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Population Genetic Structure of the Endemic Rosewoods Dalbergia Cochinchinensis and D Population genetic structure of the endemic rosewoods Dalbergia cochinchinensis and D. oliveri at a regional scale reflects the Indochinese landscape and life-history traits Hartvig, Ida; So, Thea; Changtragoon, Suchitra; Tran, Hoa Thi; Bouamanivong, Somsanith; Theilade, Ida; Kjær, Erik Dahl; Nielsen, Lene Rostgaard Published in: Ecology and Evolution DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3626 Publication date: 2018 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Hartvig, I., So, T., Changtragoon, S., Tran, H. T., Bouamanivong, S., Theilade, I., Kjær, E. D., & Nielsen, L. R. (2018). Population genetic structure of the endemic rosewoods Dalbergia cochinchinensis and D. oliveri at a regional scale reflects the Indochinese landscape and life-history traits. Ecology and Evolution, 8(1), 530-545. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3626 Download date: 23. sep.. 2021 Received: 7 June 2017 | Revised: 29 September 2017 | Accepted: 11 October 2017 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3626 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Population genetic structure of the endemic rosewoods Dalbergia cochinchinensis and D. oliveri at a regional scale reflects the Indochinese landscape and life- history traits Ida Hartvig1 | Thea So2 | Suchitra Changtragoon3 | Hoa Thi Tran4 | Somsanith Bouamanivong5 | Ida Theilade6 | Erik Dahl Kjær1 | Lene Rostgaard Nielsen1 1Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Abstract Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark Indochina is a biodiversity hot spot and harbors a high number of endemic species, 2 Institute of Forest and Wildlife most of which are poorly studied. This study explores the genetic structure and repro- Research and Development, Forestry Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, ductive system of the threatened endemic timber species Dalbergia cochinchinensis Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, and Dalbergia oliveri using microsatellite data from populations across Indochina and Cambodia relates it to landscape characteristics and life- history traits. We found that the major 3Forest and Plant Conservation Research Office, Department of National Parks, Wildlife water bodies in the region, Mekong and Tonle Sap, represented barriers to gene flow and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural and that higher levels of genetic diversity were found in populations in the center of Resources and Environment, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand the distribution area, particularly in Cambodia. We suggest that this pattern is ancient, 4Forest Genetics and Conservation, Center reflecting the demographic history of the species and possible location of refugia dur- for Biodiversity and Biosafety, Institute of Agricultural Genetics, Vietnam Academy of ing earlier time periods with limited forest cover, which was supported by signs of old Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam genetic bottlenecks. The D. oliveri populations had generally high levels of genetic 5 National Herbarium of Laos, Biotechnology diversity (mean H = 0.73), but also strong genetic differentiation among populations and Ecology Institute, Ministry of Science and e Technology, Vientiane, Laos (global GST = 0.13), while D. cochinchinensis had a moderate level of genetic diversity 6 Department of Food and Resource (mean He = 0.55), and an even stronger level of differentiation (global GST = 0.25). Economics, University of Copenhagen, These differences in genetic structure can be accounted for by a higher level of gene Frederiksberg C, Denmark flow in D. oliveri due to a higher dispersal capacity, but also by the broader distribution Correspondence area for D. oliveri, and the pioneer characteristics of D. cochinchinensis. This study rep- Ida Hartvig, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of resents the first detailed analysis of landscape genetics for tree species in Indochina, Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. and the found patterns might be common for other species with similar ecology. Email: [email protected] Funding information KEYWORDS Danida Fellowship Centre, Grant/Award forest cover change, Indochina, landscape genetics, Mekong River, plant mating systems, tropical Number: 11073-LIFE; Torben og Alice trees Frimodts Fond; WWF/Novozymes; Christian og Ottilia Brorsons Rejselegat; Københavns Universitet 1 | INTRODUCTION a high overall biodiversity and very high levels of endemism for both plant and animal species, but is also experiencing high rates of primary habitat The region of Indochina, the mainland part of Southeast Asia, is recog- loss and currently has one of the world′s highest levels of deforestation nized as part of one of the world’s biodiversity hot spots. The area harbors (Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, da Fonseca, & Kent, 2000; WRI 2015). