Environmental Impacts of HGV Tolling Schemes

1Environmental Impacts of HGV Tolling Schemes Werner Rothengatter Universität Karlsruhe (TH) 2Environmental Impacts of HGV Tolling Schemes „ Directive 2006(38 „ Impacts of German TollCollect Scheme „ Plans to Extend Directive 2006/38 „ Implementation Problems and Caveats „ More Comprehensive Internalisation Schemes „ Conclusions 31 Directive 2006/38 „ Full Infrastructure Cost Recovery „ Differentiation According to - Time of Day/Congestion (100%) - Euro Emission Category (100%) „ Implementation in Austria and Germany „ Use of Revenues for Road (ASFINAG) or Road/Rail/IWW (VIFG) 42 Impacts of German TollCollect Scheme „ Introduced: 2005 „ GPS/km-based Charging System (Electronic + Manual) „ Motorways + Some Federal Primaries „ Charges Based on Full Life Cycle Costs „ Differentiation According to Euro Categories (100% since 2009) 5Payment System Traffic Control Center Value added services Road Operator "Toll Collect" GPS Pyment Information Payment/ VAS Positioning GSM/ <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Call Center </li><li style="flex:1">Internet </li></ul>POS SMS Forwarder On Board Unit Value added services Manual Payment Automatic Payment 6Micro-Simulation of Toll Impacts Impacts on Distance, Empty Running and Consignments Simulation der Auswirkungen einer Maut Leerfahrtendistanz Empty Running Distance TGoetsaalmDtdisisttaannzce Without Ohne Maut Mit Maut With Maut OhneWMaiutthout Mit Maut With Maut Simulationsperioden Simulation Periods Simulationsperioden Simulation Periods Anzahl Transportf lle pro Woche Consignments per Week R ckkoppelungen auf Feedback with ” Routenwahl ” Losgr §en/Frequenzen • Route/Mode Choice ” Transporteffizienz • Production Process Ohne Maut Without MWit Miatuht Maut • Transport Intensity Sowohl speditionsseitig als auch produktionsseitig. Simulationsperioden Simulation Periods Quelle: IWW Growth of Rail Freight Induced by Road Growth of Rail Freight Traffic Comared with the Reference 7Tolls Scenario 2010 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Szenario I </li><li style="flex:1">Szenario IIa </li><li style="flex:1">Szenario IIb </li></ul>45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% FG RT BG RT <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">FG </li><li style="flex:1">BG </li><li style="flex:1">FG </li><li style="flex:1">BG </li><li style="flex:1">FG </li></ul>RT BG RT <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">FG </li><li style="flex:1">BG </li><li style="flex:1">FG </li><li style="flex:1">BG </li><li style="flex:1">SG </li></ul>RV <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">MG </li><li style="flex:1">SG </li><li style="flex:1">MG </li><li style="flex:1">SG </li><li style="flex:1">MG </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">DLT DLT BLT BLT </li><li style="flex:1">DLT DLT BLT BLT </li><li style="flex:1">RV BFV BFV GFV GFV </li></ul>SG = Goods with logistic Requirements, MG = Bulk Cargo, RV = Regional Transport, BFV = Domestic Transport, GFV = International Transport Scen. I: Motorways, only and present rail productivity Scen. II: All Roads and present rail productivity Scen. II: All Roads and improved rail productivity 8Modelled development of HGV fleet composition Development of the HDV Fleet Structure in Germany in the Reference Case 1995 - 2010 x 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">1995 </li><li style="flex:1">1997 </li><li style="flex:1">1999 </li><li style="flex:1">2001 </li><li style="flex:1">2003 </li></ul>Euro-3 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2005 </li><li style="flex:1">2007 </li><li style="flex:1">2009 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Euro-0 (Pre-Euro) </li><li style="flex:1">Euro-1 </li><li style="flex:1">Euro-2 </li><li style="flex:1">Euro-4 </li><li style="flex:1">Euro-5 </li></ul>9Estimated vkm HGV in Germany by Euro Emission Categories Entwicklung der Verteilung der mautpflichtigen Fahrleistungen Figures 2005-11/07: BAG in Deutschland nach Schadstoffklassen 01-2005 bis 12-2010 (in %) Figures 11/07-2010: Estimations of Prog Trans AG (Quellen: 2005 - 10/2007: BAG; ab 11/2007: Schätzungen der ProgTrans AG) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 `EEV /S6 10 3 Plans to Extend Directive 2006/38 „ Integration of External Costs „ Handbook of CE et al. „ Proposal of the Commission „ Present Status 11 Proposal of the Commission „ Restrict to Three Externalities: Congestion, Noise, Air Pollution „ Take Medium Values of Handbook as Cap Values „ Leave Introduction and Final Design to Member Countries „ Reconsider the Scheme in 2013 12 Handbook: Marginal External Costs of HGV Ūct/vkm 50.0 125.0 75.0 70.