenya Portugal Jared BOSIRE Kassim KULINDWA Melita SAMOILYS Kenya Tanzania Kenya Atanásio BRITO Thierry LAVITRA Max TROELL Mozambique Madagascar Sweden Published biannually Aims and scope: The Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science provides an avenue for the wide dissem- ination of high quality research generated in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, in particular on the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources. This is central to the goal of supporting and promoting sustainable coastal development in the region, as well as contributing to the global base of marine science. The journal publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of marine science and coastal manage- ment. Topics include, but are not limited to: theoretical studies, oceanography, marine biology and ecology, fisheries, recovery and restoration processes, legal and institutional frameworks, and interactions/relationships between humans and the coastal and marine environment. In addition, Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science features state-of-the-art review articles and short communications. The journal will, from time to time, consist of special issues on major events or important thematic issues. Submitted articles are subjected to standard peer-review prior to publication. Manuscript submissions should be preferably made via the African Journals Online (AJOL) submission plat- form (http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wiojms/about/submissions). Any queries and further editorial corre- spondence should be sent by e-mail to the Chief Editor, [email protected]. Details concerning the preparation and submission of articles can be found in each issue and at http://www.wiomsa.org/wio-journal-of-marine- science/ and AJOL site. Disclaimer: Statements in the Journal reflect the views of the authors, and not necessarily those of WIOMSA, the editors or publisher. Copyright © 2018 —Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the copyright holder. ISSN 0856-860X Cover image: Maputo (© Jose Paula, 2010) Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Jan – Jun 2018 Table of Contents Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers, 1878), an alien Penaeidae in Mozambican coastal waters: confirmation by mtDNA and morphology analyses Luisa Simbine, Carla G. Marques, Patrícia D. Freitas, Kélvin E. Samucidine, Jaquenline Gusmão, Carolina Tavares, Pedro G. Junior 1 Keys and bibliography for the identification of zoeal stages of brachyuran crabs from the Western Indian Ocean Marta Bento, José Paula 13 Navigating the sea space: the nature and significance of giriama indigenous knowledge on marine resources Khamati Shilabukha 53 Reef fishes of praia do Tofo and praia da Barra, Inhambane, Mozambique Alexander J. Fordyce 71 A feeding aggregation of Omura‘s whale, Balaenoptera omurai, off Nosy Be, Mozambique Channel Pierre Laboute, Philippe Borsa 93 Hand-held Sediment Corer for Use in Shallow, Turbulent Coastal Environments Stephanie V. Stainbank, Michael H. Schleyer 99 Seasonal variation in the length-weight relationship and condition factor of thirty fish species from the Shimoni artisanal fishery, Kenya Mary B. Ontomwa, Gladys M. Okemwa, Edward N. Kimani, Clay Obota 103 Marine Biodiversity of La Reunion Island: Echinoderms Chantal Conand , Sonia Ribes-Beaudemoulin , Florence Trentin , Thierry Mulochau , Emilie Boissin 111 Length-weight relationship of selected teleost fishes from Kilifi County, Kenya Obuya J. Akinyi , Dorcus. A.O. Sigana , Virginia Wang’ondu, Nina Wambiji , Harrisson Ong’anda , Boaz Orembo 125 Instructions for Authors WIO Journal of Marine Science 17 (1 ) 2018 1-12 Original Article 1 Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers, 1878), an alien Penaeidae in Mozambican coastal waters: confirmation by mtDNA and morphology analyses Luisa Simbine 1,2*, Carla G. Marques 1, Patrícia D. Freitas 1, Kélvin E. Samucidine 2, Jaquenline Gusmão 3, Carolina Tavares 3, Pedro G. Junior 1 1 Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2 Instituto Nacional de Investigação 3 Universidade Estadual do Rio de Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Pesqueira, Av. Mao Tse Tung Nº 389, Janeiro (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Maputo, Xavier, 524, Maracanã, Saúde, Via Washington Luís, Km. 235, Moçambique CEP: 20.550 – 900, Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 676, CEP 13565-905, Brasil São Carlos, SP, Brasil * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract An alien shrimp species has been increasingly recorded in Maputo Bay, Mozambique, and its occurrence has been associated with a drastic reduction of a native and economically important Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequencing and body morphology analyses were used to identify this alien species. All results revealed its taxonomic identity as Metapenaeus dobsoni (Kadal shrimp), a native species from the eastern Indian Ocean, originally not recorded on the Mozambique coast. Maputo Bay is considered an important biodiversity hotspot and there are concerns regarding the presence of this alien species, which could weaken the bio- diversity of the Bay. Moreover, the increased contribution of this small-size shrimp within the fishery is of concern because of its potential negative impacts on fisheries and economic stability in the region. Keywords: Alien species; Molecular