Two New Species of Herina (Diptera: Ulidiidae) from the Mediterranean Region, with Key to Species Groups

Zootaxa 3686 (4): 461–470 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.4.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:08EBEA80-2896-43A6-B0A0-AF7B0AC0153B Two new species of Herina (Diptera: Ulidiidae) from the Mediterranean region, with key to species groups

E. MORGULIS1, A. FREIDBERG1 & E. P. KAMENEVA2 1Department of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of NAS of Ukraine Bogdan Chmielnicki Str. 15, Kyiv 01601 Ukraine. E-mail: seioptera@yandex.ru

Abstract

Herina dimorphica n. sp. (type locality Israel) and H. sicula n. sp. (type locality Sicily, Italy) are described and illustrated, and a new species group (the Herina dimorphica species group) is established for both species. H. dimorphica is charac- terized by a sexually-dimorphic wing pattern and venation. H. sicula is similar albeit not sexually-dimorphic. Almost all known Herina species are assigned to one of nine species groups, which are keyed.

Key words: Tephritoidea, Ulidiidae, Herina, species group

Introduction

With about 700 described species, the Ulidiidae are the third largest family in the Tephritoidea (Kameneva and Korneyev, 2010). The Palearctic ulidiid fauna comprises about 200 species (Soós, 1984; Zaitzev, 1984), with about half of them occurring in the Mediterranean basin. Morgulis (2012) treated 39 species from Israel and considered about one third of them to be undescribed. With over forty described species occurring mainly in the Holarctic Region and on high mountain grasslands of the Oriental Region and Papuan subregion, Herina is among the largest genera of ulidiids, especially in the Palaearctic Region and Europe (Kameneva, 2007). Until recently this genus was not known from Israel. Merz (2002) described H. aartseni from east Mediterranean countries, including Israel. From 1970 on we have been collecting in the northern part of Israel a large number of specimens of another, very different, Herina species with an atypical wing pattern and venation (wing sexually dimorphic) that was obviously undescribed. In 1986, in Sicily, AF collected an additional undescribed species that although not sharing all the wing peculiarities with the Israeli species is obviously closely related to it. Based on this overall similarity, as well as peculiarities of the male terminalia, we consider these two species to be sister species. The two new species are described here, and their possible relationships with other species of Herina are briefly discussed. Most known species of Herina are preliminarily assigned to nine groups, of which two were defined by Merz (2002) and seven are newly defined here, including Herina dimorphica species group which is established here for the two new species. All the species groups and a few ungrouped species are keyed.

Material and methods

Collecting was carried out using a sweeping net. Specimens were killed using a cyanide killing jar and were pinned or preserved in 70% alcohol. Specimens for the biological observations were placed in glass tubes in the field and then transferred into a plastic cage in the laboratory. The flies were given honey as food and moist cotton-wool as a source of water.

Accepted by D. Bickel: 26 Jun. 2013; published: 15 Jul. 2013 461 Plants from the collecting area were also taken for experiments and identification. Measurements are based on six specimens, 3 males and 3 females, whenever available. The descriptive terminology follows McAlpine (1981) and White et al. (1999). Full synonymy is not listed. For additional synonymy data and discussion of the taxonomic position of the genus see Merz (1996, 2002) and Kameneva (2006). The workload and responsibilities were divided more or less equally between the authors.

Taxonomy

Herina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Herina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 724. Type species: Herina liturata Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, by subsequent designation of Hennig (1939) (syn. of Herina nigrina (Meigen, 1826).

Diagnosis. Small to medium-sized otitine flies (wing length 2–5 mm), usually with dark brown, subshining, rarely microtrichose, body; wing with very short or no posteroapical lobe of cell bcu and pattern of 3–4 dark spots or crossbands, rarely almost entirely brown or hyaline. Male terminalia usually without epiphallus (except in H. frondescentiae Linnaeus). Redescription. Head: Frons longer than wide. First flagellomere often pointed apically, usually 1.4–1.5 times as long as wide, rarely (in H. paludum Fallén and H. palustris Meigen) 3–4 times as long as wide. Gena 0.33 times or less as high as eye. Orbit and parafacial silvery-gray to silvery-white microtrichose. Thorax: Chaetotaxy: 0–1 acrostichal, 1–2 dorsocentral setae, posterior dorsocentral seta usually shorter and thinner than anterior dorsocentral seta or lacking, 1–2 supra-alar, 1 postalar, 1 intra-alar, 0–1 postpronotal, 1 proepisternal, 2–4 anepisternal, 2 notopleural and 1 katepisternal setae present. Scutellum with 2 pairs of setae.

