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Vier Keer Synesius Van Cyrene Masterproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Master in de Taal- en Letterkunde: Grieks-Latijn Vier keer Synesius van Cyr ene Een presentatie aan de hand van zijn brieven CLEO DENOLF Academiejaar 2009-2010 Promotor: Prof. Dr. KRISTOFFEL DEMOEN Συνεσίου νοῦν καὶ σθένος περὶ λόγους, ἐπιστολῶν τε τὴν χάριν ἐξαιρέτως, αὐτοὶ διδασκέτωσαν οἱ τούτου λόγοι· 1 ὁρᾶν δέ σοι πάρεστι καὶ μορφῆς τύπον. 1 Afbeelding voorblad en epigram: miniatuur uit de 14 e eeuw, B.N., suppl.gr. 660, fr. 26v, overgenomen uit Lacombrade 1951. 1 Dankwoord Ten eerste wil ik mijn promotor, Prof. Dr. Demoen bedanken voor zijn uitstekende begeleiding, aanmoediging en kritiek. Ook mijn vader, Rudy Denolf, verdient hier een woord van dank voor het nalezen van deze thesis. Hij doorworstelde een materie die hij niet beheerst en dat is op zijn minst bewonderenswaardig te noemen. Ellis Denolf dank ik voor het maken van mijn voorblad, aangezien ik – in tegenstelling tot haar - niet volledig ingewijd ben in de wonderen der informatica. Charlotte Coppieters en Ann Gielen ben ik zeer dankbaar voor de welkome ontspanning tijdens de noeste thesisarbeid. Tot slot wil ik nog Steff Coppieters bedanken voor het suggereren van dit onderwerp en de vele steun. Deze thesis wil ik opdragen aan mijn grootnonkel, Georges Denolf, die op 11 maart 2010 onverwacht overleden is. 2 Inhoud INLEIDING EN OPZET ..........................................................................................................5 i. Een late getuige...............................................................................................................................5 ii. A different Synesius for every scholar ........................................................................................7 iii. Opzet van deze thesis...................................................................................................................8 LEVEN EN WERK..................................................................................................................11 i. Jeugd (± 370-392) .........................................................................................................................11 ii. Studie in Alexandrië en thuiskomst (393-395)..........................................................................12 iii. Ambassade naar Constantinopel (399-402 of 397-400)...........................................................15 iv. Terugkeer uit Constantinopel tot bisschopsverkiezing ( 402?-409?).....................................23 v. Van bisschopsverkiezing tot sterfbed (410-413) .......................................................................26 1. SYNESIUS DE LITERATOR .............................................................................................31 1.1. Synesius over Synesius de literator.........................................................................................31 1.1.1. Synesius en zijn lezers: het Panhellenion en andere Hellenen .................................................... 31 1.1.2. Synesius en zijn apenjongen: Calvitii encomium, De insomniis en de Dion ............................... 34 1.1.3. Synesius en zijn brieven ................................................................................................................. 41 1.2. Synesius de literator in actie....................................................................................................45 1.2.1. Parodieën en invectieven .............................................................................................................. 45 1.2.2. Synesius de verteller ....................................................................................................................... 47 2. SYNESIUS DE FILOSOOF ...............................................................................................54 2.1. Een leerling van Hypatia .........................................................................................................54 2.1.1. Hypatia: heidense martelares? ...................................................................................................... 54 2.1.2. Over astrolabia en hydroscopen ................................................................................................... 58 2.1.3. Οἱ μακαριώτατοι ἑταῖροι .............................................................................................................. 63 2.1.4. Mysterie en theurgie ....................................................................................................................... 68 2.1.5. Hypatia: cynische filosofe met macht? ......................................................................................... 72 2.1. De filosofie van Synesius:.........................................................................................................81 2.2.1. Herculianusbrieven ........................................................................................................................ 