identification; COI; Biodiversity; Metapenaeus dobsoni Introduction natives (Dick & Platvoet, 2000). According to Shine Invasive species are generally associated with a num- et al. (2000), alien species are those occurring outside ber of negative impacts to native biodiversity. These their “natural distribution”, because they cannot reach impacts may affect the natural environment, the local this location by their own means, and some kind of economy and even human health (Leão et al., 2011). human action is involved in the introduction to the Invasive species may start competing or become pred- new location. If an alien species becomes established ators of native species (Hill & Lodge, 1999; Leão et al., in a new habitat, and is able to reproduce and generate 2011; Scannella et al., 2017), or even vectors of para- fertile descendants with a high probability of survival, sites and other pathogens (Torchin & Mitchell, 2004; it is then regarded as an alien invasive species (Shine Leão et al., 2011). Shrimps and other crustaceans can et al., 2000; Ciruna et al., 2004). host viral pathogens that are dangerous for other spe- cies inhabiting the same environment. A well-known The family Penaeidae contains several important com- example of dangerous viral diseases that affect shrimps mercial species that inhabit shallow coastal waters of is the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) (Hoa et al., tropical and subtropical regions (Dall et al., 1992; Chan, 2011; Bateman et al., 2012). In addition, exotic spe- 1998). Nine genera belonging to this family have been cies may hybridize with native species (Firmart et al., identified along the southeast coast of Africa, from the 2013) and reduce local biodiversity by eliminating the Rovuma River in northern Mozambique to the Kei 2 WIO Journal of Marine Science 17 (1 ) 2018 1-12 | L. Simbine et al. River in South Africa. Most of these shrimps inhabit In this paper, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and body the continental shelf, between 5 and 70 m deep. morphology analyses were used to identify the species as Metapenaeus dobsoni, a native species from eastern In Mozambique, shrimp fishery is historycally Indian Ocean, and confirm that it is an alien species known as one of the pillars of economic growth, currently present in Maputo Bay, Mozambique. Sim- where Penaeus monodon (Giant tiger prawn), Melicer- bine (2016) reported the presence of this species on tus latisulcatus (Western king prawn), Metapenaeus the Mozambique coast for the first time. The pres- monoceros (Speckled shrimp), Metapenaeus stebbingi ent study confirms the occurrence of this species and (Peregrine shrimp), Marsupenaeus japonicus (Kuruma might provide information that will be useful in its prawn), Fenneropenaeus indicus (Indian white prawn), management, and protection and conservation of and Penaeus semisulcatus (Green tiger prawn) are the native species. most frequently captured species. Among these, F. indicus and M. monoceros are the most abundant Materials and methods species supporting commercial fisheries. Since 2007 Shrimp specimens were sampled from July 2010 to a new shrimp species has been recorded in Maputo June 2011 in Maputo Bay, Mozambique (Fig. 1a, 1b). Bay. This species had never been recorded in this A total of 26 individuals were collected: 5 M. monoceros, area, or along the Mozambican coastal waters. This 4 M. stebbingi, 5
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Taxonomía Y Biogeografía Ecológica De Los Equinoideos Irregulares (Echinoidea: Irregularia) De México
    Taxonomía y biogeografía ecológica de los equinoideos irregulares (Echinoidea: Irregularia) de México Alejandra Martínez-Melo1, 2, Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín2, Blanca Estela Buitrón-Sánchez3 & Alfredo Laguarda-Figueras2 1. Posgrado de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (PCML), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). México, D. F. 04510, México; [email protected] 2. Laboratorio de Sistemática y Ecología de Equinodermos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (ICML), UNAM. Apdo. Post. 70-305, México, D. F. 04510, México; [email protected] 3. Departamento de Paleontología, Instituto de Geología (IG), UNAM, Cd. Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, D. F. 04510, México; [email protected] Recibido 04-VI-2014. Corregido 09-X-2014. Aceptado 04-XI-2014. Abstract: Taxonomy and ecologic biogeography of the irregular Echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Mexico. Mexico owns 643 species of echinoderms, almost 10% of the known echinoderm species in the planet. Its geographic location -between the oceanic influences of the Western Central Atlantic and the Eastern Central Pacific- largely explains its enormous biological and ecological diversity. Research on echinoderms in Mexico began in the late nineteenth century; however, there are no reviews on its irregular echinoids. This work reviews the taxonomic and geographic information of irregular echinoids from Mexico, housed in four collections: 1) Colección Nacional de Equinodermos “Ma. Elena Caso Muñoz” from the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (ICML), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); 2) Invertebrate Zoology Collection, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., United States of America (USA); 3) Invertebrate Collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, University of Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA and 4) Invertebrate Zoology, Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Echinoidea: Diadematidae) to the Mediterranean Coast of Israel