Wing: Usually spotted, rarely banded, brown or entirely hyaline. Veins R4+5 and M parallel or slightly convergent; cell bcu with at most minute posteroapical lobe (vein Cu2 convex or slightly bent). Abdomen: Tergites entirely subshining or sometimes with gray crossbands, female sternites 4–6 with anteromedial apodemes. Male terminalia: Epiphallus and sensillar fields lateral of basiphallus usually absent; gonites large, symmetric, with 3–5 setulae. Phallus long, in some portions with acanthi (modified microsetae), in others bare; acanthi of various length and shape, often lanceolate, parallelogram or hook-like. Medial and lateral surstyli of various shapes. Simple surstyli—with medial surstylus slightly convex and bearing 2–3 prensisetae and 4–5 setulae, and with lateral surstylus narrow, straight or mesoventrally curved (in H. oscillans (Meigen), H. parva (Loew) and H. pseudoluctuosa Hennig). Highly modified surstyli—with bifurcate or lobate medial surstylus with one of the two prensisetae on mesal surface of lateral sursylus (lugubris group of species) or with multiple (5–8) prensisetae (in H. frondescentiae (Loew) and H. odnosumi Kameneva & Pljushtch). Female terminalia: Oviscape shining; aculeus varies from short and wide to moderately long, 1.8–5.5 times as long as wide, with oval or round cercal unit; 3 round, oval or bacilliform spermathecae present. Systematic relationships. Herina belongs to the tribe Otitini of the subfamily Otitinae (Kameneva & Korneyev 2006). It is apparently a non-monophyletic group (Kameneva, unpublished data). Herina can be defined as an aggregation of smaller, mostly black species with various types of wing pattern, very short-lobate or non- lobate cell bcu, moderately narrow frons, parafacial and gena; male terminalia with 2–8 prensisetae on both of the surstyli combined, usually no epiphallus (present in H. frondescentiae and H. oscillans — Kameneva, unpublished data), and usually lacking sensillar fields on the hypandrium lateral to basiphallus (present in H. oscillans — Kameneva, unpublished data). Species of Ceroxys also have subshining or shining abdomen and pointed 1st flagellomere. They can be distinguished from species of Herina by their larger size (wing length = 5.5–7.5 mm) and slightly convergent veins

R4+5 and M. Some smaller black species of Otites (e.g., O. rivularis (Loew)) and Ulidiopsis (U. mirabilis Hennig) differ in having moderately high gena (0.35–0.45 as high as eye), medial surstylus with 7–30 prensisetae, well developed paired epiphallus and presence of the sensillar fields lateral to basiphallus. As a result of this confusion, females sometimes cannot be placed to genus with certainty.

462 · Zootaxa 3686 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press MORGULIS ET AL. Species groups: Along with the lugubris group of species, defined and revised by Merz (2002), several additional groups of species can be recognized as is defined in the following key. However, nine species could not be placed into any of these groups.

Key to species groups and unplaced species of Herina

1. Wing pattern dimidiate (with anterior part of wing dark gray to brown and posterior part hyaline or milky-white) or extending over most of wing, not consisting of spots or stripes. Abdomen evenly gray-brown microtrichose (females) or microtrichose with bare, shining spots (males)...... dimorphica group Two species, from the Mediterranean Region: H. dimorphica n. sp. , H. sicula n. sp. , both described and keyed below - Wing mostly hyaline, with discrete pattern consisting of spots or stripes. Abdomen variable, from moderately microtrichose to shining, but neither sexually dimorphic, nor microtrichose with shining spots...... 2 2. Subbasal crossband reaching middle of anal lobe or posterior margin of wing...... 3

- Subbasal crossband incomplete or lacking, reaching at most vein Cu2...... 6 3. Wing pattern consisting of 4 complete crossbands widely fused at anterior and posterior margin forming U- and Π-like pattern. 1st flagellomere apically rounded. Lateral surstylus mesally curved, with 2 groups of prensisetae: three at middle of lateral surstylus and two mediobasally...... H. frondescentiae (Linnaeus) Europe.

