DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Assessment Part II, Sections 5 to 13

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Assessment Part II, Sections 5 to 13 Environmental Assessment Part II, Sections 5 to 13 Assessment of Effects and Mitigation Measures Draft Version April 2013 Transport Canada New Bridge for the St. Lawrence Environmental Assessment Part II, Sections 5 to 13 Assessment of Effects and Mitigation Measures April 2013 TC Ref.: T8080-110362 Dessau Ref.: 068-S-0000810-0-00-110-01-EN-R-0004-0D EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report covers the second phase in the environmental assessment process, i.e. the description of the effects that the project will have on the environment and proposed mitigation measures. Part one dealt with a description of the project and the environment. To identify the potential effects of the project, the relationships between the various project phases and the environmental components were established. For each effect, the significance of the effect was assessed according to three parameters, intensity, duration and scope. Mitigation measures were identified to reduce the significance of the effects and ensure that the residual effects are not significant within the meaning of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, S.C. 1992, c. 37 (CEAA). Because the project design is at the preliminary phase, a number of environmental effects will be considered during the upcoming design phases in order to reduce the impacts during the work. Additional studies are also planned during the process to refine the analysis of certain effects. In terms of the physical environment, the main effects have to do with soil, groundwater and surface water quality. Because of soil and groundwater contamination, measures must be implemented to avoid the spread of contaminants into the environment. As a large proportion of the construction work will take place in or near the water, a number of mitigation measures must be put in place to limit dispersal of suspended solids and contaminants in the water. Water quality will be monitored throughout the work to ensure that requirements are met. In short, the effects on the physical environment are considered non-significant once the proposed mitigation measures are taken into account. As for air quality and greenhouse gases, measures will be taken to mitigate the effects during the construction phase. For the operations phase, the changes in atmospheric emissions can be established at the subsequent design stages, once the supply and configuration of mass transit options is known. During construction of the structures, there is a danger that wetlands along the riverbank will be disrupted. Measures must be taken to limit such losses and a compensation project for the ecological functions must be developed. Effects on the fish habitat, migratory birds and endangered species are expected during the construction and deconstruction phases. The project may result in the disruption, deterioration and loss of fish habitats that are deemed sensitive. A compensation program will be required to mitigate those effects, where applicable. Nesting of migratory birds may be disturbed during the work. Restriction periods will be in effect in order to minimize the disruptions. Species at risk (peregrine falcon and American eel) may also be impacted by the project. The peregrine falcon nesting site will have to be relocated, however the river currents near the work are not expected to prevent eel migration. Species with provincial 068-P-0000810-0-00-110-01-EN-R-0004-0D NEW BRIDGE FOR THE ST. LAWRENCE – ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT i status are also found in the area. Specific measures will have to be taken to mitigate the effects on the brown snake, lake sturgeon, American shad, chain pickerel and rosyface shiner. Once the mitigation measures and compensation projects are taken into account, the effects on the biological environment are considered non-significant. In terms of the human environment, the main effects are on the sound environment and archeology. The surrounding sound environment will be affected both by the construction work and by operation of the infrastructures. Considering the sensitive areas, noise mitigation measures are planned for both phases. A noise management program must be in place from the outset of the work in order to comply with requirements. Because there is a recognized archeological site at the foot of the bridge, measures will have to be taken to preserve the integrity of the remains. The environmental effects on the human environment are considered non-significant once the mitigation measures are taken into account. An analysis of the cumulative effects and the effects of the environment on the project has also shown that the project does not have significant residual effects. An emergency response plan will also have to be implemented to limit the effects of accidents and malfunctions. To ensure that environmental requirements are met, Transport Canada and the private partner will have to put in place an environmental management system, whereby monitoring and supervision of mitigation measures and the performance objectives set during the environmental assessment will be ensured, providing accountability, where necessary. Based on the information contained in this report, the responsible authorities will be in a position to make a decision pursuant to subsection 20(1) of the CEAA. 068-S-0000810-0-00-110-01-EN-R-0004-0D NEW BRIDGE FOR THE ST. LAWRENCE – ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS.......................................................................................................................XI GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................................... XIV BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................. 