    Zootaxa 4497 (4): 593–599 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.9 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:268716E0-82E6-47CA-BDB2-1016CE202A93 Needle in a haystack—genetic evidence confirms the expansion of the alien echinoid Diadema setosum (Echinoidea: Diadematidae) to the Mediterranean coast of Israel OMRI BRONSTEIN1,2 & ANDREAS KROH1 1Natural History Museum Vienna, Geological-Paleontological Department, 1010 Vienna, Austria. E-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2Corresponding author Abstract Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778), a widespread tropical echinoid and key herbivore in shallow water environments is cur- rently expanding in the Mediterranean Sea. It was introduced by unknown means and first observed in southern Turkey in 2006. From there it spread eastwards to Lebanon (2009) and westwards to the Aegean Sea (2014). Since late 2016 spo- radic sightings of black, long-spined sea urchins were reported by recreational divers from rock reefs off the Israeli coast. Numerous attempts to verify these records failed; neither did the BioBlitz Israel task force encounter any D. setosum in their campaigns. Finally, a single adult specimen was observed on June 17, 2017 in a deep rock crevice at 3.5 m depth at Gordon Beach, Tel Aviv. Although the specimen could not be recovered, spine fragments sampled were enough to genet- ically verify the visual underwater identification based on morphology. Sequences of COI, ATP8-Lysine, and the mito- chondrial Control Region of the Israel specimen are identical to those of the specimen collected in 2006 in Turkey, unambiguously assigning the specimen to D.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT MORRIS, JAMES ADIEL, JR. The
    ABSTRACT MORRIS, JAMES ADIEL, JR. The Biology and Ecology of the Invasive Indo-Pacific Lionfish. (Under the direction of James A. Rice and John J. Govoni.) The Indo-Pacific lionfishes, Pterois miles and P. volitans, are now established along the Southeast U.S. and Caribbean and are expected to expand into the Gulf of Mexico and South America. Prior to this invasion little was known regarding the biology and ecology of these lionfishes. I provide a synopsis of lionfish biology and ecology including: invasion chronology, taxonomy, local abundance, reproduction, early life history and dispersal, venomology, feeding ecology, parasitology, potential impacts, and control and management. This information was collected by review of the literature and by direct field and experimental study. I confirm the existence of an unusual supraocular tentacle phenotype and suggest that the high prevalence of this phenotype in the Atlantic is not the result of selection, but likely ontogenetic change. To characterize the trophic impacts of lionfish, I report a comprehensive assessment of diet that describes lionfish as a generalist piscivore that preys on over 40 species of teleost comprising more than 20 families. Next, I use the histology of gonads to describe both oogenesis and reproductive dynamics of lionfish. Lionfish females mature at approximately 170 mm total length and reproduce several times per month throughout the entire calendar year off North Carolina and the Bahamas. To investigate predation, an important component of natural mortality, I assessed the vulnerability of juvenile lionfish to predation by native serranids. Juvenile lionfish were largely avoided as prey suggesting that predation mortality by serranids will not likely be a significant source of mortality for lionfish populations.
    [Show full text]
  • OCS Study BOEM 2017-024
    OCS Study BOEM 2017-024 Deepwater Reconnaissance of Potentially Sensitive Biological Features Surrounding Shelf-Edge Topographical Banks in the Northern Gulf of Mexico U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Gulf of Mexico OCS Region OCS Study BOEM 2017-024 Deepwater Reconnaissance of Potentially Sensitive Biological Features Surrounding Shelf-Edge Topographical Banks in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Author Paul Sammarco Prepared under BOEM Contract M11AC00005 by Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium 8124 Highway 56 Baton Rouge, LA 70344-2110 Published by U.S. Department of the Interior New Orleans, LA Bureau of Ocean Energy Management February 2017 Gulf of Mexico OCS Region DISCLAIMER This report was prepared under contract between the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON). This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM, and it has been approved for publication. Approval does not necessarily signify that the contents reflect the views and policies of BOEM, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this Gulf of Mexico OCS Region report, go to the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Environmental Studies Program Information System website and search on OCS Study BOEM 2017-024. This report can be viewed at select Federal Depository Libraries. It can also be obtained from the National Technical Information Service; the contact information is below. U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Rd. Springfield, Virginia 22312 Phone: (703) 605-6000, 1(800)553-6847 Fax: (703) 605-6900 Website: http://www.ntis.gov/ CITATION Sammarco, Paul W.