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2017 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Ecology and Evolution. 2017;1–16. www.ecolevol.org | 1 2 | HARTVIG ET AL. The high species richness and endemism levels in Southeast Asia of deforestation and fragmentation. Besides the direct negative effect can, in part, be attributed to the complex biogeographical and geo- of habitat loss, species are also affected by the associated genetic im- logical history of the region (Woodruff, 2010), involving collisions of pacts following reduced population size and fragmentation, such as the Indian and Australian tectonic plates early in the Cenozoic, fol- increased levels of inbreeding, genetic drift, and loss of genetic diver- lowed by subsequent movements of these and other smaller plates, sity (Lowe, Harris, & Ashton, 2004). Assessment of the diversity and which caused rapid changes in the distribution of land and sea areas structure of intraspecific genetic variation as well as acquiring basic in the region (Hall, 2001). In more recent times, the region has ex- knowledge on traits such as reproduction and dispersal systems can perienced even more extreme fluctuations in sea levels due to tem- contribute toward a more general understanding of how landscape perature changes in glacial and interglacial periods in the Quaternary and habitat changes affect species and populations. Such knowledge (Hall, 2001). These changes were followed by associated changes in is also important in order to guide conservation and management of vegetation types and cover, although the specific distribution of veg- remaining populations of threatened species. The majority of studies etation types during glacial and interglacial periods in the region re- exploring phylogeographic patterns and population divergence in the mains debated (Bird, Taylor, & Hunt, 2005; Heaney, 1991; Woodruff, region has either focused on the divergence between mainland and 2010; Wurster et al., 2010). The highly topographically varied land- island SE Asia (Ohtani et al., 2013; Patou et al., 2010) or the northern scape of Indochina also contributes to its rich biodiversity. The region part extending into Southern China (Yu & Nason, 2013). The popula- contains both mountainous regions and lowland areas, as well as the tion structure of forest- associated species within central Indochina is large freshwater bodies the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap Lake, and less well studied (Blair et al., 2013; Fuchs, Ericson, & Pasquet, 2008; is thus supporting a diverse range of habitats from forests and grass- Morgan et al., 2011), and particularly Cambodia is underrepresented lands to freshwater and coastal habitats (Maxwell, 2004; Theilade, in the sampling. A few studies assess population structure of plants Schmidt, Chhang, & McDonald, 2011; Tordoff et al., 2012). or trees in the region although most are limited to the local scale Large parts of Indochina have been inaccessible to researchers for (Pakkad, Kanetani, & Elliot, 2014; Senakun, Changtragoon, Pramual, long periods during the 20th century due to political instability and & Prathepha, 2011; Wattanakulpakin, Iamtham, Grubbs, & Volkaert, lack of infrastructure, and the biodiversity is in many areas severely 2015; Zhao & Zhang, 2015; Zhao et al., 2013). underexplored (Theilade & de Kok, 2015; Tordoff et al., 2012). In re- This study explores the genetic structure of two endemic tree spe- cent years, the general accessibility of more remote areas, especially cies of the genus Dalbergia L.f. (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) across the in Cambodia, has improved along with the general development in the Indochinese landscape. Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre and Dalbergia region. High numbers of new plant and animal species have been de- oliveri Gamble ex Prain (Figure 1) are two of the most valuable timber scribed in the region recently, and many more probably remain to be species in Indochina and are highly sought after for their attractive discovered (Giam, Ng, Yap, & Tan, 2010; WWF 2014). wood, which is used especially for luxury furniture (CTSP 2004; GW However, often very little is known about the distribution, 2015; Niyomdham, Hô, Dy Phon, & Vidal, 1997). Both species occur population dynamics, and life- history traits of single species, and how in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam and are often found in the the genetic diversity of species and populations is affected by the same localities, although D. oliveri has a wider distribution area also Indochinese landscape as well as the current habitat changes in terms extending into Myanmar and occurs
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