1 Environmental Impacts of HGV Tolling Schemes
Werner Rothengatter
Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Environmental Impacts of 2 HGV Tolling Schemes
Directive 2006(38 Impacts of German TollCollect Scheme Plans to Extend Directive 2006/38 Implementation Problems and Caveats More Comprehensive Internalisation Schemes Conclusions 1 Directive 2006/38 3
Full Infrastructure Cost Recovery
Differentiation According to - Time of Day/Congestion (100%) - Euro Emission Category (100%)
Implementation in Austria and Germany
Use of Revenues for Road (ASFINAG) or Road/Rail/IWW (VIFG) 2 Impacts of German TollCollect Scheme 4
Introduced: 2005
GPS/km-based Charging System (Electronic + Manual)
Motorways + Some Federal Primaries
Charges Based on Full Life Cycle Costs
Differentiation According to Euro Categories (100% since 2009) 5
Payment Value added Traffic Control System services Center "Toll Collect" Road Operator
GPS Pyment Information Positioning Payment/ VAS GSM/ Call Center Internet POS SMS Forwarder On Board Value added Unit services
Automatic Payment Manual Payment Micro-Simulation of Toll Impacts 6 SimulationImpacts der Auswirkungen on Distance, Empty einer Running Maut and Consignments
TotalGesamtdistanz Distance EmptyLeerfahrtendistanz Running Distance
OhneWithout Maut MitWith Maut Maut
Ohne WithoutMaut Mit Maut With Maut
SimulationsperiodenSimulation Periods Simulationsperioden Simulation Periods
AnzahlConsignments Transportf lle perpro WocheWeek R ckkoppelungen auf Feedback with Routenwahl Losgr §en/Frequenzen• Route/Mode Choice Transporteffizienz OhneWithout Maut • Production Process Mit Maut With Maut Sowohl• Transport speditionsseitig Intensity als auch produktionsseitig. SimulationSimulationsperioden Periods Quelle: IWW Growth of Rail Freight Induced by Road Growth of Rail Freight Traffic Comared with7 the Reference Tolls Scenario 2010
Szenario I Szenario IIa Szenario IIb
45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% Growth of Tkm Growth 10% 5% 0%
FG BG FG BG FG BG FG BG FG BG FG BG SG MG SG MG SG MG SG = Goods with logistic Requirements, MG = Bulk Cargo, RVRT = RegionalRT DLT DLTTransport,BLT BLT BFV = DomesticRT RT DLT Transport,DLTBLT GFVBLT = InternationalRV RV BFV TransportBFVGFVGFV Scen. I: Motorways, only and present rail productivity Scen. II: All Roads and present rail productivity Scen. II: All Roads and improved rail productivity Modelled development of HGV fleet composition 8 Development of the HDV Fleet Structure in Germany
60% in the Reference Case 1995 - 2010 x
50%
40%
30%
20% Share of mileage driven Share of mileage
10% (all weight classes, all inter-urban road categories) (all weight classes, all inter-urban 0% 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Euro-0 (Pre-Euro) Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Estimated vkm HGV in Germany 9 by Euro Emission Categories FiguresEntwicklung 2005-11/07: der Verteilung BAG der mautpflichtigen Fahrleistungen Figuresin Deutschland 11/07-2010: nach Schadstoffklassen Estimations 01-2005 of Prog bis Trans12-2010 AG(in %) (Quellen: 2005 - 10/2007: BAG; ab 11/2007: Schätzungen der ProgTrans AG)
100
S1 90 `
80 S2
70
60 S3
50 S4
[Anteile in %] 40
30 S5
20
EEV 10 /S6
0 11-10 09-10 07-10 05-10 03-10 01-10 11-09 09-09 07-09 05-09 03-09 01-09 11-08 09-08 07-08 05-08 03-08 01-08 11-07 09-07 07-07 05-07 03-07 01-07 11-06 09-06 07-06 05-06 03-06 01-06 11-05 09-05 07-05 05-05 03-05 01-05 3 Plans to Extend Directive 2006/38 10
Integration of External Costs
Handbook of CE et al.