1 5 INFORMATION SESSIONS / PUBLIC AND FIRST NATIONS CONSULTATION SESSIONS.................................................................................................................................... 3 5.1 Public and First Nations consultation approach.................................................................. 3 5.2 Concerns raised.................................................................................................................. 3 5.2.1 Environmental assessment guidelines................................................................................ 3 5.2.2 Primary concerns regarding the environmental assessment.............................................. 4 5.2.3 Aspects outside the scope of the environmental assessment............................................ 4 6 METHOD OF ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS............................................... 7 6.1 Assessment methodology................................................................................................... 7 6.1.1 Identification and assessment of effects............................................................................. 7 6.1.2 Determining the significance of an environmental effect .................................................... 7 6.1.2.1 Intensity of the effect ..........................................................................................................7 6.1.2.2 Duration of the effect ..........................................................................................................8 6.1.2.3 Scope of the effect..............................................................................................................8 6.1.2.4 Assessment of the potential effect......................................................................................8 6.1.3 Mitigation measures............................................................................................................ 9 6.1.4 Residual effects................................................................................................................... 9 7 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES............................................... 10 7.1 Identification of the potential effects of the project............................................................ 11 7.2 Assessment of potential project effects ............................................................................ 16 7.2.1 Analysis of environmental effects and mitigation measures............................................. 16 7.3 Environmental design criteria............................................................................................ 43 7.3.1 Management of contaminated excavated material (CC-2, CC-3, CC-22) ........................ 43 7.3.2 Protection of wetlands and water quality (CC-1, CC-19 to CC-21) .................................. 44 7.3.3 Fish habitat protection (CC-5, CC-6) ................................................................................ 44 7.3.4 Avifauna (CC-15 and CC-16)............................................................................................ 52 7.3.5 Commercial ship traffic (S-16) .......................................................................................... 52 7.3.6 Sound environment (CC-17) ............................................................................................. 52 7.3.7 Air quality (CC-23).............................................................................................................53 7.3.8 Archeology (CC-4 and CC-18).......................................................................................... 53 7.3.9 Integration of project into the environment (CC-7 to CC-14) ...........................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Toward Sustainable Municipal Water Management
