The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, both at University of Manchester, UK “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”.
Andre Geim Konstantin Novoselov Born: 1958, Sochi, Russia Born: 1974, Nizhny Tagil, Russia
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 The Key Paper
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Diamond 0.142 nm
0.123 nm A B
Mechanical exfoliation The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 HALL BAR
•Fabricate •Isolate •Identify •Attach electrodes •Electric characterization
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Single layers, AFM-pictures
2nm 0nm
0.5nm
Novoselov, Geim et al., Science 306 (2004) 666
Geim och Novoselov, Science (2004)
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Electronic structure of graphene
It was realized early on that the E-k relation is linear for low energies near the six corners of the two- dimensional hexagonal Brillouin zone, leading to zero effective massfor electrons and holes.
E p 2 c 2 m 2 c 4 E pc hkc
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Anomalous quantum Hall effect
Klaus von Kitzling, 1985
Graphene: half integer QHE Ordinary integer QHE 2 e 2 e 1 n , E N 2 xy (n 1 /2) 4 , E N N 1 xy h h
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Klein tunnelling
1D
1 m 0 R 0, T 1 2D
Katsnelson, Novoselov and Geim, Nature Physics 2006
The Nobel Prize in Physics Young and Kim, Nature Physics 2009 2010 Breaking strength 42 N/m ->100 times stronger than the strongest steel
A 1 m2 hammock would weigh 0.77 mg ≈ a whisker and would be strong enough to carrty a 4 kg cat
The Nobel Prize in Physics Lee et al., Science 321 (2008) 385 2010 Transparent conductor
T 1 1 0.023 0.977
Transparent and colorless
1 Z free space 377
137 .04 2 R K 2 25 .4 k
The Nobel Prize in Physics Nair et al., Science 320 (2008) 1308 2010 GRAPHENE
First true 2D material, even at room temperature Linear dispersion relation E= c p = c hk, Massless excitations Light 0.77 mg/m2 Ultra strong 45N/m, >100 times stronger than steel Stretchable up to 20% Elektron mobility 200 000 cm2/Vs (teor.) Conductivity Better than copper (teor.) Optically transparent: absorbs only 2.3% = Thermal conductivity: conducts heat 10 times better than Ag at RT
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Future applications
Transparent conductor Touch Screens, Solar Cells, light panels May replace Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)
Elektronics Flexible elektronics High speed transistors, IBM
Strong material Composite material with graphene Airplanes, cars, satellites
Sensors Gas sensors, …
Metrologiy Resistance standard with QHE, alreadt as good as GaAs
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Large surfaces and touch screens
Keun Soo Kim, et al., Nature 457, 706 (2009). X. Li, et al., Science 324, 1312 (2009). The Nobel Prize in Physics Samsung 2010 Density of charge Conductance as Time dependence carriers as a function a function of the for exposure to of the concentration concentration different gases
Shedin et al. Nature materials 6 (2007) 652
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Superfast transistors ” month’s news”
16 September 2010, Nature: 323 GHz 5 Feb 2010, Science: 100GHz
L. Liao, et al., Nature, 467 (2010) 305 Y. -M. Lin, et al., The Nobel Prize in Physics Science 327, 662 (2010) 2010 DNA Translocation through Graphene Nanopores
G. F. Schneider, et al. Nano Lett., July 7 2010 DNA sequencing
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Graphene as a subnanometre trans-electrode membrane
S. Garaj, et al., Nature, Sept. 9 2010
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Sekvensering av DNA
G. F. Schneider, et al. Nano Lett., July 7 2010
S. Garaj, et al., Nature, Sept. 9 2010 Hagan Bayley, Nature 467, 9 Sept. 2010
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010