    [Show full text]
  • Atergatis Roseus Ordine Decapoda (Rüppell, 1830) Famiglia Xanthidae
    Identificazione e distribuzione nei mari italiani di specie non indigene Classe Malacostraca Atergatis roseus Ordine Decapoda (Rüppell, 1830) Famiglia Xanthidae SINONIMI RILEVANTI Nessuno. DESCRIZIONE COROLOGIA / AFFINITA’ Tropicale e sub-tropicale settentrionale e Carapace allungato trasversalmente, fortemente meridionale. sub-ovale, convesso, minutamente punteggiato; regioni non definite. Fronte stretta. Antennule ripiegate trasversalmente, setto inter-antennulare DISTRIBUZIONE ATTUALE largo. Margine dorso-orbitale con tre suture, Dal Mar Rosso alle Fiji. peduncoli oculari corti e spessi. Margine antero- laterale molto arcuato, smussato e carenato. Lato PRIMA SEGNALAZIONE IN MEDITERRANEO inferiore del carapace concavo. Chelipedi sub- 1961, Israele (Lewinsohn & Holthuis, 1964). eguali, margine superiore della chela dotato di una cresta smussata. Cresta dorsale anche sul mero degli altri pereiopodi. PRIMA SEGNALAZIONE IN ITALIA - COLORAZIONE Carapace rosso-brunastro scuro, estremità delle dita delle chele nera. Nei giovani, il carapace è ORIGINE arancio-rosso orlato di bianco. Indo-Pacifico FORMULA MERISTICA VIE DI DISPERSIONE PRIMARIE Probabile migrazione lessepsiana attraverso il - Canale di Suez. TAGLIA MASSIMA VIE DI DISPERSIONE SECONDARIE Lunghezza del carapace fino a 60 mm. - STADI LARVALI STATO DELL ’INVASIONE Non nativo - Identificazione e distribuzione nei mari italiani di specie non indigene SPECIE SIMILI MOTIVI DEL SUCCESSO Xanthidae autoctoni Sconosciuti CARATTERI DISTINTIVI SPECIE IN COMPETIZIONE Carapace regolarmente ovale,
    [Show full text]
  • First Mediterranean Record of Actaea Savignii (H. Milne Edwards, 1834) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae), an Additional Erythraean Alien Crab
    BioInvasions Records (2013) Volume 2, Issue 2: 145–148 Open Access doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2013.2.2.09 © 2013 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2013 REABIC Rapid Communication First Mediterranean record of Actaea savignii (H. Milne Edwards, 1834) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae), an additional Erythraean alien crab Selahattin Ünsal Karhan1*, Mehmet Baki Yokeş2, Paul F. Clark3 and Bella S. Galil4 1 Division of Hydrobiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Haliç University, 34381 Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey 3 Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, England 4 National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, POB 8030, Haifa 31080, Israel E-mail: [email protected] (SÜK), [email protected] (MBY), [email protected] (PFC), [email protected] (BSG) *Corresponding author Received: 19 January 2013 / Accepted: 8 March 2013 / Published online: 16 March 2013 Handling editor: Amy Fowler Abstract To date, the only alien xanthid crab recorded from the Mediterranean is Atergatis roseus (Rüppell, 1830). This species was first collected off Israel in 1961 and is now common along the Levantine coast. Recently a second alien xanthid species, Actaea savignii (H. Milne Edwards, 1834), was found off Israel and Turkey. A single adult specimen was collected in Haifa Bay in 2010, and two specimens were captured off Mersin, Turkey in 2011. Repeatedly reported from the Suez Canal since 1924, the record of the Levantine populations of A. savignii is a testament to the ongoing Erythraean invasion of the Mediterranean Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Keys to Common Hawaiian Marine Animals and Plants
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 197 993 SE 034 171 TTTTE Field Keys to Common Hawaiian Marine Animals and Plants: INSTITUTTON Hawaii State Dept. of Education, Honolulu. Officeof In::tructional Services. SEPOPT NO RS-78-5247 PUB DATE Mar 78 NOT? 74p.: Not available in he*:dcopy due to colored pages throughout entire document. EDRS PRICE MFO1 Plus Postage. PC Not Available frcm EPRS. DESCRIPTORS *Animals: Biology: Elementary Secondary Education: Environmental Education: *Field Trips: *Marine Biology: Outdoor Education: *Plant Identification: Science Educat4on TDENTIFTERS Hawaii ABSTRACT Presented are keys for identifyingcommon Hawaiian marine algae, beach plants, reef corals,sea urci.ins, tidepool fishes, and sea cucumbers. Nearly all speciesconsidered can be distinguished by characte-istics visible to- thenaked eye. Line drawings illustrate most plants atd animals included,and a list of suggested readings follows each section. (WB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by FDPS are the best thatcan be lade from the original document. **************************t***************************************** Field Keys to Common Hawaiian Marine Animals and Plants Office of Instructional Services/General Education Branch Department of Education State of Hawaii RS 78-5247 March 1978 "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION P. Tz_urylo THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN qEPRO. DuCED EXACTLY AS PECE1VEDPO.