- Subbasal crossband not connected to discal crossband along vein CuA1 or posterior margin. Lateral surstylus not as above. 4 4. Crossveins R-M and DM-Cu strongly approximated, with single crossband from pterostigma extending over both crossveins.

Wing pattern consisting of 4 bands connected at anterior margin, including preapical crossband from apex of R2+3 through middle of cell m...... H. monticola (Stackelberg) Middle Asia (Tajikistan). - Crossveins R-M and DM-Cu widely separated, each within separate crossband. Wing pattern without preapical crossband through middle of cell m distal to crossvein DM-Cu...... 5 5. Subbasal and discal crossbands complete and separate, reaching posterior margin of wing...... H. yunnanica Kameneva China (south). - Subbasal and discal crossbands fused in costal cell and pterostigma, extending posteriorly to middle of anal lobe and cell dm, respectively...... H. luzonica Kameneva The Philippines. 6. Body mostly yellow, mesonotum with black, densely gray microtrichose median vitta. Lateral surstylus with single prensiseta apically; medial surstylus with posterior and mesal lobes, each bearing 3 prensisetae. . . . .H. odnosumi Kameneva & Pljushtch Afghanistan. - Body brown to black, mesonotum uniformly microtrichose, sometimes gray with 3–5 brown vittae. Medial and lateral surstyli not as above...... 7 7. Mesonotum with dense gray microtrichia covering underlying cuticle. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 densely gray microtrichose in anterior half. 1st flagellomere short, apically pointed. Medial and lateral surstyli very long and massive, asymmetric antler- like (Kameneva 2007: Figs 2, 4–5)...... H. tristis group Two described and one undescribed species, from the Mediterranean Region to Middle East. H. tristis (Meigen, 1826), H. gyrans (Loew, 1864) and H. sp. A (Mohamadzade & Kameneva in press). See Kameneva (2007) and Mohamadzade & Kame- neva (in press) for key to species. - Mesonotum sparsely microtrichose; cuticle visible. Abdominal tergites usually uniformly subshining brown or at most tergite 3 gray microtrichose at anterior margin. 1st flagellomere either short and rounded or very long and apically pointed. Medial and lateral Surstylus different; if very long, then non-antler-like...... 8

8. Crossvein DM-Cu aligned with apex of vein R1. Middle of wing with crossband from pterostigma through crossveins R-M and DM-Cu; subbasal crossband reaching cells bm or bcu. Medial surstylus widely bifurcate, with lateroventral branch fused to lateral surstylus (bearing single prensiseta), and finger-like medial lobe...... narytia group Five described species, from North America to Caribbean Basin: H. narytia (Walker, 1849), H. ruficeps Wulp, 1867, H. canadensis (Johnson, 1902), H. nigribasis J. F. McAlpine, 1951, H. caribbeana Kameneva, 2013. See McAlpine (1951) and Kameneva (2013 a) for key to species.

