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Environmental Impacts of HGV Tolling Schemes

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1

Environmental Impacts of
HGV Tolling Schemes

Werner Rothengatter
Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

2

Environmental Impacts of
HGV Tolling Schemes

„ Directive 2006(38 „ Impacts of German TollCollect Scheme „ Plans to Extend Directive 2006/38 „ Implementation Problems and Caveats „ More Comprehensive Internalisation
Schemes
„ Conclusions

3

1 Directive 2006/38

„ Full Infrastructure Cost Recovery „ Differentiation According to
- Time of Day/Congestion (100%) - Euro Emission Category (100%)

„ Implementation in Austria and Germany „ Use of Revenues for Road (ASFINAG) or Road/Rail/IWW (VIFG)

4

2 Impacts of German TollCollect Scheme

„ Introduced: 2005 „ GPS/km-based Charging System (Electronic
+ Manual)

„ Motorways + Some Federal Primaries „ Charges Based on Full Life Cycle Costs „ Differentiation According to Euro
Categories (100% since 2009)

5

Payment System

Traffic Control Center
Value added services
Road Operator

"Toll Collect"

GPS
Pyment

Information
Payment/ VAS
Positioning

GSM/

  • Call Center
  • Internet

POS

SMS

Forwarder

On Board Unit
Value added services

Manual Payment
Automatic Payment

6

Micro-Simulation of Toll Impacts

Impacts on Distance, Empty Running and Consignments

Simulation der Auswirkungen einer Maut

Leerfahrtendistanz

Empty Running Distance

TGoetsaalmDtdisisttaannzce

Without

Ohne Maut Mit Maut

With Maut

OhneWMaiutthout

Mit Maut

With Maut

Simulationsperioden

Simulation Periods

Simulationsperioden

Simulation Periods

Anzahl Transportf lle pro Woche

Consignments per Week

R ckkoppelungen auf

Feedback with

” Routenwahl ” Losgr §en/Frequenzen

• Route/Mode Choice

” Transporteffizienz

• Production Process

Ohne Maut

Without

MWit Miatuht Maut

• Transport Intensity

Sowohl speditionsseitig als auch produktionsseitig.

Simulationsperioden

Simulation Periods

Quelle: IWW

Growth of Rail Freight Induced by Road

Growth of Rail Freight Traffic Comared with the Reference

7

Tolls

Scenario 2010

  • Szenario I
  • Szenario IIa
  • Szenario IIb

45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%
5% 0%

FG RT
BG RT

  • FG
  • BG
  • FG
  • BG
  • FG

RT
BG RT

  • FG
  • BG
  • FG
  • BG
  • SG

RV

  • MG
  • SG
  • MG
  • SG
  • MG

  • DLT DLT BLT BLT
  • DLT DLT BLT BLT
  • RV BFV BFV GFV GFV

SG = Goods with logistic Requirements, MG = Bulk Cargo, RV = Regional Transport, BFV = Domestic Transport, GFV = International Transport

Scen. I: Motorways, only and present rail productivity Scen. II: All Roads and present rail productivity Scen. II: All Roads and improved rail productivity

8

Modelled development of HGV fleet composition

Development of the HDV Fleet Structure in Germany in the Reference Case 1995 - 2010 x

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
0%

  • 1995
  • 1997
  • 1999
  • 2001
  • 2003

Euro-3

  • 2005
  • 2007
  • 2009

  • Euro-0 (Pre-Euro)
  • Euro-1
  • Euro-2
  • Euro-4
  • Euro-5

9

Estimated vkm HGV in Germany by Euro Emission Categories

Entwicklung der Verteilung der mautpflichtigen Fahrleistungen

Figures 2005-11/07: BAG

in Deutschland nach Schadstoffklassen 01-2005 bis 12-2010 (in %)

Figures 11/07-2010: Estimations of Prog Trans AG

(Quellen: 2005 - 10/2007: BAG; ab 11/2007: Schätzungen der ProgTrans AG)

100
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
0

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

`

EEV /S6

10

3 Plans to Extend Directive 2006/38

„ Integration of External Costs „ Handbook of CE et al. „ Proposal of the Commission „ Present Status