81 2.2.2. Filosofie en polis .............................................................................................................................. 89 3 3. SYNESIUS, HELLEEN EN/OF CHRISTEN?..................................................................93 3.1. Synesius’ conversio: een status quaestionis............................................................................93 3.2. Synesius en het christendom: enkele aanwijzingen...............................................................97 3.3. Synesius’ ‘Hellenen’ ..............................................................................................................101 3.4. Een bisschop en zijn patriarch: brief 105.............................................................................105 4. SYNESIUS DE POLITICUS ............................................................................................110 4.1. Goede en slechte gouverneurs ...............................................................................................110 4.1.1. Een schakel in de rijkspolitiek .....................................................................................................110 4.1.2. Bisschop versus gouverneur: Synesius en Andronicus ........................................................... 114 4.2. Synesius en zijn netwerk........................................................................................................115 4.2.1. Curiales onder elkaar ..................................................................................................................... 115 4.2.2. De bisschop en zijn netwerk ........................................................................................................ 117 4.3. Synesius en zijn militie...........................................................................................................119 4.3.1. Lafaards en barbaren .................................................................................................................... 119 4.3.2. De bisschop en de dappere clerus ............................................................................................... 121 CONCLUSIE .........................................................................................................................123 BIBLIOGRAFIE ...................................................................................................................125 4 INLEIDING EN OPZET i. Een late getuige Ὄντως, κύριε ὦ ἐπίσκοπε, μετὰ πάντων καὶ τοῦτό μοι ἀπαρέσκει, ὂ λέγετε οἱ Χριστιανοὶ, ὅτι καὶ συντέλεια τοῦ κόσμου τούτου γίνεται, καὶ μετὰ τὴν συντέλειαν πάντες οἱ ἐξ αἰῶνος γενόμενοι οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐν τούτῳ τῷ σώματι ἀνίστανται, καὶ τὴν σάρκα ταύτην ἄφθαρτον ἔχοντες καὶ ἀνώλεθρον, εἰς αἰῶνας βιώσουσιν, τὰς ἀμοιβὰς ἀπολήψονται, καὶ ὅτι ὁ ἐλεῶν πτωχὸν Θεῷ δανείζει, και ὁ σκορπίζων εἰς πτωχοὺς καὶ πένητας χρήματα, ἐν οὐρανοῖς θησαυρίζει και ἑκατονταπλασίονα αὐτῷ μετὰ ζωῆς αἰωνίου ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ ἐν τῇ παλιγγενεσίᾳ κομίζεται, ἅπερ ἅπαντα ἀπάτη μοι, καὶ χλεύη, καὶ μῦθος γίνεται, καὶ λεγόμενα φαίνεται. Ὁ δὲ Συνέσιος ὁ ἐπίσκοπος διεβεβαιοῦτο, πάντα τῶν Χριστιανῶν ἀληθῆ εἶναι, καὶ μηδὲν ἔχειν ψεῦδος, ἢ ἀληθείας ἀλλότριον, καὶ διὰ πολλῶν ἀποδείξεων ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχειν ἐπειρᾶτο δεικνύειν. Καὶ δὴ μετὰ πολὺν χρόνον ποιήσας αὐτὸν γενέσθαι Χριστιανὸν, βαπτίζει καὶ αὐτὸν, καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτοῦ, καὶ πάντας τοὺς ἐν τῷ οἰκῷ αὐτοῦ. 2 “Werkelijk, meneer de bisschop, bovenal misnoegt mij hetgeen jullie christenen zeggen, namelijk dat het einde van deze wereld op komst is en dat na het einde alle mensen die er ooit geweest zijn in dit lichaam verrijzen en dat ze eeuwig zullen leven, met dit vlees ongeschonden en onvergankelijk, en dat ze hun verdiende loon zullen ontvangen en dat degene die medelijden heeft met de armen bij God in het krijt staat en dat degenen die geld uitdelen aan de bedelaars en aan de armen schatrijk zijn in de hemel en dat zo iemand van Christus bij de verrijzenis het honderdvoudige zal krijgen in het eeuwige leven. Dat alles is bedrog, kletspraat, fabeltjes en lijken vertelsels te zijn.” Synesius de bisschop verzekerde dat alle dogma’s van de christenen waar zijn geen leugens bevatten, of iets zijn dat vreemd is aan de waarheid. Ook probeerde hij met vele bewijzen aan te tonen dat het zo in mekaar zit. En ja, na lange tijd maakte hij hem tot christen, doopte hem, zijn kinderen en iedereen in zijn huishouden. Ioannes Moschus vertelt in zijn Pratum spirituale , een verzameling van christelijke stichtende anekdotes uit de 6 e /7 e eeuw, een verhaal over Synesius de Filosoof , die bisschop was van 2 Dit is een
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