- Crossvein DM-Cu aligned conspicuously distal to apex of vein R1; if crossveins R-M and DM-Cu approximated (in some specimens of H. lacustris Meigen), then subbasal crossband not reaching cells bm or bcu and costal cell entirely brown. Male terminalia variable...... 9 9. Abdominal tergite 3 anteriorly with narrow gray microtrichose crossband. Head 1.35–1.50 times as high as long. Medial and lateral surstyli elongate, with 2 unequal prensisetae (1 on each surstylus), if medial surstylus bifurcate, then lateroventral branch bearing small and narrow prensiseta, and medial branch with large spur-like prensiseta. Face brownish yellow. 1st flagellomere moderately elongate, ca. 2.5 times as long as wide...... lugubris group Five species, from the Mediterranean Region to Crimea, Caucasus and Iran: H. aartseni Merz 2002, H. ghilianii Rondani, 1869, H. lacustris (Meigen, 1826), H. lugubris (Meigen, 1826), H. rivosecchii Merz 2002. See Merz (2002) and Kameneva (2007) for key to species.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF HERINA FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION Zootaxa 3686 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 463 - Abdomen uniformly shining or subshining. Head 1.1–1.25 times as high as long. Surstyli, face and 1st flagellomere variable ...... 10 10. 1st flagellomere elongate, 2.7–4.0 times as high as long...... 11 -1st flagellomere short, 1.4–2.5 times as high as long...... 13 11. Aculeus with conspicuously elongate tubular epiproct and hypoproct (sclerites of the cercal unit anterior to cercus) and short, round cercal unit as long as wide (except long oval in H. scutellaris). Female abdominal tergites normal, wide. Medial and lateral surstyli either long, with 1 prensiseta each (H. palustris Meigen), or medial surstylus bifurcated...... paludum group Western Palaearctic. Four species: H. paludum (Fallén, 1820), H. nigrina (Meigen, 1826), H. palustris (Meigen, 1826), H. scutellaris Robineau- Desvoidy, 1830. See Kameneva (2007) for key to species. - Aculeus with short, almost indistinct epiproct and hypoproct and elongate oval cercal unit, ca. 1.5 times as long as wide. Abdominal tergites and medial and lateral surstyli variable...... 12 12. Wing with 4 incomplete crossbands. Female abdominal tergites 4–6 narrowed, longer than wide; spiracles 4–6 displaced dor- solaterally on abdomen. Spermatheca short bacilliform. Male unknown ...... H. shandonica Kameneva China.

- Wing almost entirely hyaline, with dark spot at apex of vein R2+3. Female abdominal tergites normal; all abdominal spiracles in lateroventral position. Spermatheca oval. Medial surstylus with subequal prensisetae...... H. oscillans (Meigen) Western Palaearctic. 13. Medial surstylus with an elongate, pointed lobe bearing 3–5 prensisetae ventrally; aculeus 2.0–2.5 times as long as wide, with almost cylindrical, narrow sclerotized cercal unit <0.3 times as wide as aculeus ...... orientalis group Four species from the Oriental Region (Malayan Peninsula to Java): H. orientalis (Schiner, 1868), H. conjuncta (de Meijere, 1914), H. macalpinei Kameneva, 2006, and H. arjunae Kameneva, 2013. See Kameneva (2006, 2013 b) for key to species. - Medial surstylus not as above; either aculeus narrower, 3–4 times as long as wide, or cercal unit oval, wider, 0.4–0.6 times as wide as aculeus ...... 14

14. Vein R1 setulose over entire length. Medial surstylus nipple-like, mesally directed, with setulae and 2–3 prensisetae between medial and lateral surstylus. Spermatheca long sausage-like ...... H. igniceps group Two species from southern China: H. igniceps Hendel, 1933, H. carboniceps Kameneva, 2006. See Kameneva (2006) for key to species.

-Vein R1 bare basal to pterostigma. Medial surstylus not as above. Spermatheca variable...... 15 15. Lateral surstylus with 3 prensisetae medially; medial surstylus with 1 prensiseta mediobasally, close to cercus. Spermatheca spherical...... H. insularis Kameneva Japan (Okinawa) and China (Taiwan). - 2–5 prensisetae evenly distributed between medial and lateral surstyli. Spermatheca elongate...... 16 16. 1 long, spur-like and 2 shorter prensisetae present. Spermatheca short sausage-like...... H. plushchi Kameneva New Guinea (Irian Jaya). - prensisetae subequal. Spermatheca variable...... 17 17. Epandrium with additional, medially directed lobe posterior to medial and lateral surstyli. Spermatheca long sausage-like...... H. goilala (D. K. McAlpine) Papua New Guinea. - Epandrium without additional lobes. Spermatheca variable...... 18 18. Spermatheca oval (not known in H. merzi Kameneva)...... H. oscillans group Western Palaearctic Region. Five species in this probably non-monophyletic aggregation: H. oscillans (Meigen, 1826), H. parva (Loew, 1864), H. pseudoluctuosa Hennig, 1939, H. merzi Kameneva, 2007, and H. lazi Kameneva & Korneyev, 2012. See Kameneva (2007) and Kameneva & Korneyev (2012) for key to species. - Spermatheca short to long, sausage-like (not known in H. sepsis) ...... H. hennigi group Seven species in Eastern Asia, from Far East Russia to the Philippines: H. hennigi Hering, 1940, H. burmanica (Frey, 1959), H. zojae Kameneva, 1999, H. freyi Kameneva, 2006, H. japonica Kameneva, 2006; H. philippinica Kameneva, 2006, H. sepsis Kameneva & Chen, 2006. See Kameneva (2006) for key to species.