    Montréal’s Green CiTTS Report Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Cities Initiative TOWARD SUSTAINABLE MUNICIPAL WATER MANAGEMENT OCTOBER 2013 COORDINATION AND TEXT Rémi Haf Direction gestion durable de l’eau et du soutien à l’exploitation Service de l’eau TEXT Monique Gilbert Direction de l’environnement Service des infrastructures, du transport et de l’environnement Joanne Proulx Direction des grands parcs et du verdissement Service de la qualité de vie GRAPHIC DESIGN Rachel Mallet Direction de l’environnement Service des infrastructures, du transport et de l’environnement The cover page’s background shows a water-themed mural PHOTOS painted in 2013 on the wall of a residence at the Corporation Ville de Montréal d’habitation Jeanne-Mance complex in downtown Montréal. Air Imex, p.18 Technoparc Montréal, p.30 Soverdi, p.33 Journal Métro, p.35 Thanks to all Montréal employees who contributed to the production of this report. CONTENTS 4Abbreviations 23 Milestone 4.1.2: Sewer-Use Fees 24 Milestone 4.1.3: Cross-Connection Detection Program 6Background 25 Milestone 4.2: Reduce Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plant Effl uent 7Montréal’s Report 27 Milestone 4.3: Reduce Stormwater Entering Waterways 8 Assessment Scorecard Chart 28 Milestone 4.4: Monitor Waterways and Sources of Pollution 9Montréal’s Policies 30 PRINCIPLE 5. WATER PROTECTION PLANNING 11 PRINCIPLE 1. WATER CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENCY 31 Milestone 5.1: Adopt Council-Endorsed Commitment to Sustainable 12 Milestone 1.1: Promote Water Conservation Water Management 13 Milestone 1.2: Install Water Meters 32 Milestone 5.2: Integrate Water Policies into Land Use Plan 14 Milestone 1.4: Minimize Water Loss 33 Milestone 5.4: Adopt Green Infrastructure 15 PRINCIPLE 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Olympic Official Report Montreal 1976 Volume
    Games of the Official Report Volume II XXI Olympiad Facilities Montréal 1976 ©Copyright COJO 76, Ottawa 1978 All rights reserved Printed and bound in Canada Legal Deposit Quebec National Library 2nd Quarter, 1978 2 Table of contents 3 Introduction 9 Abbreviations and Symbols 10 1 The project in general 10 Scope of Installations 13 Organization Chart of the Construction Directorate 14 Chronology of Construction Activity 32 2 The Olympic City 34 The Olympic Park 42 Olympic Stadium 66 Olympic Pool 76 Olympic Velodrome 86 Maurice Richard Arena 90 Pierre Charbonneau Centre 94 Olympic Village 106 International Centre Olympic Village 110 3 Facilities in Greater Montréal 112 Olympic Basin, Notre Dame Island 118 Claude Robillard Centre 124 Étienne Desmarteau Centre 130 St. Michel Arena 134 Paul Sauvé Centre 138 The Forum 144 Winter Stadium University of Montréal 150 Molson Stadium McGill University 156 Road Courses for Cycling and Athletics 164 Training Sites 172 Press Centre 180 COJO Headquarters 184 4 Facilities outside Montréal 186 Olympic Shooting Range, L'Acadie 190 Olympic Archery Field, Joliette 194 Olympic Equestrian Centre, Bromont 202 Le Pavilion d'éducation physique et des sports de I'Université Laval 208 Sherbrooke Stadium 212 Sherbrooke Sports Palace 216 Olympic Yachting Centre, Kingston 226 Varsity Stadium, Toronto 230 Lansdowne Park, Ottawa 235 Appendice 239 Personnel Official Report 7 Olympic Village In 1969, at the time of Montréal's The city then had second thoughts initial bid to host the Games of the XXI and submitted to the International Olympiad, the city had agreed to ob- Olympic Committee (IOC) a project for serve the long-standing tradition of a village consisting of five different locating athletes' living quarters in one buildings, spread over a radius of sev- location close to the main competition eral kilometres from the Olympic Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Jean Drapeau’S Accomplishments Athletes Parade Through the Stadium
    4 CITIZENS OF TOMORROW The Olympic dream in Montréal 1976 - Ten years after Expo 67, from July 17 to August 1, 1976, Montréal hosted the 21st Olympic Games. At the opening ceremonies, 73 000 people saw the Jean Drapeau’s accomplishments athletes parade through the stadium. at the municipal level Mayor Drapeau received a standing ovation.To be able to host the games, the Jean Drapeau remained in power for nearly 30 years, the longest term on mayor had to convince the members of record. When he first became mayor, he was only 38. He was defeated at the International Olympic Committee and was under great financial stress. the next election in 1957, but won every election after 1960. He retired from municipal life in 1986. Starting from 1962, mayors were elected for a term Olympic Stadium opening ceremonies, July 17, 1976. of 4 instead of 3 years. Source : Games of the XXIst Olympiad, Montréal 1976. Official report. Montréal, international city The Olympic Park along Sherbrooke Street, Jean Drapeau dreamed of Montréal as the in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve district, covered major city in Canada and worked to give it 55 hectares. It contained the stadium, international recognition. During his terms designed by French architect Roger of office, great events contributed to the Taillibert, pools and the velodrome. The international fame he was seeking. People Olympic village nearby was inspired by from all over the world attended Expo 1967 Egyptian pyramids. Other places, such as and the 1976 Summer Olympic Games. Maurice-Richard arena, were redeveloped, The McGill metro station, around 1967.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitality CARTIER