11

Proposal of the Commission

„ Restrict to Three Externalities:
Congestion, Noise, Air Pollution

„ Take Medium Values of Handbook as
Cap Values

„ Leave Introduction and Final Design to Member Countries

„ Reconsider the Scheme in 2013

12

Handbook: Marginal External Costs of HGV

Ūct/vkm 50.0

125.0

75.0

70.0

45.0 40.0 35.0

35.0

30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0
5.0

12.8

  • 10.5
  • 10.6

8.5

7.0
3.1

  • 2.7
  • 2.7

  • 2.6
  • 2.2

2.0

  • 1.1
  • 0.0
  • 0.0
  • 0.0
  • 1.2

1.1

0.0

  • Noise
  • Congestion
  • Accidents

Unit cost value

  • Air pollution
  • ClimatechangeŹ
  • Up- anddownstream

processes
Nature& Soil & landscape water

  • min
  • max

13

4 Implementation Problems and Caveats

„ Implementation Problems
- Calculation of costs for the routes and different times of day and vehicle categories
- Transaction costs

„ Caveats
- Dominance of congestion - Restriction to trucks inefficient - Undesired diversion effects - Impacts on land use

14

From Brindisi to Chiasso through Italy

15

1055 km in total

16

Trip scheduling

CORRIDOR : BRINDISI (IT) - CHIASSO (IT) 1055 KM

Start at 7.00 am
Segments

Bari (Italy) Molfetta

Area

interurban interurban

  • Start
  • Arrival km
  • Period

HighPeak HighPeak
Medium Peak
Off Peak
Medium Peak
HighPeak HighPeak HighPeak
Medium Peak
Off Peak
1 Brindisi 2 Bari 3 Molfetta
7.00 AM 8.22 AM 8.22 AM 9.00 AM 9.00 AM 10.00 AM
72
Canosa di Puglia interurban

  • 730
  • 4 Canosa di Puglia

5 Faenza
Faenza San Lazzaro Bologna interurban 10.00 AM 5.00 PM interurban interurban suburban interurban interurban interurban interurban
5.00 PM 6.00 PM 6.00 PM 6.22 PM 6.22 PM 6.45 PM 6.45 PM 8.01 PM 8.01 PM 9.00 PM 9.00 PM 9.55 AM 9.55 AM 10.30 PM
6 San Lazzaro 7 Bologna area 8 Bologna 9 A1 KM 55
10 A1 KM 115 11 Milano
15
A1 KM 55 A1 KM 115 Milano
190

  • Chiasso
  • 48
  • Off Peak

Total Corridor

1.055

  • 17
  • 18

Environmental Effectiveness

Di f f er en t ial Charge

  • E5/E4
  • E5/E3
  • E5/E2

c t s/ k m; >32 t Handbook Prog t rans /IW W
1.7 2.6
4.8 6.5
6.8
12.3

Brea k - e v en E3 - > E5 Handbook
80,000 km

Brea k - e v en E3 Š > E 5 Progt r/ I W W
60,000 km

Brea k - e v en E4 - > E5 Prog t r / I WW
50,000 km

19

5 More Comprehensive Internalisation Schemes

„ Complete Schemes: All Externalities,
Mix of Instruments

„ Goal Driven instead of Being Based on
Abstract Paradigms

„ Whole Network instead of Motorways, only

„ Incentive Compatible

20

Mix of Instruments

„ Taxation (incl. Insurance) „ Km Charges with Env. Diff. „ Emission Trading „ Regulation „ Investment in Alternative
Modes

21

Scen. UL+RailProd: Tonkm by Distance and Mode
Non-bulk Cargo

  • 22
  • 23

Little Trust of EC in Own Strategy?

„ White Paper: Revitalisation of Raiways „ TEN-T: Clear Prioritisation of Railways,
IWW and Motorways of the Sea

„ Mid-term Review: Co-modality, No
Prosperous Future of Railways and IWW

„ Logistic Action Plan: Strengthening Pot- ential of Railways/IWW

„ Giga-trucks: Vague Position

24

Freight Transport Development According to Mid-term Review

Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime™
Dekompressor „“ benötigt.

25

Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime™
Dekompressor „“ benötigt.

26

Modal Split of Rail Freight in Germany

Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime™
Dekompressor „“ benötigt.

27

Gigaliners on EU Roads?

Folie 28

28

6 Conclusions

„ Tolling a Powerful Instrument in a Bundle of
Policies

„ Environmental Differentiation Gives Strong

Incentives to Use Better Technology
„ Goal Orientation Instead of Abstract Para- digms of Economic Welfare Theory

„ High Potential of Comprehensive Strategies

for Technological Improvement and Modal Change

„ Reducing Transport Intensity as a Challenge

„ Economic Crisis Fostering Structural Change:
Setting Market Conditions and Incentives Right

29

A Tsunami Followed the Financial Crisis. It might Induce a Creative Disruption.

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