Herina dimorphica species group

Diagnosis. This group of species can be destinguished from other Herina species groups by the combination of the following characters: small size (body length 2.2–4.0 mm); first flagellomere short, pointed dorsoapically; wing pattern unique, varies from almost evenly infuscated to dimidiate, rather than consisting of transverse dots or stripes as in all other Herina groups; medial surstylus inconspicuous; lateral surstylus mesally curved or almost straight, with 2–3 prensisetae; spermatheca short oval. Genital characters similar to those of members of the oscillans group, but members of the dimorphica group clearly differ from the members of the oscillans group by the more densely microtrichose thorax and abdomen, as well as by the wing pattern.

1. Veins R4+5 and M slightly divergent; sexually dimorphic: male lacking crossvein DM-Cu ...... Herina dimorphica n. sp.

-Veins R4+5 and M parallel; not dimorphic: male and female with crossvein DM-Cu present ...... Herina sicula n. sp.

Herina dimorphica Morgulis, Freidberg and Kameneva n. sp. (Figs. 1, 2, 6–9, 11)

Material examined. (regions in bold face are not cited in the labels and are added here only for clarity; localities in brackets refer to the original spelling on the label or to editorial additions). Holotype ♂: ISRAEL: [near] Pa'ar Cave, 800 m, 33°02.04'N 35°23.356'E, 19.x.2009, A. Freidberg, E. Morgulis and I. Katz. Paratypes, same collection data as holotype (91♂, 47♀). Mount Hermon: Har Hermon [Hermon], 27.ix.1972, D. Furth (1♂); Har Dov, 1500 m, 27.ix.1992, Y. Nussbaum (5♂, 3♀); Majdal Shams [Majdel Chams], 14.x.1982, A. Freidberg (6♂, 27♀), F. Kaplan (1♂, 9♀), A. Zadka (1♂, 3♀); Nahal Nimrod, 33°15'N 35°45'E, 4.x.2001, A. Freidberg (4♂, 4♀), L. Friedman (2♀); Golan Heights: Mas'ada, 3.x.1970, J. Kugler (2♂, 6♀); Nabi Hazuri, 790 m, 33°15.036'N 35°43.761'E, 18.x.2009, L. Friedman (1♀); Haspin [Khispin], 28.x.1983, I. Nussbaum (1♂, 7♀); Upper Galilee: Pa'ar Cave, near Sasa, 25.x.1994, A. Freidberg (23♂, 63♀); Pa'ar Cave, 800 m, 33°02.04'N 35°23.356'E, 19.x.2009, L. Friedman (18♂); Pa'ar Cave, 810 m, 33°01.952'N 35°23.189'E, 18.x.2010, A. Freidberg, L. Bodner and E. Morgulis (46♂, 32♀); Har Meron [Mt. Meiron], 10.x.1971, J. Kugler (1♀); Har Meron, 900 m, 33°01'N 35°24'E, 3.x.2001, A. Freidberg (1♀); Zefat [Zefat], 17.x.1972, A. Freidberg (1♀), J. Kugler (2♀); Kefar Shammay [Kfar Shamai], 6.x.1974, A. Freidberg (1♀); 'Ami'ad [Amiad], 6.x.1974, A. Freidberg (1♂, 1♀). The holotype is double-mounted, minutien pin on plastic block, is in excellent condition and is deposited in the National Collection of Insects, Tel Aviv University (TAUI). Most paratypes are in TAUI; paratypes have been donated to the Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA (NMNH), and I.I.Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kiev, Ukraine (SIZK). Diagnosis. this species differs from all congeners by the sexually dimorphic wing venation and pattern, i.e., males lacking crossvein DM-Cu and having a well-contrasted dark brown pattern over anterior half of wing, whereas females with crossvein DM-Cu present and pattern more extensive (e.g. over crossvein DM-Cu) and less contrasted. H. dimorphica is most similar to H. sicula n. sp., differing from it in veins R4+5 and M being slightly divergent (in H. sicula veins R4+5 and M are parallel); abdominal tergites 3 and 4 of male medially