` THE PE PSON OP OPC,AN7ATION ORIGIN. TING IT POINTS Or vIEW OR OPINIONS SATED DO NOT NECESSARILY PE PPE. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES SENTO<<IC I AL NATIONAL INSTITUTE 0, INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." EDuCA T,ON POSIT.ON OR CY O A N 11 2 The Honorable George R. Arlyoshl Governor, State of Hawaii BOARD OF EDUCATION Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • Calypso LNG Deepwater Port Project, Florida: Marine Benthic Video Survey Charles Messing Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, [email protected]
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Reports Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences 6-12-2006 Calypso LNG Deepwater Port Project, Florida: Marine Benthic Video Survey Charles Messing Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, [email protected] Brian K. Walker Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, [email protected] Richard E. Dodge Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, [email protected] John K. Reed Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution Sandra Brooke Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Find out more information about Nova Southeastern University and the Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facreports Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons NSUWorks Citation Charles Messing, Brian K. Walker, Richard E. Dodge, John K. Reed, and Sandra Brooke. 2006. Calypso LNG Deepwater Port Project, Florida: Marine Benthic Video Survey : 1 -61. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facreports/77. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Reports by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Calypso LNG Deepwater Port Project, Florida Marine Benthic Video Survey FINAL REPORT 12 June 2006 Submitted to: Ecology and Environment, Inc. & SUEZ Energy North America, Inc. Submitted by: Charles G. Messing, Ph.D., Brian K. Walker, M.S. and Richard E. Dodge, Ph.D. National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, FL 33004 John Reed, M.S., Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution 5600 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Invertebrate Predators and Grazers
    9 Invertebrate Predators and Grazers ROBERT C. CARPENTER Department of Biology California State University Northridge, California 91330 Coral reefs are among the most productive and diverse biological communities on earth. Some of the diversity of coral reefs is associated with the invertebrate organisms that are the primary builders of reefs, the scleractinian corals. While sessile invertebrates, such as stony corals, soft corals, gorgonians, anemones, and sponges, and algae are the dominant occupiers of primary space in coral reef communities, their relative abundances are often determined by the activities of mobile, invertebrate and vertebrate predators and grazers. Hixon (Chapter X) has reviewed the direct effects of fishes on coral reef community structure and function and Glynn (1990) has provided an excellent review of the feeding ecology of many coral reef consumers. My intent here is to review the different types of mobile invertebrate predators and grazers on coral reefs, concentrating on those that have disproportionate effects on coral reef communities and are intimately involved with the life and death of coral reefs. The sheer number and diversity of mobile invertebrates associated with coral reefs is daunting with species from several major phyla including the Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Echinodermata. Numerous species of minor phyla are also represented in reef communities, but their abundance and importance have not been well-studied. As a result, our understanding of the effects of predation and grazing by invertebrates in coral reef environments is based on studies of a few representatives from the major groups of mobile invertebrates. Predators may be generalists or specialists in choosing their prey and this may determine the effects of their feeding on community-level patterns of prey abundance (Paine, 1966).