    ART AND CULTURE EDITO RIAL Cultural Committee Chairman Lithe and powerful, ready to pounce or elegantly stretched out, the panther Valéry Giscard d’Estaing graces many of our collections. It’s a symbol that has been linked to the creativity and craftsmanship of the Maison Cartier for over a century. Cultural Committee This creative vigor is embodied in the Maison des Métiers d’Art, where we are Franco Cologni dedicated to enriching a precious heritage and preserving forgotten crafts. Stanislas de Quercize In transmitting rare and select skills to a new generation of designers and Arielle Dombasle jewelers, our goal is to perpetuate the artisanal expertise of today, a legacy of Lord Douro exceptional craftsmanship that has been handed down from one generation to Hugues Gall another. This vitality at work, realized through exchange and interaction, brings together heritage, beauty, innovation and creative inspiration. And, as we will Daniela Giussani see in this issue of Cartier Art, for many art historians, architects and linguists Franceline Prat vitality is the necessary impulse for creation. And, undeniably, vitality is a Agatha Ruiz de la Prada movement toward the other. A dynamic for the future. STANISLAS DE QUERCIZE Oliva Salviati Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo Xiaozhou Taillandier Xing RIGHT PAGE Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913. 4 Cartier Art / VITALITY VITALITY 4 Editorial 8 The Vital Impulse 12 The World’s Fair: Creative Energy for Tomorrow 22 Linguists Listen to the World 28 Maison des Métiers d’Art: the Art of Craftsmanship 40 Mutual Illumination: Art and Electricity 50 The Dynamics of Encounter 56 Vive Paris! 66 The World at My Table 72 Art in Motion 82 C de Cartier 88 The Cartier Panther: Story of an Icon 98 Portfolio n 120 Epilogue °40 Henrique Oliveira, Baitogogo, Palais de Tokyo, Paris.
    [Show full text]
  • The Notre-Dame Street Overpass Sidewalk: from Bill Vazan's
    Palimpsest III: The Dialectics of Montreal’s Public Spaces Department of Art History, Concordia University The Notre-Dame Street Overpass Sidewalk: From Bill Vazan’s Highway #37 to Today Philippe Guillaume September 2010 Cynthia I. Hammond, and Anja Bock, eds. Palimpsest III: The Dialectics of Montreal’s Public Spaces An already-made geography sets the stage, while the willful making of history dictates the action …1 The sidewalk plays a fundamental role as a place of transit in the modern city, as well as being a space of sensorial experience. A specific walkway can represent aesthetic change across generations while, nonetheless, eliciting sensory experiences where the pedestrian’s feeling of safety is axiomatic. Such a space is seen in a photograph that is part of Montreal artist Bill Vazan’s conceptual project Highway #37, created in 1970. Detail 151 (Fig. 1), a black and white photograph, illustrates an eastward view of Notre-Dame Street taken from the southern sidewalk along the Notre-Dame Street overpass, a viaduct that spans over the old Dalhousie and Viger stations rail-yards. This is a historic locus linked to travel: this epic street exits Old Montreal towards the eastern part of the island. On today’s maps it spans between Berry and St-Christophe streets. When viewed through Vazan’s framing, this cityscape still serves as a striking palimpsest of the city’s modernist past, where, formally, the sidewalk encompasses all the elements associated with a safe space for pedestrian travel. A comparative view of the landscape seen in Vazan’s photograph between the time it was made and the present further enriches the narrative of this place, which nowadays sits on the cusp of the city’s salient tourist space, Old Montreal.
    [Show full text]
  • PGSS Member Handbook
    PGSS PGSS Member Handbook Your students’ society explained Your source for what’s *from health great on campusMontreal! and off 5 pages on insurance to services, we break it down where to shop, eat, and live like a true Montrealer Member Handbook McGill What you need to Post-Graduate Students’ Society of McGill University know about your Association étudiante des cycles supérieurs campus, academics de l’Université McGill pgss.mcgill.ca + McGill services All rights reserved – PGSS © 2013 Page 1 Welcome Thomson House As a graduate, doctoral or post-doctoral student of McGill University, you’re a part of the Post-Graduate Students’ Society. We aim to offer graduate, doctoral, and post-doctoral students an array of personal and professional services so you can get the most out of your time here at McGill and in Montreal. This guide outlines not only what we do for you, but also (almost) every- thing you need to know about your time here in Montreal. We have worked hard to make sure this handbook provides our members with key information not only about university policies, but also the greater community: from getting around, to great local businesses, to fun events. Need to know where to get fresh, local kimchi? Well, turn to the Better Businesses and Member Deals section. Looking for a dentist, cheap winter boots, or emergency health or legal services? We have that covered, too! If you cannot find what you are looking for, remember you can search this PDF document by clicking the ‘control’ (or apple) button and ‘F’; failing that, please contact us; we would love to assist you.