and apically gray microtrichose, with two isolated bare spots (Fig. 11) (in H. sicula tergites 3 and 4 with bare black spots widely confluent, leaving only two lateroapical and one mediobasal triangles gray microtrichose (Fig. 12)); and in the lateral surstylus bent medially in a nearly right angle (bent more gently in H. sicula). Description. Head (Fig. 1): Structure: 1.22–1.26 times as high as long. Frons at level of anterior ocellus 0.71– 0.86 times as wide as long; frons at lunule level 0.78–0.94 times as wide as long. In lateral view face nearly straight, receded. Carina flattened at dorsal 0.45–0.50, about 0.45–0.50 times as wide as antennal groove at same level in anterior view, ventrally rounded to slightly pointed and irregularly wrinkled; protrusion of carina beyond parafacial in lateral view about 2.5–3.0 times as long as parafacial at narrowest level. Eye 1.17–1.37 times as high as long. Gena 0.17–0.29 times as high as eye. Fronto-orbital plate at antenna insertion level 0.41–0.62 times as long as gena height. First flagellomere 1.53–1.71 times as long as high, dorsoapically pointed, dorsally straight. Arista with microscopic rays. Color and vestiture: Ocellar triangle, vertex, occiput, orbit, postgena and 1st flagellomere black; orbit white microtrichose, remaining parts gray microtrichose. Frontal vitta orange. Face yellow to black, slightly gray microtrichose. Parafacial and gena mostly brown, silvery-gray microtrichose; gena posteriorly blackish. Scape, pedicel and 1st flagellomere black, slightly silvery microtrichose; arista mostly brown-black, white immediately beyond thickened base. Clypeus brown-black; palpus brown to yellow, gray microtrichose. Chaetotaxy: Medial vertical seta 1.10–1.25 times as long as lateral vertical seta; ocellar seta and postocellar seta each 0.45–0.52 times as long as medial vertical seta; 2 orbital setae, posterior orbital seta 1.7–1.9 times as long as anterior orbital seta and 0.57–0.63 times as long as medial vertical seta. Frontal vitta setulose. Gena, postgena, palpus and vibrissal angle with long black setulae. Labellum with mixed black and white setulae.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF HERINA FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION Zootaxa 3686 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 465 FIGURES 1–7. Characters of Herina spp. 1. Herina dimorphica, head, lateral view. 2. H. dimorphica, epandrium, posterior view. 3. H. sicula, epandrium, posterior view. 4. H. dimorphica, phallus. 5. H. sicula, phallus. 6. H. dimorphica, spermatheca. 7. H. dimorphica, cercal unit.

FIGURES 11–12. Abdomen, male, dorsal view. 11. H. dimorphica. 12. H. sicula.

Thorax. Color and vestiture: Dark brown to black, entirely gray microtrichose; scutum with slightly darker, longitudinal, medial and lateral, presutural lines. Chaetotaxy: All setae and setulae black. 2 dorsocentral (anterior 3 times as long and as thick as posterior) setae present, 2 supra-alar, anterior supra-alar seta 0.33 times as long as posterior supra-alar seta, 1 postalar and 2–4 anepisternal setae present; 6–9 dorsocentral setulae present. Mesonotum, postpronotal lobe, anepisternum and katepisternum with black setulae about 0.2 times as long as major setae. Legs. All coxae brown to black; all femora, tibiae and apical 2–4 tarsomeres black; 1–3 basal tarsomeres brown to pale yellow. Legs slightly gray microtrichose.