Proposal of the Commission
Present Status Proposal of the Commission 11
Restrict to Three Externalities: Congestion, Noise, Air Pollution
Take Medium Values of Handbook as Cap Values
Leave Introduction and Final Design to Member Countries
Reconsider the Scheme in 2013 Handbook: Marginal External Costs of HGV 12
Ūct/vkm 125.0 75.0 70.0 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 12.8 10.5 10.6 10.0 8.5 7.0 5.0 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.2 2.7 1.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.1 0.0 Urban Urban Diesel diesel diesel peak Interurban Interurban Interurban Interurban, Interurban, Urban, day Urban, night Urban, peak Urban Petrol Urban, petrol Urban, petrol Urban Diesel Urban, diesel Urban, diesel Interurban, off- Interurban, day Urban, off-peak Interurban, peak Interurban, night Interurban Petrol Interurban, petrol Interurban, petrol Urban/interurban Noise Congestion Accidents Air pollution Climate changeŹ Up- and downstream Nature & Soil & processes landscape water Unit cost value min max
4 Implementation Problems and Caveats 13
Implementation Problems - Calculation of costs for the routes and different times of day and vehicle categories - Transaction costs
Caveats - Dominance of congestion - Restriction to trucks inefficient - Undesired diversion effects - Impacts on land use
14 From Brindisi to Chiasso through Italy 15 1055 km in total Trip scheduling 16
CORRIDOR : BRINDISI (IT)- CHIASSO (IT) 1055 KM
Start at 7.00 am Segments Area Start Arrival km Period 1 Brindisi Bari (Italy) interurban 7.00 AM 8.22 AM 72HighPeak 2 Bari Molfetta interurban 8.22 AM 9.00 AM HighPeak 3 Molfetta Canosa di Puglia interurban 9.00 AM 10.00 AM Medium Peak 4 Canosa di Puglia Faenza interurban 10.00 AM 5.00 PM 730 Off Peak 5 Faenza San Lazzaro interurban 5.00 PM 6.00 PM Medium Peak 6 San Lazzaro Bologna interurban 6.00 PM 6.22 PM HighPeak 7 Bologna area suburban 6.22 PM 6.45 PM 15 HighPeak 8 Bologna A1 KM 55 interurban 6.45 PM 8.01 PM HighPeak 9 A1 KM 55 A1 KM 511 interurban 8.01 PM 9.00 PM 190 Medium Peak 10 A1 KM 115 Milano interurban 9.00 PM 9.55 AM Off Peak 11 Milano Chiasso interurban 9.55 AM 10.30 PM 48 Off Peak Total Corridor 1.055 17 Environmental Effectiveness 18
Di f f er en t ial E5/E4 E5/E3 E5/E2 Charge c t s/ k m; >32 t Handbook 1.7 4.8 6.8 Prog t rans /IW W 2.6 6.5 12.3
Brea k - e v en E3 - > E5 Handbook 80,000 km
Brea k - e v en E3 Š > E 5 Progt r/ I W W 60,000 km
Brea k - e v en E4 - > E5 Prog t r / I WW 50,000 km 5 More Comprehensive Internalisation Schemes 19
Complete Schemes: All Externalities, Mix of Instruments
Goal Driven instead of Being Based on Abstract Paradigms
Whole Network instead of Motorways, only
Incentive Compatible Mix of Instruments 20
Taxation (incl. Insurance)
Km Charges with Env. Diff.
Emission Trading
Regulation
Investment in Alternative Modes Scen. UL+RailProd: Tonkm by Distance and Mode 21 Non-bulk Cargo
22 Little Trust of EC in Own Strategy? 23 White Paper: Revitalisation of Raiways
TEN-T: Clear Prioritisation of Railways, IWW and Motorways of the Sea
Mid-term Review: Co-modality, No Prosperous Future of Railways and IWW
Logistic Action Plan: Strengthening Pot- ential of Railways/IWW
Giga-trucks: Vague Position Freight Transport Development 24 According to Mid-term Review
Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime™ Dekompressor „“ benötigt. 25
Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime™ Dekompressor „“ benötigt. Modal Split of Rail Freight in Germany 26
Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime™ Dekompressor „“ benötigt. Gigaliners on EU Roads? 27
Folie 28 6 Conclusions 28 Tolling a Powerful Instrument in a Bundle of Policies Environmental Differentiation Gives Strong Incentives to Use Better Technology Goal Orientation Instead of Abstract Para- digms of Economic Welfare Theory High Potential of Comprehensive Strategies for Technological Improvement and Modal Change Reducing Transport Intensity as a Challenge Economic Crisis Fostering Structural Change: Setting Market Conditions and Incentives Right 29 A Tsunami Followed the Financial Crisis. It might Induce a Creative Disruption.