    [Show full text]
  • Version 3.0* Updated on Thursday Sept 10Th 2020 *Major Changes Are Shown in GREEN. a Word from the Organizing Comittee Welco
    Version 3.0* Updated on Thursday Sept 10th 2020 *Major changes are shown in GREEN. A word from the organizing comittee Welcome to the 36th edition of the Esprit Triathlon. It is with great pleasure that we welcome you on September 12th and 13th for a weekend filled with activities and personal achievements for you all to enjoy. Over the past few months, our team has worked very hard to offer you with a high-quality event that meets all of the health standards set by the government. Please know that the safety of our participants is our top priority and that we will do everything possible to ensure compliance with health standards and the safety of our participants and volunteers. UnfortuInatly, in light of some some last minute changes imposed by the public health authorities, the organizing committee has been forced to cancel the following distances: Esprit Long Distance, Esprit Half, Olympic Triathlon, Olympic Duathlon and all Team events. All of these races have been converted to a Sprint Triathlon. All participants impacted by such a decision have been contacted by email and will have the choice to transfer their event to a sprint triathlon, be reimbursed 100% of the race registration fee or postpone their registration to 2021. Obviously, the 2020 edition will be very different from previous years. So, whether you have participated in the Esprit Triathlon in the past or if you are beginner, we ask you to read this Athlete's Guide very carefully in order to be aware of the measures put in place to ensure your safety.
    [Show full text]
  • RESUME GUIDE.Pdf
    Generally speaking it’s not possible to have an effective RÉSUMÉ “one size fits all” résumé for the simple reason that different types of work require you to highlight different aspects of your experience. WHAT IS A RÉSUMÉ? A résumé is a 1 to 2 page summary of your personal, educational, and experiential qualifications. It is a WHAT TO INCLUDE: marketing tool that directs a reader's attention to those The Basics aspects of your background that are directly relevant to When putting together a résumé there are certain a particular advertised position. Consider the following: sections that should be included. The following sections 1 in 4 employers receive over 50 résumés for 1 make up the bare bones of a good résumé. position, 1 in 10 receive over 100. A recruiter spends on average 30 seconds taking a CONTACT INFORMATION cursory first glance at a résumé. NAME: Give your name prominence, make it bold and 1 spelling or grammar mistake and your résumé may use a larger font than the rest of the text (font size 14). be thrown in the recycling. Do not include academic degrees as part of your name As a result, your résumé must be concise, accurate, and on your résumé (Example: Tom Jones, MBA). Include relevant. It is a reflection of how effective your education information in the education section. communication skills are and a great résumé can help you stand out and obtain an interview. ADDRESS: Include your full address; number, street, apartment number, city, province and postal code. RÉSUMÉ FORMATS PHONE NUMBER: Include your home and/or your cell CHRONOLOGICAL RÉSUMÉ phone number.