Wing. Pattern: Male (Fig. 8): Blackish area extending anterior to middle of cell r4+5 and distal to level of crossvein BM-Cu and along vein R4+5, wing otherwise hyaline; female (Fig. 9): Slightly blackish area anterior to vein Cu1, with darker infuscation at base of basal costal cell, apex of costal cell, apex of cell r1, along apices of veins R1 and R2+3 and along crossvein R-M. Pterostigma gray in both sexes. Venation: Male: Veins A1, Cu2 and base of vein M yellow, remaining veins brown. Crossvein DM-Cu absent; female: Veins R4+5 and Cu1 in basal fifth and entire vein A1 yellow, remaining veins brown; crossvein DM-Cu present. In both sexes: Cell r4+5 about as wide at apex as in middle. Crossvein R-M aligned basal to apex of vein R1. Vein Cu2 convex, without bend, not forming posterodistal lobe at cell bcu. Calypter yellowish-white. Halter entirely gray microtrichose, base and stem brown, knob yellow. Abdomen. Brown to black in both sexes. In male (Fig. 11), syntergite 1+2 entirely and tergites 3 and 4 medially and apically gray-brown microtrichose; tergite 5 not microtrichose; non-microtrichose areas on tergite 4 and tergite 5 wrinkled, remaining parts smooth. In female, abdomen entirely gray-brown microtrichose. Male terminalia: Epandrium (Fig. 2) 1.3–1.5 times as high as wide. Lateral surstylus articulated to epandrium, widened basally, bearing 2 large prensisetae and 2–5 setulae medially; lateral surstylus bent medially at or nearly at right angle. Phallus (Fig. 4) laterally spinulose at basal 0.1, setulose on basomedial 0.33, with 4–6 setae (on each side) on medioapical 0.33, both laterally and medially spinulose at apical 0.3. Spines at basal 0.1 of phallus flat and wide, as long as phallus width; spines on medial 0.6 thick and long, about 1.5–2.0 times as long as phallus width; spines at subapical 0.15 as long as phallus width; spines at apical 0.15 about half as long as phallus width. Glans

468 · Zootaxa 3686 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press MORGULIS ET AL. membranous and micro-spinulose. Female terminalia: Aculeus 5.2–6.1 times as long as wide. Cercal unit (Fig. 7) elongate oval, apically truncate, with well pronounced lateral groove. Sensilla: Basaoventral seta aligned with basal dorsal seta. All setae long. Pair of large socket-like sensilla present basal to subapical ventral seta pair. 3 ovoid spermathecae (Fig. 6) present, 2 with common duct. Measurements (mm). Body length 2.25–2.95, wing length 2.42–2.95. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the sexual dimorphism in the wing venation and pattern. Distribution, phenology and biology. Adults were found primarily in open, sunny grasslands of the northern highlands of Israel (Har Hermon, Golan Heights, Upper Galilee) only in September and October. The flies were observed standing head down and rarely moving on the shaded side of stems of various dry or green herbs of the families Asteraceae, Poaceae and Apiaceae. It is noteworthy that almost all the studied specimens were collected in October, which is autumn in Israel. Judged by the phenology of terrestrial Diptera in Israel generally (Freidberg, unpublished data), this is the poorest season for collecting Diptera adults. Indeed, based on about 3500 collected specimens, Morgulis (2012, chart 1) has shown for 37 ulidiid species recorded by her from Israel that between September and March the richness of these flies was less than 10 species per month, whereas in the remaining (spring and summer) months it varied between 15–27 species per month. This pattern appears to hold true also for other Herina species, such as H. sicula n. sp. (described below), collected in Sicily in late August, and H. aartseni Merz (Morgulis, 2012), collected in Israel from Mid-June to beginning of November. In the laboratory, although the flies were presented with various (dry) plant materials (taken from their natural habitat), females were not seen laying eggs in them. Soil, which was also taken from the habitat, did receive some attention from the flies, as several females did probe it with their aculeus. Whether or not they have laid eggs in the soil remains to be clarified. At least one female laid eggs in a stainless steel mesh covering the ventilation openings of the cage. The eggs were found glued to the mesh, between the cage wall (plastic) and the mesh itself. Other females were observed inserting their aculeus through this mesh, but no other egg batches were found. Both in the field and at the laboratory, the flies (mainly males) were seen performing wing scissoring and tapping on each other with their forelegs, and several mating couples were observed. During mating, the male mounts the female, and their body axes form an acute angle; the male grasps the female abdomen with his mid and hind legs, while his fore legs either resting on her syntergite 1+2 or tapping on her scutum or head. The female slightly spreads her wings, and the male stays with his wings fully folded as at rest.