    [Show full text]
  • S41598-021-95872-0.Pdf
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Phylogeography, colouration, and cryptic speciation across the Indo‑Pacifc in the sea urchin genus Echinothrix Simon E. Coppard1,2*, Holly Jessop1 & Harilaos A. Lessios1 The sea urchins Echinothrix calamaris and Echinothrix diadema have sympatric distributions throughout the Indo‑Pacifc. Diverse colour variation is reported in both species. To reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus and assess gene fow across the Indo‑Pacifc we sequenced mitochondrial 16S rDNA, ATPase‑6, and ATPase‑8, and nuclear 28S rDNA and the Calpain‑7 intron. Our analyses revealed that E. diadema formed a single trans‑Indo‑Pacifc clade, but E. calamaris contained three discrete clades. One clade was endemic to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman. A second clade occurred from Malaysia in the West to Moorea in the East. A third clade of E. calamaris was distributed across the entire Indo‑Pacifc biogeographic region. A fossil calibrated phylogeny revealed that the ancestor of E. diadema diverged from the ancestor of E. calamaris ~ 16.8 million years ago (Ma), and that the ancestor of the trans‑Indo‑Pacifc clade and Red Sea and Gulf of Oman clade split from the western and central Pacifc clade ~ 9.8 Ma. Time since divergence and genetic distances suggested species level diferentiation among clades of E. calamaris. Colour variation was extensive in E. calamaris, but not clade or locality specifc. There was little colour polymorphism in E. diadema. Interpreting phylogeographic patterns of marine species and understanding levels of connectivity among popula- tions across the World’s oceans is of increasing importance for informed conservation decisions 1–3.
    [Show full text]
  • (Echinodermata) from the Late Maastrichtian of South Carolina, USA
    Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (2018) 137:337–356 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13358-018-0166-9 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) REGULAR RESEARCH ARTICLE An unusual assemblage of ophiuroids (Echinodermata) from the late Maastrichtian of South Carolina, USA 1 1 2 Ben Thuy • Lea D. Numberger-Thuy • John W. M. Jagt Received: 19 July 2018 / Accepted: 14 September 2018 / Published online: 28 September 2018 Ó Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz (SCNAT) 2018 Abstract A small, albeit diverse, assemblage of dissociated ophiuroid ossicles, mostly lateral arm plates, from the upper Maas- trichtian Peedee Formation temporarily (August 1998) exposed at North Myrtle Beach (Horry County, South Carolina), is described and illustrated. This lot comprises at least seven species, five of which are new and formally named herein. The assemblage is of note in providing a significant expansion of the palaeobiogeographical record of latest Cretaceous brittle stars. Furthermore, it includes a new genus and species of the family Asteronychidae that is transitional between the stem euryalid Melusinaster and Recent asteronychids, as well as the oldest unambiguous fossil representative of the family Amphiuridae. Finally, this assemblage stands out in lacking Ophiotitanos and ophiomusaids, two of the most widely distributed and abundant brittle star taxa during the Late Cretaceous. Instead, it is dominated by members of the Amphilimnidae, Amphiuridae and Euryalida, which are amongst the rarest components in the faunal spectrum of modern- day equivalents. The assemblage represents a unique combination of taxa unknown from any other outcrops of upper Mesozoic rocks and seems to document the onset of modern shallow-sublittoral ophiuroid assemblages. Keywords Late Cretaceous Á North America Á New species Á Palaeoecology Introduction undertaken on a large scale in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event): New Microfossils from the Dudelange Drill Core, Luxembourg
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021 Brittlestar diversity at the dawn of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event): new microfossils from the Dudelange drill core, Luxembourg Ben Thuy* and Lea D. Numberger-Thuy Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Luxembourg, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg BT, 0000-0001-8231-9565; LDN-T, 0000-0001-6097-995X *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Ophiuroids, the slender-armed cousins of starfish, constitute an important component of modern marine benthos and have been used successfully in the exploration of (palaeo)-ecological and evolutionary trends, yet their fossil record is still poorly known. One of the major gaps in the known palaeobiodiversity of this group coincides with a global palaeoenvironmental crisis during the early Toarcian (Early Jurassic, 183 myr ago), known as the Jenkyns Event. Here we describe ophiuroid remains retrieved from a series of sam- ples from the Dudelange (Luxembourg) drill core, which spans the lower part of the Toarcian, between the top of the Pliensbachian and the onset of the Jenkyns Event. A total of 21 species are recorded, including three new genera and 12 new species. Ophiuroid diversity and abundance fluctuate in parallel with depositional facies, with lowest values coinciding with black shales. Highest diversities, including exceptional occurrences of taxa nowadays restricted to deep-sea areas, are recorded from just below the black shales, corresponding to the onset of the Jenkyns Event. Our results show that even small (100 g) bulk sediment samples retrieved from drill cores can yield numerous identifiable ophiuroid remains, thus unlocking this group for the study of faunal change across palaeoenvironmental crises.
    [Show full text]