    [Show full text]
  • 2008 Umaine News Press Releases
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine General University of Maine Publications University of Maine Publications 2008 2008 UMaine News Press Releases Division of Marketing and Communications Joe Carr University of Maine George Manlove University of Maine Dan Cashman University of Maine Margaret Nagle University of Maine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/univ_publications Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons Repository Citation Division of Marketing and Communications; Carr, Joe; Manlove, George; Cashman, Dan; and Nagle, Margaret, "2008 UMaine News Press Releases" (2008). General University of Maine Publications. 1092. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/univ_publications/1092 This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in General University of Maine Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UMaine News Press Releases from Word Press XML export 2008 Williams Appointed to University of Maine Foundation Post 07 Jan 2008 Contact: Contact: Amos Orcutt, University of Maine Foundation President/CEO, 207 581-5100 ORONO -- Amos Orcutt, president/CEO of the University of Maine Foundation, has announced the appointment of Daniel B. Williams as planned giving officer. Williams, who earned both a bachelor's degree and a master's degree from UMaine, returns to his alma mater having accumulated a great deal of experience relevant to his new position. Since 2006, Williams has served as foundation president and director of development for Eastern Maine Community College in Bangor. In that role, he was responsible for all institutional fundraising including planned giving, annual and endowed scholarships, in-kind gifts, annual campaign and capital projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Montreal at a Glance V12 Last Update
    Montreal at a glance_v12 1 Last update: April 2011 TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION _______________________________________________________________________ 3 RESTAURANTS ________________________________________________________________________ 4 BREAKFASTS ________________________________________________________________________ 4 WORLD FOODS ______________________________________________________________________ 4 DELI _______________________________________________________________________________ 7 RESTO‐BAR _________________________________________________________________________ 7 STEAK, RIB _________________________________________________________________________ 8 BISTRO ____________________________________________________________________________ 9 QUEBEC DELICACIES __________________________________________________________________ 9 VEGETARIAN _______________________________________________________________________ 10 CAFÉ _____________________________________________________________________________ 10 BAGELS ___________________________________________________________________________ 10 DIVERS ___________________________________________________________________________ 10 CLASSY ___________________________________________________________________________ 11 MOVIE THEATRES ____________________________________________________________________ 12 TOURISTIC INFORMATION _____________________________________________________________ 13 SMALL LIVE MUSIC VENUES ____________________________________________________________ 15 EVENINGS/SHOPPING IN MONTREAL
    [Show full text]
  • Download from the Website Or by Emailing Roadrunner; Or a Tom Never Quite Catching a Jerry
    The CA-IDMS Database and Applications User Association http://iuassn.org EdOp 2004, Number 66 SPECIAL EDOP EDITION IS EDOP 2004 EVERYTHING YOU ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT IDMS? By Bob Currie, EdOp Chair “Overheard in the Hallway” Department: We must plan for tomorrow night. Why? What are we going to do tomorrow night? INSIDE THIS ISSUE The same thing we do every night. (In an evil, sinister Is EdOp 2004 Everything ? 1 voice) Try to take over the world. Message from the International Chair 2 Two DBAs talking about IDMS over-throwing Oracle? White Paper Available 2 No, it’s typical dialog from “Pinky and the Brain”, the popular TV cartoon show. (Go to http://duryea.org/ EdOp Biographies 3 pinky/ for everything — and more — that you ever wanted to know about this diabolic duo.) French 101 6 If you follow the series, you know that, despite a great Canadian 101 6 deal of creativity, the duo never quite succeed: they always Special Events 6 seem to be “a day late and a dollar short”. But why? This failure of theirs is certainly one of the burning issues of Important Notice to Americans 7 our time. And since candidates Bush and Kerry seem What are the IUA Guides? 7 determine to gloss over it, I asked local experts (my unemployed construction worker neighbor, my three cats, Then and Now 7 and my mother-in-law) what they thought. The unanimous answer: Preparedness. Or rather, the lack of it. The EdOp Blog 9 Whether you’re modestly going for a raise or a promotion, 9 Important Notice to Drivers or ambitiously going for Lord of the Universe, Education Important Notice to Pedestrians 9 is the Key, Knowledge is Power.
    [Show full text]
  • Quebec Response Monitor
    North American COVID-19 Policy Response Monitor: Québec September 28, 2020 What is the North American COVID-19 Policy Response Monitor? The North American COVID-19 policy monitor has been designed to collect and organize up-to-date information on how jurisdictions are responding to the crisis. It summarizes responses of health systems as well as wider public health initiatives. The North American Policy Monitor is an offshoot of the international COVID-19 Health System Response Monitor (HSRM), a joint undertaking of the WHO Regional Office for Europe, the European Commission and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Canadian content to HSRM is contributed by the North American Observatory on Health Systems and Policies (NAO). Contents List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Preventing transmission ........................................................................................................................... 3 2. Ensuring sufficient physical infrastructure and workforce capacity ....................................................... 17 3. Providing health services effectively....................................................................................................... 21 4. Paying for services .................................................................................................................................. 26 5. Governance ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]