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 12.8 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">10.5 </li><li style="flex:1">10.6 </li></ul>8.5 7.0 3.1 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2.7 </li><li style="flex:1">2.7 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2.6 </li><li style="flex:1">2.2 </li></ul>2.0 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">1.1 </li><li style="flex:1">0.0 </li><li style="flex:1">0.0 </li><li style="flex:1">0.0 </li><li style="flex:1">1.2 </li></ul>1.1 0.0 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Noise </li><li style="flex:1">Congestion </li><li style="flex:1">Accidents </li></ul>Unit cost value <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Air pollution </li><li style="flex:1">ClimatechangeŹ </li><li style="flex:1">Up- anddownstream </li></ul>processes Nature& Soil & landscape water <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">min </li><li style="flex:1">max </li></ul>13 4 Implementation Problems and Caveats „ Implementation Problems - Calculation of costs for the routes and different times of day and vehicle categories - Transaction costs „ Caveats - Dominance of congestion - Restriction to trucks inefficient - Undesired diversion effects - Impacts on land use 14 From Brindisi to Chiasso through Italy 15 1055 km in total 16 Trip scheduling CORRIDOR : BRINDISI (IT) - CHIASSO (IT) 1055 KM Start at 7.00 am Segments Bari (Italy) Molfetta Area interurban interurban <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Start </li><li style="flex:1">Arrival km </li><li style="flex:1">Period </li></ul>HighPeak HighPeak Medium Peak Off Peak Medium Peak HighPeak HighPeak HighPeak Medium Peak Off Peak 1 Brindisi 2 Bari 3 Molfetta 7.00 AM 8.22 AM 8.22 AM 9.00 AM 9.00 AM 10.00 AM 72 Canosa di Puglia interurban <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">730 </li><li style="flex:1">4 Canosa di Puglia </li></ul>5 Faenza Faenza San Lazzaro Bologna interurban 10.00 AM 5.00 PM interurban interurban suburban interurban interurban interurban interurban 5.00 PM 6.00 PM 6.00 PM 6.22 PM 6.22 PM 6.45 PM 6.45 PM 8.01 PM 8.01 PM 9.00 PM 9.00 PM 9.55 AM 9.55 AM 10.30 PM 6 San Lazzaro 7 Bologna area 8 Bologna 9 A1 KM 55 10 A1 KM 115 11 Milano 15 A1 KM 55 A1 KM 115 Milano 190 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Chiasso </li><li style="flex:1">48 </li><li style="flex:1">Off Peak </li></ul>Total Corridor 1.055 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">17 </li><li style="flex:1">18 </li></ul>Environmental Effectiveness Di f f er en t ial Charge <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">E5/E4 </li><li style="flex:1">E5/E3 </li><li style="flex:1">E5/E2 </li></ul>c t s/ k m; >32 t Handbook Prog t rans /IW W 1.7 2.6 4.8 6.5 6.8 12.3 Brea k - e v en E3 - > E5 Handbook 80,000 km Brea k - e v en E3 Š > E 5 Progt r/ I W W 60,000 km Brea k - e v en E4 - > E5 Prog t r / I WW 50,000 km 19 5 More Comprehensive Internalisation Schemes „ Complete Schemes: All Externalities, Mix of Instruments „ Goal Driven instead of Being Based on Abstract Paradigms „ Whole Network instead of Motorways, only „ Incentive Compatible 20 Mix of Instruments „ Taxation (incl. Insurance) „ Km Charges with Env. Diff. „ Emission Trading „ Regulation „ Investment in Alternative Modes 21 Scen. UL+RailProd: Tonkm by Distance and Mode Non-bulk Cargo <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">22 </li><li style="flex:1">23 </li></ul>Little Trust of EC in Own Strategy? „ White Paper: Revitalisation of Raiways „ TEN-T: Clear Prioritisation of Railways, IWW and Motorways of the Sea „ Mid-term Review: Co-modality, No Prosperous Future of Railways and IWW „ Logistic Action Plan: Strengthening Pot- ential of Railways/IWW „ Giga-trucks: Vague Position 24 Freight Transport Development According to Mid-term Review Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime™ Dekompressor „“ benötigt. 25 Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime™ Dekompressor „“ benötigt. 26 Modal Split of Rail Freight in Germany Zur Anzeige wird der QuickTime™ Dekompressor „“ benötigt. 27 Gigaliners on EU Roads? Folie 28 28 6 Conclusions „ Tolling a Powerful Instrument in a Bundle of Policies „ Environmental Differentiation Gives Strong Incentives to Use Better Technology „ Goal Orientation Instead of Abstract Para- digms of Economic Welfare Theory „ High Potential of Comprehensive Strategies for Technological Improvement and Modal Change „ Reducing Transport Intensity as a Challenge „ Economic Crisis Fostering Structural Change: Setting Market Conditions and Incentives Right 29 A Tsunami Followed the Financial Crisis. It might Induce a Creative Disruption.

Environmental Impacts of HGV Tolling Schemes

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