Herina sicula Morgulis, Freidberg and Kameneva, n. sp. (Figs. 3, 5, 10, 12)

Material examined. Holotype ♂: Italy: Sicily: Pioppo, 28.viii.1982, A. Freidberg (TAUI). Paratypes: Same collecting data as holotype (1♂, 4♀) (TAUI). The holotype is in excellent condition, double-mounted, minutien pin on plastic block. Diagnosis. This species differs from all congeners by the combination of small size, densely microtrichose thorax and syntergite 1+2, and almost entirely brown wing except posterior half of cell cu2 and anal lobe grayish to hyaline. H. sicula n. sp. is most similar to H. dimorphica n. sp., differing from it in veins R4+5 and M being parallel

(in H. dimorphica veins R4+5 and M are slightly divergent); abdominal tergites 3 and 4 of male with bare black spots widely confluent, leaving only two lateroapical and one mediobasal triangles of gray microtrichia (Fig. 12) (in H. dimorphica tergites 3 and 4 medially and apically gray microtrichose, with two isolated bare spots (Fig. 11)); and in the lateral surstylus gently bent medially (bent in a nearly right angle in H. dimorphica). Description (only characters in which H. sicula differs from H. dimorphica are mentioned in the description). Head (Fig. 1): 1.13–1.53 times as high as long. Eye 1.4–1.9 times as high as long. First flagellomere 1.1–2.0 times as long as high. Gena 0.17–0.23 times as high as eye. Color and vestiture: Occiput, orbit and postgena brown. Orbit silvery-white microtrichose. Scape and pedicel brown. Gena brown, slightly gray microtrichose. Chaetotaxy: lateral vertical seta 1.15–1.50 times as long as medial vertical seta, posterior orbital seta 0.66–0.86 times as long as medial vertical seta; ocellar and postocellar setae short (0.33–0.43 as long as medial vertical seta). Thorax. Ground color brown. 2 dorsocentral (anterior 4 times as long and as thick as posterior) and 1–2 postalar setae present.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF HERINA FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION Zootaxa 3686 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 469 Legs. Yellowish-brown, gray microtrichose. Wing (Fig. 10). Wing venation and pattern not sexually dimorphic, and crossvein DM-Cu present in both sexes. Wing almost entirely brown; base of wing, alula, posterior half of cell cu2 and anal lobe slightly paler than rest of wing. Veins brown. Cell r4+5 as wide at apex as in middle. Abdomen. Ground color brown; syntergite 1+2 entirely and tergites 3 and 4 latero-apically and medio-basally microtrichose in male (Fig. 12). Male terminalia: Epandrium (Fig. 3) 1.3 times as high as wide. Lateral surstylus gently curved medially. Phallus (Fig. 5) laterally spinulose at basal 0.8; both laterally and medially spinulose at apical 0.3. Spines at basal 0.25 of phallus about 1.5 times as long as phallus width; spines on next 0.25 about 2.0– 2.5 times as long as phallus width; spines at next 0.2 (both laterally and medially) about as long as phallus width and half as thick as basal spines; lateral spines at subapical 0.2 about half as long as phallus width; medial spines at subapical 0.2 about 1.5 times as long and about 0.7 times as thick as phallus width; spines at apical 0.1 as long as phallus width, gradually decrease in size. Glans membranous and micro-spinulose. Measurments (mm). Body length 3.13–4.00, wing length 2.7–3.2. Etymology. The specific epithet sicula is a Latin adjective meaning “Sicilian” and referring to Sicily, the type locality.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Netta Dorchin, Levona Bodner and Leonid Friedman (Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University) and Valery Korneyev (Kiev) for their comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript.

References

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